Deck 14: Religion,Warfare,and Sovereignty: 1540–1660

Question 1

During the revolt of the Netherlands,the Protestant forces of William the Silent were based in the northern part of the country,where the majority of the population was:

A) Catholic.
B) Calvinist.
C) Lutheran.
D) Anabaptist.
E) Presbyterian.

Answer 1

Catholic.

Question 2

The troubles of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries:

A) caught most Europeans completely unaware.
B) had been anticipated by the Protestant countries but not Catholic ones.
C) had been anticipated by the Catholic countries but not Protestant ones.
D) found most countries well prepared to deal with the problems.
E) had been predicted by the Church, but had been ignored by everyone.

Answer 2

caught most Europeans completely unaware.

Question 3

During the revolt of the Netherlands,the duke of Alva:

A) used local freedom fighters to fight the English.
B) used Spanish troops to rule the Netherlands under martial law.
C) tolerated local Calvinists and placed them in administrative positions.
D) executed numerous Catholics through his Council of Blood.
E) fought against the Spanish using loyal Protestant troops.

Answer 3

used Spanish troops to rule the Netherlands under martial law.

Question 4

The 1555 Peace of Augsburg rested on the principle of "cuius regio,eius religio," which meant:

A) the ruler of each principality settled all matters of religion.
B) the Holy Roman Emperor had the ultimate authority in matters of religion.
C) the papacy had the ultimate authority in matters of religion.
D) Germans were allowed to make their own choices in matters of religion.
E) Germans would all be Protestant and the French would all be Roman Catholic.

Question 5

Which groups in European society benefited most from the Price Revolution?

A) wage laborers
B) peasants
C) manufacturers
D) merchants and large farmers
E) aristocracy

Question 6

The economy of sixteenth-century Europe was characterized by:

A) breakthroughs in agricultural technology.
B) rising standards of living for wage laborers.
C) increasing population, fixed food supplies, and stagnant wages.
D) a widespread depression.
E) a stable population, rising wages, and a fixed food supply.

Question 7

During the first half of the sixteenth century,northern Europe's leading commercial and financial center was:

A) Paris.
B) London.
C) Amsterdam.
D) Antwerp.
E) Vienna.

Question 8

The Edict of Nantes:

A) guaranteed religious freedom to Protestants throughout France.
B) recognized Catholicism as the official religion of France.
C) ended the disputes between Catholics and Protestants in France.
D) banned all Huguenots from universities.
E) allowed Huguenots admission to all professions and universities.

Question 9

Most French Protestants were:

A) Calvinists.
B) Lutherans.
C) Zwinglians.
D) Anabaptists.
E) Presbyterians.

Question 10

The English defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 was a decisive moment in Western history because:

A) at the time England was western Europe's most powerful nation.
B) had the Spanish defeated the English, Protestantism would have defeated Catholicism throughout Europe.
C) Queen Elizabeth was married to a Spaniard, who might have seized England as his personal kingdom.
D) had Spain conquered England, Sir Francis Drake would never have completed his trip around the world.
E) had Spain conquered England, Catholics would have made major inroads against the Protestants.

Question 11

The German religious wars may be attributed to:

A) the fervor with which the German Lutheran princes carried their religion onto the battlefield in their desire to spread the faith.
B) the surprise attack launched against Germany by the Habsburgs from Austria to force the reconversion of the Lutherans.
C) the traditional disunity of the Germans who could not unify into a single country, let alone profess to a single religion.
D) the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, whose goal was to reestablish Catholic unity within his realm.
E) aid extended to the Germans from the English, who decided that the best way to fight against European Catholicism was through proxies.

Question 12

The increase in the amount of silver flowing from the Americas to Europe in the sixteenth century is credited with causing or exacerbating:

A) the Price Revolution.
B) an increase in poverty.
C) the religious wars.
D) a rise in taxes.
E) all of these

Question 13

More than one factor contributed to the Price Revolution of the late sixteenth century,but among those factors was:

A) inflation.
B) stagflation.
C) the Reformation.
D) demographics.
E) the agricultural revolution.

Question 14

The Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre resulted in a major setback for:

A) Henry IV.
B) Catholics.
C) Catherine de' Medici.
D) Jeanne d'Albret.
E) Protestants.

Question 15

The Thirty Years' War began when:

A) a Protestant German prince attempted to claim the Spanish throne.
B) France, a Catholic country, went to war against the Protestant princes of Germany.
C) Sweden, a Protestant country, went to war against the Catholic princes of Germany.
D) a Catholic prince became the ruler of a Protestant territory.
E) a Protestant prince became the ruler of a Catholic territory.

Question 16

Which of the following religious orientations did the Peace of Augsburg exclude?

A) Lutheranism
B) Catholicism
C) Calvinism
D) atheism
E) Anabaptism

Question 17

Aristocratic women were particularly important supporters of:

A) the Catholic forces in the French Wars of Religion.
B) the Protestant forces in the French Wars of Religion.
C) the Catholic forces in the Thirty Years' War.
D) the Puritan forces in the English Civil War.
E) the Protestant forces in the Thirty Years' War.

Question 18

The Thirty Years' War created the greatest devastation in:

A) France.
B) Spain.
C) Germany.
D) Italy.
E) Austria.

Question 19

The primary problem caused by the Price Revolution of the late sixteenth century was:

A) depression.
B) recession.
C) stagflation.
D) inflation.
E) prosperity.

Question 20

William of Orange ("William the Silent")fought during the religious wars to free the Netherlands from:

A) Anabaptist rule under the Mennonites.
B) Protestant rule under the Spanish.
C) Protestant rule under the English.
D) Catholic rule under the Spanish.
E) Catholic rule under the Germans.

Question 21

James I mediated the conflicts between Catholics and Protestants by:

A) encouraging Calvinist doctrine generally without modifying the English prayer book.
B) encouraging Calvinist doctrine generally but removing Scottish bishops.
C) settling Protestants in the northern province of Ulster in Ireland.
D) appointing Catholics to government posts and softening the Thirty-Nine Articles.
E) encouraging Calvinist doctrine by changing the English Book of Common Prayer.

Question 22

Although Spain was the most powerful country in Europe during the sixteenth century,it sowed the seeds of its eventual decline by:

A) embracing the Protestant Christianity of Luther.
B) establishing itself as a naval power and building the Armada.
C) its constant state of war with France.
D) building few new industries in Spain with its newfound wealth.
E) establishing colonies in the Americas.

Question 23

The immediate provocation for the outbreak of civil war between King Charles and his parliament was:

A) the execution by Parliament of the king's minister, the earl of Strafford.
B) the arrest by Parliament of William Laud, archbishop of Canterbury.
C) Charles's attempt to arrest five parliamentary leaders on the floor of the House of Commons.
D) a new law passed by Parliament, forbidding the king from dissolving a parliament without the consent of its members.
E) the passage of the Petition of Right by Parliament and its rejection by James.

Question 24

What forced Charles I to summon a new parliament,after he had ruled without one for eleven years?

A) an invasion force from Scotland
B) a shortage of tax funds, which made ruling difficult
C) a weekend retreat, where king and Parliament settled old scores and "shared their feelings"
D) Parliament's renewed interest fighting the Scots
E) an Irish rebellion.

Question 25

A chivalric mentality had remained important for some segments of European society into the early modern period,but its anachronistic nature was satirized by:

A) Miguel de Cervantes.
B) Sancho Panza.
C) Don Quixote.
D) Ignatius Loyola.
E) Ferdinand Castile.

Question 26

Charles I demonstrated his lack of political diplomacy when he:

A) married a woman with obvious Calvinist sympathies.
B) launched a costly new war against Spain.
C) appointed William Laud to interrogate English Catholics.
D) suggested using Irish Catholic troops to fight in Austria.
E) allowed Scotland to elect its own Parliament.

Question 27

As a ruler,Charles II:

A) disbanded Parliament and raised taxes on his own authority.
B) was more tolerant than his father, granting concessions to different Protestant groups.
C) persisted in the confrontational style of rule as did his father.
D) was more extreme than his father and quickly formed alliances with the major Catholic leaders in Europe.
E) accepted all parliamentary legislation passed before the English civil war.

Question 28

The English Civil War was caused by:

A) hostilities between the component parts of a composite kingdom.
B) religious hostilities between different kinds of Protestants.
C) struggles for power among competing factions at court.
D) a fiscal system increasingly ineffective at keeping up with the cost of government.
E) all of these

Question 29

To promote the economic development of France,Henry IV did all of the following EXCEPT:

A) improve the transportation system.
B) hand out instructional guides on better farming techniques.
C) build factories and encourage new industries.
D) open up new silver mines within France.
E) support the growth of the woolen cloth industry in France.

Question 30

Oliver Cromwell rose to power in England as:

A) a well-known Puritan preacher.
B) the leader, in Parliament, of the opposition to King Charles I.
C) the leader of a Presbyterian alliance between the Scots and the English.
D) the leader of the parliamentary army.
E) the king's military commander against the parliamentary forces.

Question 31

The primary goal of Cardinal Richelieu's government was:

A) to increase and centralize royal power over France.
B) to expand French colonies in North America.
C) to extend Catholicism into Protestant territories inside and outside France.
D) to raise living standards for the French people, so as to provide "a chicken in every pot" on Sundays.
E) all of these

Question 32

The Stuart dynasty of English kings began with:

A) Queen Elizabeth I.
B) King James I.
C) King Charles I.
D) King Charles II.
E) King James II.

Question 33

The Fronde was:

A) a peasant rebellion prompted by a series of bad harvests between 1648 and 1653.
B) a French Protestant rebellion against the government of Cardinal Mazarin.
C) an aristocratic rebellion against the government of Cardinal Mazarin.
D) a provincial rebellion led by Louis XIV against central rule from Paris.
E) a peasant rebellion against Louis XIII.

Question 34

From an international perspective,the Peace of Westphalia (1648)marked:

A) the emergence of Sweden as a European "great power."
B) the emergence of France as the dominant power in Europe, eclipsing Spain.
C) the end of Habsburg influence in central Europe.
D) the emergence of Germany as a Protestant country.
E) the emergence of Austria as the dominant power in Europe, eclipsing France.

Question 35

The main theme of Montaigne's Essays was:

A) confidence in human reason.
B) the importance of holding to absolute principles of judgment.
C) a pervasive skepticism about all human knowledge.
D) the importance of involving oneself in the great issues of the day.
E) a heartfelt devotion to the Catholic Church.

Question 36

Jean Bodin's Six Books of the Commonwealth was the first fully developed statement of:

A) republicanism.
B) absolute governmental sovereignty.
C) divine right kingship.
D) religious toleration.
E) a theocracy.

Question 37

King James I antagonized his parliaments by doing all of the following EXCEPT:

A) lecturing them on his status as a king by divine right.
B) encouraging Calvinist doctrine.
C) raising money in ways not sanctioned by Parliament.
D) granting commercial monopolies to his friends and supporters.
E) involving England in foreign wars without their consent.

Question 38

In 1660,most English men and women welcomed the restoration of the monarchy.Why?

A) because the new king, Charles II, was widely respected for his piety
B) because years of unpopular Calvinist prohibitions on public amusements had discredited Cromwell's Puritan regime
C) because when the monarchy was restored, bishops were also restored
D) because monarchy was the best form of government for England
E) because the new monarch, Charles II, had pledged to restore not only the monarchy, but also the primacy of Puritan government

Question 39

In sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Europe,most formal trials on charges of witchcraft were carried out:

A) by the Roman Inquisition.
B) by church courts.
C) in Protestant countries.
D) by state courts.
E) by Calvinist courts.

Question 40

By 1660,Europe had undergone:

A) a reaffirmation of the prevailing social, religious, and political structure.
B) a decisive altering of the balance of power.
C) a series of devastating religious wars that had reduced the population by two-thirds.
D) one of the longest periods of relative peace in its history.
E) a rebirth of learning with the establishment of new universities such as Cambridge.

Question 41

In his own day,the most popular of the Elizabethan dramatists was:

A) William Shakespeare.
B) Ben Jonson.
C) John Webster.
D) Christopher Marlowe.
E) John Milton.

Question 42

Sixteenth-century Europeans believed that the proper role of the state was to enforce true religion on its subjects and that religious pluralism would destroy any state that tried it.

Question 43

The Elizabethan author of Doctor Faustus was:

A) William Shakespeare.
B) John Milton.
C) Christopher Marlowe.
D) Ben Jonson.
E) Guy Fawkes

Question 44

Peter Paul Rubens stressed the _________ of the Baroque style.

A) grotesque nature
B) veiled religious aspect
C) understated realism
D) restrained naturalism
E) extravagance

Question 45

The sixteenth-century writer who portrayed lower-class people in a very favorable light was:

A) Ben Jonson.
B) Christopher Marlowe.
C) John Milton.
D) William Shakespeare.
E) Miguel de Cervantes.

Question 46

William of Orange was known as "William the Silent" because he often deferred public speaking to his wife Mary.

Question 47

According to Bodin,ensuring the livelihood of its people was the greatest duty of a state.

Question 48

Roughly half of those accused of witchcraft were men.

Question 49

Europe,between the mid-sixteenth and the mid-seventeenth centuries,witnessed:

A) religious war.
B) political rebellions.
C) economic crises.
D) diminishing confidence in traditional authority.
E) all of these

Question 50

Sir Francis Drake was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe in search of treasure.

Question 51

Many writers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were as popular,or even more popular,during their lifetimes as William Shakespeare.Modern scholars consider only one of them,_________,to be his equal in artistic vision.

A) Ben Jonson
B) Christopher Marlowe
C) John Milton
D) Alexander Pope
E) Jonathan Swift

Question 52

The Petition of Right declared all taxes not voted upon by Parliament to be the property of the Church to stop the revenues from benefiting the king.

Question 53

What Dutch painter was famous for his black and white etchings of New Testament scenes?

A) Peter Brueghel.
B) Peter Paul Rubens.
C) Rembrandt van Rijn.
D) Judith Leyster.
E) Frans Hals.

Question 54

Unlike Spain,which was able to feed itself,France had to import most of its food.

Question 55

Henry IV declared there should be a chicken in every French family's pot each Sunday as part of his new campaign of prosperity.

Question 56

Naturalism has a place within Baroque art due to the work of:

A) Peter Breugel the Elder.
B) El Greco.
C) Peter Paul Rubens.
D) Diego Velázquez.
E) Caravaggio.

Question 57

During the English Civil War,the parliamentary forces consisted mainly of small landholders and artisans,while the nobility supported the king.

Question 58

The architect of the Baroque noted for his Hellenistic-inspired style was:

A) El Greco.
B) Tintoretto.
C) Bernini.
D) Caravaggio.
E) Michelangelo.

Question 59

The presence of Jesuits and Calvinists meant religious wars became more brutal.

Question 60

Baroque painting is considered by many to have found its master in Diego Velázquez with such paintings as:

A) View of Toledo.
B) The Maids of Honor.
C) Horrors of War.
D) The Massacre of the Innocents.
E) Aristotle Contemplating the Bust of Homer.

Question 61

Baroque refers to a style of art that contains the dramatic and the irregular but avoided the bizarre nature of late Mannerism.

Question 62

Was the "rule" of Richelieu in the best interests of the French nation?

Question 63

What factors led to a decline of Spain?

Question 64

Brueghel,Rubens,and Rembrandt were very similar painters who explored the topics of man's wretchedness and greatness to the fullest.

Question 65

Mannerism refers to a sixteenth-century style of art,which was highly dramatic and emotionally compelling.

Question 66

How did England transform itself into a limited monarchy?

Question 67

Shakespeare's The Tempest is representative of his third period of writing in which he displays a spirit of reconciliation and peace.

Question 68

What were the effects of the Price Revolution on Europe?

Question 69

How did the Thirty Years' War illustrate the complexities of religion and statehood?

Question 70

How did the civil and religious wars of religion shape the philosophy of the period?

Question 71

Rembrandt gained fame initially as a painter of biblical scenes.

Question 72

How did fears of witchcraft reflect the concerns of early modern society?

Question 73

Why was the defeat of the Spanish Armada so pivotal to European state building?

Question 74

How did the events of early modern Europe impact literature and art?

Question 75

Did the religious wars of the different states of Europe have anything in common?