Deck 23: Modern Industry and Mass Politics,1870–1914

Question 1

In general,the syndicalists:

A) made advances in Britain, but not Italy, France, or Spain.
B) like the socialists, had great faith in the political process.
C) demanded that workers share in the ownership and control of the means of production.
D) argued that the associations and the state could work together.
E) became the model for labor organizations in the United States.

Answer 1

demanded that workers share in the ownership and control of the means of production.

Question 2

Alfred Dreyfus received support from many prominent members of the literary community; among them was:

A) Victor Hugo.
B) Émile Zola.
C) Guy de Maupassant.
D) Edouard Drumont.
E) Aurore Dupin Dudevant.

Answer 2

Émile Zola.

Question 3

By the early twentieth century,many European socialists were beginning to doubt some of the core assumptions of Marxist doctrine.In Germany,these "revisionists" were led by:

A) Eduard Bernstein.
B) Friedrich Engels.
C) Elmer Bernstein.
D) Thurston Veblen.
E) Friedrich Nietzsche.

Answer 3

Eduard Bernstein.

Question 4

Which political party became the model Marxist party in the late nineteenth century?

A) German Social Democratic Party
B) Independent Labor Party
C) Goths Program
D) International Workingmen's Association
E) National Socialist Workers' Party

Question 5

European liberal politics of the mid-nineteenth century relied on for its power.

A) the military
B) the working class
C) the old aristocracy
D) the upper class
E) an enlightened monarchy

Question 6

Published in 1903 and 1905,The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion:

A) was forged by the Russian secret police and detailed a Jewish plot to dominate the world.
B) demonstrated that Jews and Christians could live together in peace.
C) was written by Alfred Dreyfus.
D) defended the economic interests of the Rothschild banking family.
E) set out the Zionists' proposal to establish a Jewish state.

Question 7

One means by which some nineteenth-century companies attempted to dominate an industry was to control every step of production,from the acquisition of raw materials to the distribution of the final product,in a/an _________ combination.

A) organic
B) vertical
C) monopolistic
D) diagonal
E) transnational

Question 8

By 1884,full rights of citizenship had been extended to all segments of European society with the exception of:

A) women.
B) workers.
C) clerics.
D) soldiers.
E) slaves.

Question 9

European women,having attained the right to control their own property,viewed _________ as the symbol of full legal personhood.

A) equal pay for equal work
B) enfranchisement
C) equal access to employment
D) economic freedom
E) equality under the law

Question 10

The Paris Commune obtained its greatest support from:

A) the middle classes.
B) the workers of Paris.
C) the peasants of Normandy.
D) the army officer corps.
E) the soldiers of the Paris barracks.

Question 11

The Third Republic in France was shaken in 1894 by the "Dreyfus Affair" that saw the rise of _________ in French society.

A) socialism
B) republicanism
C) anti-Semitism
D) Dreyfusardism
E) militarism

Question 12

Although discovered much earlier,the development of electricity in the late 1800s led to:

A) new techniques in the chemical industry.
B) electrification of metropolitan areas.
C) improvements in subway systems.
D) changes in the living habits of ordinary people.
E) all of these

Question 13

The first technological innovation of the second industrial revolution was with:

A) iron.
B) bronze.
C) copper.
D) aluminum.
E) steel.

Question 14

With the rise of the "New Woman," conservative women such as Octavia Hill called upon women to:

A) "Rise up to defend the British empire by keeping the home fires burning."
B) "Actively seek out those who oppose the traditional station of women and defeat them."
C) "Seek their way in the world independently of their husbands."
D) "Temper this wild struggle for place and power."
E) "Secure the franchise and take control of the political system in Britain."

Question 15

In 1903,Emmeline Pankhurst:

A) founded the Women's Social and Political Union.
B) was killed when she threw herself under the king's horse at the Derby.
C) delivered a speech before Parliament denouncing the suffragette movement.
D) was murdered during a socialist rally in London.
E) secured the right to vote for women in Britain by royal decree.

Question 16

Technological advances in Europe,matched by advances in medicine and agriculture,brought about a period of renewed growth in the nineteenth century known as:

A) the Era of Good Feelings.
B) the technological revolution.
C) the second industrial revolution.
D) the manufacturing revolution.
E) the information revolution.

Question 17

The artistic movement known as futurism was introduced to Europe by:

A) M. J. Duchamp.
B) Vincent van Gogh.
C) J. C. Pissarro.
D) Claude Monet.
E) F. T. Marinetti.

Question 18

By 1914,the largest overseas buyer of food commodities was:

A) the United States.
B) Great Britain.
C) Germany.
D) France.
E) Russia.

Question 19

The first country to admit women to medical schools for training as medical doctors was:

A) Switzerland.
B) Great Britain.
C) France.
D) Russia.
E) Italy.

Question 20

By the 1860s,_________ were the leading voices for an expanded franchise in many European countries.

A) Chartists
B) social democrats
C) radical capitalists
D) socialist parliamentarians
E) communists

Question 21

Until the Russo-Japanese War,ordinary Russians continued to believe that the tsar was their "Little Father" and would do what he could to aid them in their lives.This trust was shaken on January 22,1905,a date afterward referred to as:

A) "Black Thursday."
B) "Shrove Tuesday."
C) "Maundy Thursday."
D) "Father Capon Day."
E) "Bloody Sunday."

Question 22

The Kulturkampf of Otto von Bismarck was a campaign waged against:

A) the socialists.
B) the Catholics.
C) the Lutherans.
D) the communists.
E) the Volksdeutsche.

Question 23

Irish home rule was debated for many years in the British Parliament and had support from the Irish Parliamentary Party in the last decades of the nineteenth century,but by the end of the century,a more radical position calling for full independence was revived by the militant political organization called:

A) the Ulster Unionists.
B) the Orangemen.
C) the Irish Republican Brotherhood.
D) the Ó Clérigh Lughaidh.
E) the Ulster Volunteers.

Question 24

The most transformative event in French history in the second part of the nineteenth century was:

A) the Franco-Prussian War.
B) the 1848 revolution.
C) the Paris Commune.
D) the Second Empire.
E) the Crimean War.

Question 25

Many Christians were troubled by the implications of the writings of Charles Darwin because those writings:

A) showed that the world was governed by random chance and constant, undirected struggle.
B) contradicted the literal interpretation of the Bible.
C) flatly denied the existence of a supreme being.
D) stated that human beings had evolved, over time, from monkeys.
E) held that human beings were no different than any other animal in existence.

Question 26

The revolution of 1905 in Russia was caused by:

A) a conflict between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks.
B) the inflammatory writings of Lenin.
C) the October Manifesto.
D) Russia's defeat in the Russo-Japanese War.
E) a shortage of bread in Saint Petersburg.

Question 27

The expression "survival of the fittest" was first used by:

A) Sir James Frazer.
B) Herbert Spencer.
C) Thomas Henry Huxley.
D) Charles Darwin.
E) Sigmund Freud.

Question 28

Tsar Alexander II:

A) led Russia to victory in the Crimean War.
B) was an enlightened ruler who industrialized Russia.
C) was assassinated in spite of freeing the serfs.
D) was a repressive ruler who reversed all the reforms of his father.
E) was an intellectual who founded the Bolshoi Ballet.

Question 29

Marxism came to Russia in two forms: one based on industrial capitalism known as the Social Democratic Party and the other based on the populist appeal to the peasantry known as:

A) the Orthodox Socialist Party.
B) the Social Revolutionary Party.
C) the Bolsheviks.
D) the Marxist Socialist Union.
E) the Mensheviks.

Question 30

As a result of the 1905 revolution,Tsar Nicholas II issued the October Manifesto,which:

A) provided for open elections for a legislative body, the Dumas, which paved the way for the peaceful transition to a constitutional monarchy in 1907.
B) created the Ocrana, the secret police, which ruthlessly crushed all opposition to the tsar, focusing specifically on the Bolsheviks and the Social Revolutionaries.
C) completed the work begun by the Treaty of Portsmouth, which ended the Russo-Japanese War, which called for the transfer of territory in the East to Japan.
D) guaranteed individual liberties, more liberal franchise for the election of a Dumas, and veto powers for the Dumas-all of which Nicholas repealed over the next two years.
E) all of these

Question 31

Bismarck enacted several measures concerning national health legislation because:

A) the liberals demanded it.
B) his ethical standards were high and he saw legislation as his Christian duty.
C) Germany was experiencing a typhoid epidemic.
D) reports showed that the German population was seriously undernourished.
E) he wanted to win the loyalty of the German working class.

Question 32

Charles Darwin completed the fieldwork that served as the basis for his theories during the time he spent as an unpaid naturalist on an around-the-world voyage aboard the ship:

A) H.M.S. Beagle.
B) R.M.S. Shepherd.
C) H.M.S. Bounty.
D) R.M.S. Victory.
E) H.M.S. Hood.

Question 33

David Lloyd George:

A) was a conservative member of the House of Lords.
B) founded the Independent Labor Party in 1901.
C) proposed a controversial budget in 1909 that included a progressive income tax.
D) was responsible for passage of the Second Reform Bill.
E) blocked consideration of the League of Nations at the Paris Peace Conference.

Question 34

For the Russian Tsar Nicholas II,Russification:

A) extended the language and culture of Greater Russia over all non-Russian subjects.
B) was not accomplished by coercion or physical oppression.
C) was intended to destroy the populist movement.
D) did not involve pogroms.
E) was a program the tsar implemented as part of the process to become a naturalized Russian citizen.

Question 35

Which pairing is correct?

A) Edouard Drumont, Germinal
B) Georges Sorel, The Communist Manifesto
C) Sir James Frazer, The Descent of Man
D) Theodor Herzl, The State of the Jews
E) George Sand, What Is to Be Done?

Question 36

Social scientists of the late nineteenth century often demonstrated through their experimentation the exact opposite of what they were attempting to prove: they would generally show that human beings were:

A) rational.
B) the product of their environment.
C) irrational.
D) the product of heredity.
E) a blank slate at birth.

Question 37

In the late nineteenth century,in the midst of the continued decline of the Ottoman empire,a nationalist movement emerged in Turkey under the guidance of a group calling themselves the "Young Turks," who successfully forced the sultan to establish a constitutional government in 1908.In the following year they deposed the sultan and placed him with his brother:

A) Khalid Hamid IV.
B) Ibn al' Mina V.
C) Assur-dan VI.
D) Mohammed V.
E) Harun al-Rashid.

Question 38

In his first publication,Charles Darwin dealt with the natural world and developed his theory of evolution by means of natural selection.That book is entitled:

A) Natural Selection and Human Beings.
B) The Origin of the Species.
C) The Descent of Man.
D) On the Theory of Natural Selection.
E) The Theory of Evolution & Man.

Question 39

Evolutionary theories had existed from the time of the ancient Greeks,but the first modern theory of evolution was developed by:

A) Georg Simmel.
B) Charles Darwin.
C) Jean Lemarck.
D) Herbert Spencer.
E) Alfred Wallace.

Question 40

The nineteenth-century political theory of liberalism looked to _________ to confirm its tenets.

A) politics
B) science
C) religion
D) sociology
E) philosophy

Question 41

"Classical conditioning," as developed by Ivan Pavlov,became a part of the psychological school of:

A) analytical realism.
B) reflexology.
C) behaviorism.
D) Cartesian dualism.
E) conditioned response.

Question 42

The near-universal adoption of the gold standard in currency exchange greatly diminished world trade.

Question 43

Although a few challenges to representational art had occurred earlier,the first significant break emerged in France with:

A) the impressionists.
B) the surrealists.
C) the dadaists.
D) the structuralists.
E) the post-impressionists.

Question 44

A powerful new tool of a general strike of all industrial workers was proposed by the syndicalists,who argued that it would do more to bring down the state than electoral politics.

Question 45

The French painter recognized as the "Father of Modern Art" for his transformation of art into a vehicle for an artist's self-expression was:

A) Pierre-Auguste Renoir.
B) Claude Monet.
C) Vincent van Gogh.
D) Paul Gauguin.
E) Paul Cézanne.

Question 46

In response to the growing materialism and free thought in the world,Pope Pius IX issued an encyclical entitled:

A) Ecce Homo.
B) Mistakes of the Modern World.
C) Unum Sanctum.
D) Syllabus of Errors.
E) Humanae Vitae.

Question 47

The Third Republic of France was created after the fall of the Second Republic during the Sino-Prussian War.

Question 48

Sigmund Freud argued that mental disorders are caused by:

A) mental images created during our dream states.
B) physiological responses to environmental stimuli.
C) chemical imbalances in the brain.
D) a conflict between natural drives and cultural restraints.
E) a lack of environmental restraints of people's actions.

Question 49

Zionism was based on the hierarchical principles of the Jewish faith and hoped to establish a homeland in which the caste-like system of the ancient twelve tribes could once again organize Jews into a single,organized people.

Question 50

Futurism,as introduced to Italy by F.T.Marinetti,was an aggressive new art movement influenced by technology and the bustle of urban life.

Question 51

The second half of the nineteenth century saw an increase in literacy in northern Europe of:

A) 25 percent.
B) 40 percent.
C) 50 percent.
D) 65 percent.
E) 80 percent.

Question 52

Friedrich Nietzsche believed that human beings must become "supermen" and:

A) control their irrational impulses through artistic expression.
B) master the world through a "will to faith."
C) achieve mastery over all antisocial behavior.
D) reform social, economic, and political organizations.
E) transcend the bounds of cultural conformity.

Question 53

In order to mobilize the funds needed for large-scale enterprises,most European countries enacted limited-liability laws that ensured stockholders could lose only the value of their shares in the event of bankruptcy.

Question 54

The second industrial revolution created a strong demand for technical expertise,which meant that university degrees became more important than on-the-job apprenticeships.

Question 55

Mass consumption was one of the greatest changes in the second industrial revolution as the traditional buying habits of the consumer both within and outside urban areas were quickly changed and society became much less stratified.

Question 56

The dominant trend in business during the second industrial revolution was a decreased cooperation between governments and industry.

Question 57

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries,culture entered a new era that has been labeled as:

A) Mannerism.
B) Baroque.
C) structuralism.
D) Modernism.
E) pop art.

Question 58

In Britain,the manufacturing of cheap steel in large quantities allowed it to outstrip German industrialism.

Question 59

The painting Self-Portrait,Study for Ermiten,is an example of the _________ school of painting.

A) surrealist
B) impressionist
C) expressionist
D) structuralist
E) dadaist

Question 60

After the turn of the twentieth century,some artists "sought an antidote to fin-de-siècle malaise" by looking:

A) toward the future with new techniques and mediums.
B) inward, making art reflective and personal.
C) to the Western classical age, creating a new neoclassical style.
D) "backward," to so-called primitive cultures.
E) outward, to demonstrate that "art" was dead.

Question 61

Russia under Tsar Alexander II had made many liberal changes such as the freeing of the serfs.All liberal tendencies in the government came to an end with the assassination of the tsar.

Question 62

Why did the industrial and social changes of the nineteenth century destabilize Russia?

Question 63

What was the impact of the Dreyfus Affair on Europe?

Question 64

What changes did industrialization cause in Europe?

Question 65

A pogrom is a Russian term for a violent attack on civilians.

Question 66

In spite of all legal hindrances,votes for the Social Democratic Party in Germany quadrupled by 1881,the year Bismarck resigned.

Question 67

What gains were made by the Russian revolution of 1905? Why were these gains not enough to complete Russia's transition to a modern nation?

Question 68

The outbreak of World War I was all that prevented civil war in Ireland in the early twentieth century.

Question 69

In what ways were traditional Victorian gender roles for women redefined in the latter half of the nineteenth century?

Question 70

What factors made Germany particularly receptive to social democracy?

Question 71

What was modernism,and how did it reflect the changes in society during the late nineteenth century?

Question 72

Why was Marxism so appealing to both workers and intellectuals across the West?

Question 73

How were the theories of Darwinism applied to political objectives?

Question 74

What innovations typified the second industrial revolution,and what were the effects on European society?

Question 75

Lenin regarded revolution as the only answer to Russia's problems.