Deck 6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues

Question 1

The type of cartilage that forms the long bones of the embryonic skeleton is

A) hyaline cartilage.
B) fibrocartilage.
C) elastic cartilage.
D) calcified cartilage.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Cartilage repairs slowly after adolescence because

A) the perichondrium thickens, preventing diffusion of gasses and nutrients.
B) the cartilage matrix becomes mineralized.
C) chondrocytes no longer are able to divide and secrete new matrix.
D) collagen synthesis ceases.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

In the bone matrix, osteoblasts become

A) osteocytes.
B) chondrocytes.
C) osteoclasts.
D) mesenchyme cells.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

All of the following are true regarding cartilage except

A) it is more abundant in an infant than in an adult.
B) it contains no nerves or blood vessels.
C) it is primarily composed of water.
D) it is easily deformed with compression and does not return to its original shape.

Question 5

Which of the following is true regarding the three types of cartilage?

A) The high water content of hyaline cartilage allows it to resist compression well.
B) Fibrocartilage contains the most abundant amount of elastic fibers.
C) Hyaline cartilage is best able to withstand repeated bending.
D) Elastic cartilage is most similar to dense regular connective tissue.

Question 6

All of the following are true regarding the composition of bone tissue except

A) 35% of bone tissue is composed of organic materials.
B) 65% of bone tissue is composed of inorganic hydroxyapatites.
C) elastin fibers are the most abundant organic components of bone.
D) the mixture of organic and inorganic components allows bone to be strong but not brittle.

Question 7

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Which letter indicates the region of the long bone comprised of trabecular bone?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 8

The type of cartilage that comprises the epiglottis is

A) hyaline cartilage.
B) fibrocartilage.
C) elastic cartilage.
D) calcified cartilage.

Question 9

In an adult, the perichondrium

A) inhibits growth and repair of cartilage.
B) produces new chondrocytes.
C) acts like a girdle to prevent the matrix from pushing outward when the cartilage is compressed.
D) binds the cartilage to adjacent bones.

Question 10

The type of cartilage that forms the costal cartilages at the ends of the ribs is

A) hyaline cartilage.
B) fibrocartilage.
C) elastic cartilage.
D) calcified cartilage.

Question 11

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Which letter indicates the remnant of what was once, in a growing juvenile, the epiphyseal plate?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 12

All of the following are true regarding the functions of bones except

A) yellow marrow is not involved in blood cell production.
B) they store minerals, including calcium and phosphate, that can be released into the bloodstream when needed by the body.
C) muscles use bones as levers in movement.
D) they do not play any role in hormone secretion or metabolism.

Question 13

Which of the following cells is secreting cartilage matrix?

A) osteocyte.
B) osteoblast.
C) osteoclast.
D) chondroblast.

Question 14

The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the

A) chondroblast.
B) osteoblast.
C) osteoclast.
D) chondrocyte.

Question 15

The type of cartilage that can withstand the strongest compression and tension forces is

A) hyaline cartilage.
B) elastic cartilage.
C) fibrocartilage.
D) calcified cartilage.

Question 16

In growing cartilage, the chondroblasts associated with the perichondrium are responsible for

A) interstitial growth.
B) appositional growth.
C) endochondral growth.
D) calcification.

Question 17

Which of the following is not a function of the bony skeleton?

A) support and protection
B) storage of parathyroid hormone
C) transmission of muscular forces by acting as levers
D) production of blood cells

Question 18

Osteoid is

A) the mineral part of the bone matrix.
B) secreted by osteocytes.
C) the entire extracellular matrix of bone.
D) the organic part of bone matrix prior to the crystallization with calcium salts.

Question 19

All of the following structures in the body contain cartilage except

A) the nose
B) the joints
C) the discs between vertebrae
D) the esophagus
E) the ears

Question 20

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Which letter indicates the diaphysis of a long bone?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 21

The kneecap, or patella, is an example of

A) a flat bone.
B) an irregular bone.
C) a sesamoid bone.
D) calcified cartilage.

Question 22

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Which letter indicates the perforating, or Volkmann's canals which lie at right angles to central canals?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 23

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Which letter indicates the region known as the epiphysis?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 24

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Which letter indicates the circumferential lamellae?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 25

Which of these bony markings is correctly paired with its function?

A) trochanter - joint surface
B) foramen - site of muscle attachment
C) fissure - opening
D) crest - depression

Question 26

Which of these bony markings is not a site of muscle or ligament attachment?

A) facet
B) tubercle
C) spine
D) epicondyle
E) line

Question 27

A long bone is able to withstand extreme torsion or twisting stresses because

A) the bone is spongelike with many hollow spaces, such as the central and epiphyseal marrow cavities.
B) within each osteon the collagen fibers and mineral crystals in adjacent lamellae are aligned in opposite directions.
C) the internal and external surfaces are both covered in irregular connective tissue fibers.
D) the trabeculae of spongy bone are aligned along stress trajectories.

Question 28

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Which letter indicates bone that is not arranged in osteons and is called spongy or trabecular bone?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 29

Which these is true regarding the anatomical design of bone to deal with the stresses placed on it?

A) Spongy bone is arranged in a random network.
B) All surfaces of bones are smooth.
C) Compact bone occurs in the center of each bone.
D) Trabeculae are aligned along the lines of stress within a bone.

Question 30

Which of the following statements about a long bone is false?

A) It has a diaphysis.
B) It has two distinct ends.
C) It is longer than it is wide.
D) It must be more than 5 inches in length.

Question 31

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Which letter indicates lamellae located outside the lamellae belonging to the osteon?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 32

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Which letter indicates the collagen fibers of the periosteum known as the perforating, or Sharpey's, fibers?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 33

If a bone located in a limb is longer than it is wide, that bone is a(n) ________ bone.

A) long
B) short
C) irregular
D) flat

Question 34

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Which letter indicates the region of a long bone that in an adult is filled with yellow bone marrow?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 35

If a bone is thin, flattened, and somewhat curved, that bone is a(n) ________ bone.

A) long
B) short
C) irregular
D) flat

Question 36

Muscles are not likely to tear from their bones because

A) a circumferential lamella sandwiches the ends of the tendon onto the surface of an adjacent lamella.
B) elastin fibers in the tendon can allow for stretching and recoil of the muscle.
C) perforating fibers of collagen attach the tendons and periosteum to the cortical surfaces of bone.
D) the tendons are partially ossified at their attachment points to the periosteum.

Question 37

Blood vessels to the diaphysis move through the

A) epiphyseal plate.
B) articular cartilage.
C) foramen magnum.
D) nutrient foramen.

Question 38

Bones in the wrists and ankles are

A) long bones.
B) short bones.
C) irregular bones.
D) flat bones.

Question 39

If a long bone is fractured midshaft, which region of the bone has been damaged?

A) meniscus.
B) articular cartilage.
C) epiphysis.
D) diaphysis.

Question 40

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Which letter indicates the space where microscopic blood vessels and nerves pass through the center of the osteon?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 41

Spongy bone

A) contains osteons.
B) contains vessels within a central canal.
C) contains several layers of lamellae.
D) contains a nutrient artery.

Question 42

Which of the following is true regarding endochondral ossification?

A) the majority of the bones of the body are formed in this way.
B) the epiphysis gets its blood supply from the diaphyseal periosteal bud.
C) bone begins replacing the cartilage model shortly after birth.
D) the marrow cavity is the first bony structure to form.

Question 43

A large, multinucleate cell with a ruffled border is an

A) osteoclast.
B) adipocyte.
C) osteocyte.
D) osteoblast.

Question 44

The type of bone growth in which bones form directly from mesenchyme is called

A) intramembranous ossification
B) endochondral ossification
C) appositional ossification
D) interstitial ossification

Question 45

Which bone cell type secretes hydrochloric acid?

A) osteoblast
B) osteoclast
C) osteocyte
D) osteoprogenitor

Question 46

Which statement about growth of long bones is false?

A) The bone cannot grow longer once the epiphyseal plates are ossified.
B) The diaphysis becomes progressively thinner as the bone lengthens.
C) The epiphyses are pushed further from the center of the diaphysis.
D) The epiphyseal plates remain a constant thickness during growth.

Question 47

Which of these is not a step in intramembranous ossification?

A) ossification centers develop within membranous connective tissue
B) woven bone forms
C) osteoid calcifies
D) a bony collar forms around the bone
E) compact bone replaces woven bone

Question 48

Which of these is not a step in endochondral ossification?

A) a bone collar forms around the diaphysis
B) woven bone fills the primary ossification center
C) the periosteal bud enters the diaphysis
D) secondary ossification centers form in the epiphysis

Question 49

Osteoblasts originate from

A) mesenchyme cells.
B) osteoblasts.
C) osteocytes.
D) blood stem cells.

Question 50

The cartilage of the epiphyseal plates is organized into zones based upon the unique processes occurring in each of these regions. Identify the correct sequence of these processes, from the epiphyseal end toward the diaphysis.

A) calcification - hypertrophy - proliferation - resting - ossification
B) ossification - calcification - hypertrophy - proliferation - resting
C) resting - hypertrophy - proliferation - calcification - ossification
D) hypertrophy - proliferation - resting - calcification - ossification
E) resting - proliferation - hypertrophy - calcification - ossification

Question 51

Which of the following is true regarding bone remodeling?

A) If osteoblasts are more active than osteoclasts, more bone will be resorbed than formed.
B) Osteoblasts function to break down bone.
C) Bone remodeling can occur to help us maintain adequate concentrations of calcium and phosphate in our blood.
D) Bone remodeling occurs at the same rate in all bones of the body.

Question 52

The process of bone growth is regulated by several hormones throughout the lifetime of an individual. The hormone most influential in skeletal growth prior to adolescence is secreted from the

A) parathyroid gland.
B) pancreas.
C) pituitary gland.
D) adrenal gland.

Question 53

The primary center of ossification

A) occurs in the 4-week embryo.
B) is in the diaphysis.
C) is in the epiphysis.
D) is in membrane bones but not in endochondral bones.

Question 54

The only bone inferior to the skull that develops via intramembranous ossification is the

A) femur.
B) sternum.
C) rib.
D) clavicle.

Question 55

Which of the following statements about woven bone is false?

A) It is the same as spongy bone of adults.
B) It contains no trabeculae.
C) It is characteristic of the development of embryonic flat bones.
D) As fetal development progresses, it is replaced by compact bone at the periphery.

Question 56

Which of the following is not present in the central canals of osteons?

A) blood vessels
B) nerves
C) endosteum
D) osteocytes

Question 57

An osteon is composed of

A) a cell body and a long, threadlike extension.
B) cartilage.
C) layers of bone lamellae surrounding a central canal.
D) interstitial lamellae.

Question 58

Achondroplasia is a genetic disorder in which cartilage proliferation is inhibited and the epiphyseal plates close early. What would be a consequence of early closure of the epiphysial plates?

A) The limbs would be shorter than expected.
B) The patient would be at greater risk of suffering an epiphyseal fracture.
C) Bones would not form by intramembranous ossification.
D) Appositional bone growth would not occur.

Question 59

A hormone that increases the bone-degrading activity of osteoclasts is

A) an androgen (male sex hormone).
B) an estrogen (female sex hormone).
C) thyroid hormone.
D) parathyroid hormone.

Question 60

Within a long bone of the skeleton, the circumferential lamellae are located in the

A) trabeculae.
B) osteons.
C) external and internal regions of compact bone.
D) marrow cavity.

Question 61

Which of these is not a consequence of aging on bones and cartilage?

A) thinning of the articular cartilage.
B) decline in bone mass
C) decrease in completely-formed osteons
D) increase in chondroblast activity

Question 62

In the repair of a simple fracture, the step that follows formation of a hematoma is

A) formation of a bony callus.
B) inflammation.
C) formation of fibrocartilaginous callus.
D) bone remodeling.

Question 63

Repair of a simple fracture begins with

A) calcification of dense connective tissue.
B) granulation tissue formation.
C) hyaline cartilage deposition.
D) inflammation and hematoma formation.

Question 64

Microscopic inspection of hyaline cartilage would show prominent parallel bundles of collagen fibers.

Question 65

Cartilage is strong in resisting twisting and bending but weak in resisting tension and compression.

Question 66

All of the following are true regarding the bones of an average, healthy 30-year-old adult except

A) most if not all of their epiphysial plates have closed.
B) their osteoblasts are equally as active as their osteoblasts.
C) their bones contain many bony prominences and markings.
D) they are resorbing bone faster than they are laying down new bone.

Question 67

In osteoporosis, bone resorption occurs at faster rate than the deposition of new bone. All of these factors increase bone deposition and, therefore, help to prevent or treat osteoporosis except

A) weight-bearing exercise
B) adequate vitamin D intake
C) adequate calcium intake
D) parathyroid hormone replacement

Question 68

Rickets is a condition resulting from inadequate intake of Vitamin D, which is required for absorption of calcium in the digestive tract. What consequences would this have on the bones?

A) The bones would become thickened due to increased bone deposition
B) The lack of calcium would cause the bones to be soft and weak.
C) The epiphysial plates would close prematurely, leading to decreased limb length.
D) The lack of vitamin D would cause the bones to become thicker and stronger.

Question 69

In osteoporosis, bone resorption occurs at faster rate than the deposition of new bone. Using your knowledge of bone cells, you reason that the cause of this must be an increase in activity and number of

A) osteoblasts
B) osteocytes
C) osteoclasts
D) osteoprogenitor cells

Question 70

Comminuted fractures, in which the bone fragments into many pieces, are more common in the elderly. Anatomically, why would advanced age increase the risk for these kinds of fractures?

A) The decrease in organic, living, components in bone makes it more brittle.
B) Bone becomes more flexible with age.
C) Elderly individuals tend to do more activities resulting in strong twisting forces on their bones.
D) With age, bones acquire widespread microfractures that can result in fragmented fractures when excessive force is placed on the bone.

Question 71

In appositional growth, chondrocytes within cartilage divide and secrete new matrix.

Question 72

Fibrocartilage is designed to withstand repeated compressive forces.

Question 73

Which factor will decrease the rate of bone resorption?

A) inadequate vitamin D intake
B) long zero-gravity exposure
C) mechanical stress
D) prolonged bed rest

Question 74

Which of the following is the correct progression in the healing of a skeletal fracture?

A) bone remodeling, bony callus, hematoma, fibrocartilage callus
B) fibrocartilage callus, bone remodeling, bony callus, hematoma
C) hematoma, fibrocartilage callus, bony callus, bone remodeling
D) hematoma, bony callus, bone remodeling, fibrocartilage callus

Question 75

Paget's Disease is characterized by excessive rates of bone deposition, and the medullary cavity may completely fill with bone. What would be a consequence of this?

A) The bones would become heavier than usual.
B) The bones would produce more blood cells.
C) The bones would contain a greater amount of fat tissue than usual.
D) The bones would require less calcium than usual.

Question 76

As cartilage ages, calcium salts are deposited and calcify the cartilage, turning it into bone.

Question 77

Greenstick fractures are incomplete fractures in which only one side of the shaft breaks while the other side bends. Anatomically, why would these types of breaks be more common in children?

A) A child's bones have less organic matrix, making them more brittle.
B) A child's bones have more organic matrix, making them more flexible.
C) A child's bones are more susceptible to excessive twisting forces.
D) The epiphyseal plate makes a child's bones more brittle.

Question 78

The universal loss of skeletal mass that begins after age 40

A) is slower in women than in men.
B) is absolutely uniform throughout the skeleton.
C) reflects an imbalance in the bone-remodeling process.
D) is due to increased blood flow to bones as individuals age.

Question 79

The benefits of weight-bearing exercise include stronger muscles

A) but weaker bones.
B) and stronger bones.
C) but bones of the same strength.
D) and stronger compact bone, but weaker spongy bone.

Question 80

Which of these is true regarding the skeleton of young children?

A) Their bones contain many ridges and prominent features
B) Their skeletons contain less hyaline cartilage than an adult.
C) As they use their muscles, bony markings and prominences develop in response to the added stress on the bones.
D) Their epiphysial plates were closed shortly after birth.