Deck 24: The Urinary System

Question 1

Which vessels lie within the renal columns?

A) arcuate arteries
B) cortical radiate arteries
C) interlobar arteries
D) segmental arteries

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The descriptive term for the location of the kidneys relative to the abdominal cavity.

A) retroperitoneal
B) intraperitoneal
C) extra abdominal
D) supraperitoneal
E) subcapsular

Answer 2

A

Question 3

A large fat-filled space within the kidney that also contains the renal pelvis, blood vessels, and nerves.

A) sinus
B) convoluted tubules
C) renal corpuscle
D) renal pyramids
E) cortical columns

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates a cortical radiate artery.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 5

Which of the following structures are most numerous within a kidney?

A) cortical radiate arteries
B) minor calyces
C) renal corpuscles
D) renal papillae

Question 6

Which of the following supportive tissues is most superficial?

A) fibrous capsule
B) pararenal fat
C) perirenal fat
D) renal fascia

Question 7

Which of the following processes does not participate in the production of urine in the kidney?

A) filtration
B) secretion
C) evaporation
D) resorption

Question 8

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates the major calyx.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 9

Based on what you know about the location of the kidneys in the posterior abdominal wall, the hilum of the kidney must be at the level of which vertebra?

A) T₁₁ or T₁₂
B) L₁ or L₂
C) L₄
D) T₈

Question 10

Before it enters the ureter, urine collects in the

A) renal sinus.
B) renal pelvis.
C) renal cortex.
D) renal pyramids.

Question 11

Which gland sits atop each kidney?

A) pancreas
B) pituitary
C) adrenal
D) interlobar gland

Question 12

Which off the following puts the flow of blood through the kidney in the correct order?

A) segmental artery - interlobar artery - arcuate artery - cortical radiate artery
B) segmental artery - arcuate artery - interlobar artery - cortical radiate artery
C) interlobar artery - segmental artery - cortical radiate artery - arcuate artery
D) interlobar artery - arcuate artery - segmental artery - cortical radiate artery

Question 13

The most superficial layer of the kidney is the

A) cortex.
B) medulla.
C) renal pyramids.
D) renal papilla.

Question 14

The left renal vein ________ the right renal vein.

A) is shorter than
B) is the same length as
C) is longer than
D) carries less blood than

Question 15

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates the blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood to the kidney.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 16

Cup-shaped tubes that enclose the papillae of the pyramids.

A) major calyx
B) minor calyx
C) renal sinus
D) renal pelvis
E) cortical columns

Question 17

Which structure(s) is (are) most important for holding the kidney in place in the abdomen?

A) renal vessels
B) renal ligaments
C) perirenal and pararenal fat layers and renal fascia
D) the diaphragm, through its muscle tone

Question 18

The medial concave cleft in which vessels, ureters, and nerves enter/leave the kidney.

A) cortex
B) hilum
C) renal corpuscle
D) renal capsule
E) sinus

Question 19

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates the renal pelvis.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 20

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates the blood vessels that delineate the cortex from the medulla.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 21

The layer of podocytes is the same as the

A) parietal layer.
B) glomerulus.
C) visceral layer of glomerular capsule.
D) capsular space.

Question 22

Cortical nephrons are different from juxtamedullary nephrons in that

A) they are much less abundant.
B) they produce urine, whereas juxtamedullary nephrons do not.
C) their nephron loop is shorter, with a shorter thin segment.
D) they do not have a proximal convoluted tubule.

Question 23

Which segment of the nephron has a simple squamous epithelium?

A) collecting duct
B) descending limb of the nephron loop
C) distal convoluted tubule
D) proximal convoluted tubule

Question 24

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates the glomerulus.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 25

When Melinda was asked to identify a "mystery" slide on a histology test, she immediately identified it as renal cortex because of the presence of scattered

A) renal corpuscles.
B) thin segments.
C) renal papillae.
D) vasa recta.

Question 26

If you looked closely at the tip of a renal papilla with a hand lens, the hundreds of little openings you would see on its surface are

A) minor calyces.
B) renal sinuses.
C) openings of papillary ducts.
D) glomeruli.

Question 27

Which of the following is not found in the renal corpuscle?

A) the glomerulus
B) the nephron loop
C) glomerular capsule
D) podocytes

Question 28

In the juxtaglomerular apparatus, the macula densa is part of the

A) terminal nephron loop.
B) glomerulus.
C) efferent arteriole.
D) visceral layer of the glomerular capsule (podocytes).

Question 29

An increase in the permeability of collecting tubule cells to water is due to

A) a decrease in the production of antidiuretic hormone.
B) an increase in the production of antidiuretic hormone.
C) a decrease in the concentration of solutes in the blood plasma.
D) the presence of a salty urine in the bladder.

Question 30

The parts of the nephron whose epithelial cells contain the most mitochondria are the

A) renal corpuscle and distal convoluted tubule.
B) proximal and distal convoluted tubules.
C) thin segment and glomerular capsule.
D) vasa recta and collecting tubules.

Question 31

The part of the nephron whose epithelial cells are most responsible for resorption and secretion is the

A) glomerular capsule (podocytes).
B) proximal tubule.
C) thin segment.
D) distal tubule.

Question 32

Knot of capillaries that directs blood into the efferent arteriole.

A) arcuate arteries
B) cortical radiate arteries
C) glomerulus
D) afferent arterioles
E) peritubular capillaries

Question 33

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates the region of the nephron with receptors sensitive to antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 34

Which of the following is found exclusively in the renal medulla?

A) nephron loop of juxtamedullary nephrons
B) cortical radiate arteries
C) peritubular capillaries
D) proximal convoluted tubules

Question 35

Which of the following regions of the nephron is most likely to be found in the renal medulla?

A) glomerulus
B) proximal convoluted tubule
C) distal convoluted tubule
D) collecting duct

Question 36

85% of nephrons are described by this term that relates to their location in the kidney.

A) sinusoidal
B) trabecular
C) medullary
D) cortical
E) extrinsic

Question 37

An important difference between a cuboidal epithelial cell of the proximal versus the distal convoluted tubules is that

A) the former only secretes, the latter only filters.
B) one lies in the renal cortex, the other in the medulla.
C) only one has a folded basolateral membrane containing enzymes for ion transport.
D) the proximal tubule cells have long microvilli that are fewer than or absent from the distal tubule cells.

Question 38

The region of the distal tubule that monitors concentration of the filtrate is called the

A) vasa recta
B) collecting duct
C) macula densa
D) mesangial
E) extraglomerular

Question 39

Which of the following is not part of the filtration membrane?

A) basement membrane
B) capillary endothelium
C) filtration slit diaphragm
D) granular cells

Question 40

The function of the collecting duct is to

A) contract its muscular walls to expel urine from the cortex.
B) determine the final volume and concentration of urine.
C) drain blood from the kidney and deliver it to the renal vein.
D) transport resorbed water back into the cardiovascular system.

Question 41

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates the afferent arteriole.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 42

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates the proximal convoluted tubule.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 43

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates the efferent arteriole.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 44

The epithelium lining the urinary bladder that permits distension is

A) stratified squamous.
B) transitional.
C) simple squamous.
D) pseudostratified columnar.

Question 45

Urine passes through the

A) kidney hilum to the bladder to the ureter.
B) renal pelvis to the ureter to the bladder to the urethra.
C) glomerulus to the ureter to the nephron.
D) hilum to the urethra to the bladder.

Question 46

How much of the fluid filtered by the kidney actually becomes urine?

A) 1%
B) 10%
C) 50%
D) 99%

Question 47

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates blood vessels that absorb solutes from the convoluted tubules.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 48

Ladderlike looping blood vessels within the medulla.

A) vasa vasorum
B) peritubular capillaries
C) cortical radiate
D) vasa recta
E) interlobular

Question 49

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates blood vessels covered by podocytes.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 50

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 51

Blood vessel that contains granular cells involved in blood pressure regulation.

A) afferent arteriole
B) efferent arteriole
C) segmental artery
D) macula densa
E) extraglomerular mesangial

Question 52

Renin is produced in

A) the glomerulus.
B) the renal medulla.
C) the granular cells.
D) glomerular capsules.

Question 53

The ureters

A) are lined by stratified squamous epithelium.
B) contain only an inner circular layer in their muscularis.
C) do not have an adventitia layer.
D) have a muscularis layer that is stimulated to contract by the stretching of their walls as urine enters them.

Question 54

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates the vasa recta.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 55

An important difference between the peritubular capillaries and the vasa recta in the kidney is that

A) only the vasa recta are supplied by efferent arterioles.
B) the vasa recta drain into arterioles, whereas the peritubular capillaries drain into venules.
C) the vasa recta are involved in filtration, whereas the peritubular capillaries are involved in resorption.
D) the vasa recta are in the medulla, whereas the peritubular capillaries are in the cortex.

Question 56

The neck, or inferior angle, of the bladder drains into the

A) ureters.
B) urachus.
C) urethra.
D) trigone.

Question 57

During a dissection, Arnie saw the ureters entering the lateral corners of the bladder but found the internal openings of the ureters in the trigone near the midline of the bladder. His observation necessarily means that

A) the ureters run medially for some distance within the posterior bladder wall.
B) the ureters and urethra are really the same tube.
C) each ureter must have four distinct openings into the bladder.
D) this bladder had a congenital defect.

Question 58

Arteries that branch to form the afferent arterioles to the glomeruli are

A) segmental arteries.
B) arcuate arteries.
C) cortical radiate arteries.
D) interlobar arteries.

Question 59

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates the parietal layer of glomerular capsule.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 60

Which of the following statements about the urinary bladder is false?

A) In females, the bladder lies posterior to the uterus but anterior to the rectum.
B) The ureters attach to the bladder through oblique posterolateral orifices.
C) Two ureteral openings and the internal urethral orifice bound the trigone of the bladder.
D) When empty, the bladder lies inferior to the abdominal cavity.

Question 61

The external urethral sphincter is located

A) at the external urethral orifice.
B) at the junction of the bladder wall and urethra.
C) at the ureteral orifice.
D) at the urogenital diaphragm.

Question 62

The condition in which the metanephros has failed to ascend is

A) horseshoe kidney.
B) polycystic renal disease.
C) hydronephrosis.
D) pelvic kidney.

Question 63

In the micturition reflex, the detrusor muscle is stimulated to contract by

A) sphincter neurons from the brain.
B) sympathetic fibers.
C) parasympathetic fibers.
D) visceral sensory fibers from the vagus.

Question 64

Which of the following would not inhibit micturition?

A) stimulation of the somatic motor neurons to the external urethral sphincter
B) activation of the sympathetic pathways
C) relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter
D) relaxation of the detrusor muscles

Question 65

Contraction of this muscle forces urine from the bladder.

A) cremaster
B) detrusor
C) diaphragm
D) vesicular
E) dartos

Question 66

The kidneys are located just below lumbar vertebrae L₂ and L₃.

Question 67

The correct sequence of arterial blood flow is the renal artery to the segmental arteries to the interlobar arteries.

Question 68

All of the following changes to the anatomy of the kidneys occur with advanced age except

A) the kidneys atrophy.
B) the number of nephrons in the kidneys decreases.
C) the proximal and distal convoluted tubules become less efficient at secretion and reabsorption.
D) the renal arteries supply a greater amount of blood to the kidneys, increasing the rate of filtration.

Question 69

The name of the inferior of the three openings in the trigone of the bladder is the

A) ureteric orifice.
B) urachus opening.
C) internal urethral orifice.
D) detrusor.

Question 70

The mucosal folds in the bladder (rugae)

A) act to increase the surface area for absorption.
B) thicken the bladder wall so that it does not burst.
C) are not present in life, only in cadavers.
D) have the same basic function as transitional epithelium-accommodating stretch as the bladder fills.

Question 71

The embryonic urogenital sinus

A) derives from the cloaca.
B) gives rise to the anus.
C) gives rise to the rectum.
D) gives rise to the ureters.

Question 72

From which embryonic tissue layer(s) does the kidney arise?

A) ectoderm
B) mesoderm
C) endoderm
D) all three layers

Question 73

Venous structures of the kidney mirror those of the arterial circuit, except for the absence of segmental veins.

Question 74

The longest of the three parts of the male urethra is the

A) prostatic.
B) membranous.
C) spongy urethra.
D) neck.

Question 75

What anatomical difference makes urinary tract infections more common in females than in males?

A) In males the urethra is made up of three regions, whereas in females it is made of only one.
B) In females the urethra is attached to the anterior vaginal wall by connective tissue.
C) In females the urethra is shorter than in males.
D) In males the urethra is shared by the both the reproductive and the urinary systems, whereas in females it is part of the urinary system only.

Question 76

The micturition center is located in the

A) cerebellum.
B) detrusor muscle layer of the bladder wall.
C) pons of the brain stem.
D) sacral spinal cord.

Question 77

The only embryonic kidney that survives into adulthood is the

A) pronephros.
B) mesonephros.
C) metanephros.
D) paranephros.

Question 78

Of the following, the only epithelial type that does not line the urethra is

A) simple squamous.
B) pseudostratified columnar.
C) stratified squamous.
D) stratified columnar.
E) transitional.

Question 79

Which of the following statements about the internal urethral sphincter is false?

A) It is a thickening of the detrusor muscle.
B) It is located superior to the prostatic urethra in males.
C) It is not consciously controlled.
D) It is surrounded by the urogenital diaphragm.

Question 80

Kidney stones, or renal calculi, tend to lodge most often in places where their pathway out of the body tends to narrow. All of these are regions where the ureter narrows and kidney stones may lodge except

A) where the renal pelvis narrows into the ureter.
B) at the urachus of the ureter.
C) at the point where the ureters enter the bladder.
D) where the ureters enter the true pelvis, passing by the sacroiliac joint.