Deck 23: The Digestive System

Question 1

The splenic (left colic) flexure of the colon is located within the

A) left hypochondriac region.
B) left lateral (lumbar) region.
C) right hypochondriac region.
D) right lateral (lumbar) region.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm.

A) greater omentum
B) lesser omentum
C) falciform ligament
D) ligamentum teres
E) porta hepatis

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The vermiform appendix lies within the ________ region of the abdomen.

A) right lateral (lumbar)
B) left lateral (lumbar)
C) right inguinal
D) left inguinal

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter indicating the bulb through which digestive enzymes and bile flow to the duodenum.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 5

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates the cardia of the stomach.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 6

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates the hardest substance in the body.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 7

Another name for the serosa covering many organs of the digestive system is

A) parietal peritoneum.
B) serous gland.
C) visceral peritoneum.
D) mucosa.

Question 8

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter indicating the duct which carries digestive enzymes from acinar cells in the pancreas.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 9

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates the root canal.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 10

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates the region of the stomach which regulates the passage of chyme into the small intestine.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 11

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates the hepatic ducts as they exit the porta hepatis.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 12

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates folds which allow for expansion of the stomach.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 13

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates the cystic duct.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 14

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates the crown.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 15

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter indicating the duct formed by the union of the right and left hepatic ducts.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 16

The ________ attaches the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach.

A) haustra
B) hepatopancreatic ampulla
C) porta hepatis
D) greater omentum
E) lesser omentum

Question 17

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates the curvature where the greater omentum attaches.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 18

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates the fundus of the stomach.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 19

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates the neck of the tooth.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 20

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates the root.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 21

Retroperitoneal organs have a serosa facing the peritoneal cavity and a(n) ________ on the posterior side embedded in the abdominal wall.

A) mesothelium
B) adventitia
C) muscularis externa
D) vasa vasorum
E) caveolae

Question 22

Junction of the transverse and ascending colon.

A) splenic flexure
B) cecum
C) hepatic flexure
D) ileocecal valve
E) haustra

Question 23

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the large intestine?

A) It includes the ascending, transverse, and descending colon.
B) It contains an abundant bacterial flora.
C) It is the main site of nutrient absorption.
D) It absorbs much of the water and salts remaining in the wastes.

Question 24

Which of the following correctly describes a function of the greater omentum?

A) It is a vestigial structure that has no known function.
B) It stores fat.
C) It absorbs heat from the digestive process and radiates it to the outside of the body.
D) It wraps around most of the large intestine and anchors it to the anterior abdominal wall.

Question 25

Which of the following is a secondarily retroperitoneal organ?

A) descending colon
B) ileum
C) sigmoid colon
D) transverse colon

Question 26

Which of the following is not an accessory digestive organ?

A) teeth
B) salivary gland
C) liver
D) spleen

Question 27

The mesentery that suspends the small intestine is the

A) falciform ligament.
B) lesser omentum.
C) greater omentum.
D) mesentery proper.

Question 28

The digestive organ primarily responsible for the absorption of water is the

A) ileum.
B) duodenum.
C) anus.
D) large intestine.

Question 29

Which of the following is not contained in saliva?

A) enzymes that begin the digestion of proteins
B) enzymes that initiate the digestion of carbohydrates
C) bicarbonate buffer
D) bactericidal enzymes

Question 30

Layer of the GI tract responsible for segmentation.

A) muscularis mucosae
B) muscularis externa
C) lamina propria
D) submucosa
E) serosa

Question 31

To say someone is "tongue-tied" means that the

A) lips are exceptionally immobile.
B) tongue muscles are weak.
C) salivary glands produce little lubricant.
D) lingual frenulum is short.

Question 32

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the rectum?

A) lacks tenia coli
B) has longitudinal folds called columns
C) is secondarily retroperitoneal
D) has transverse folds called rectal valves

Question 33

Of the basic digestive processes, the one in which nutrients enter capillaries is called

A) ingestion.
B) propulsion.
C) mechanical digestion.
D) absorption.

Question 34

Bulblike union of the main pancreatic duct and bile duct.

A) cystic duct
B) hepatic duct
C) porta hepatis
D) hepatopancreatic ampulla
E) accessory pancreatic duct

Question 35

Smooth muscle constriction between the ileum and cecum.

A) splenic flexure
B) cecum
C) hepatic flexure
D) ileocecal valve
E) haustra

Question 36

How many deciduous teeth are there?

A) 18
B) 20
C) 32
D) It varies from person to person.

Question 37

Which of the following choices correctly pairs a type of cell in the stomach with its secretion?

A) parietal cell; pepsinogen
B) chief cell; pepsinogen
C) parietal cell; mucus
D) enteroendocrine; hydrochloric acid

Question 38

Three strips of longitudinal muscles of the colon's muscularis, which cause it to pucker into sacs.

A) ileocecal junction
B) haustra
C) teniae coli
D) muscularis mucosae
E) pyloric sphincter

Question 39

Which layer of the digestive tract is responsible for the peristaltic waves that propel materials from one portion to another?

A) muscularis externa
B) serosa
C) submucosa
D) mucosa

Question 40

Infoldings of the sarcolemma of smooth muscle fibers are called

A) mesothelium.
B) adventitia.
C) muscularis externa.
D) vasa vasorum.
E) caveolae.

Question 41

Secretions of the parotid gland empty

A) anterior to the frenulum of the tongue.
B) between the lingual tonsil and epiglottis.
C) lateral to the upper molars.
D) through 10 ducts on the floor of the oral cavity.

Question 42

Which of the following statements about the duodenum is false?

A) It receives chyme from the stomach.
B) It is the site of action of liver and pancreas secretions.
C) It is shorter than either the ileum or jejunum.
D) It is more movable than the ileum or jejunum, which are retroperitoneal.

Question 43

What is the function of the hepatopancreatic sphincter?

A) It controls the entry of bile and pancreatic juices into the alimentary canal.
B) As it contracts, it squeezes pancreatic secretions into the duodenum.
C) It inhibits defecation in the upper alimentary canal while the anal sphincters do the same in the lower regions.
D) It prevents the movement of bile into the gallbladder.

Question 44

The duodenum contains these structures whose products neutralize the acidic chyme.

A) duodenal glands
B) gastric glands
C) intestinal glands
D) Peyer's patches

Question 45

All of the following structures have four tissue layers in their walls except the

A) esophagus.
B) mouth.
C) stomach.
D) sigmoid colon.

Question 46

The terminal portion of the small intestine is the

A) duodenum.
B) ileum.
C) jejunum.
D) pyloric sphincter.

Question 47

Which of the following is true of the pectinate line of the anal canal?

A) It lies just below the level of the rectal valves.
B) It is also called the anal column.
C) It divides regions of somatic and visceral innervation.
D) All hemorrhoids occur there.

Question 48

The largest salivary gland is the

A) intrinsic.
B) submandibular.
C) sublingual.
D) parotid.

Question 49

Which of the following are the only mucosal folds that do not flatten out at all when the organ stretches?

A) longitudinal folds in the esophagus
B) rugae in the stomach
C) circular folds in the small intestine
D) mucosal folds in the gallbladder

Question 50

The splenic flexure is the boundary between the

A) spleen and stomach.
B) transverse and descending colon.
C) transverse and ascending colon.
D) descending colon and sigmoid colon.

Question 51

Which of the following statements about the large intestine is false?

A) It has no villi.
B) It exhibits external muscular bands called the taeniae coli.
C) It is longer than the small intestine.
D) It has haustra.

Question 52

The correct sequence of layers in the wall of the alimentary canal, from internal to external, is

A) mucosa, muscularis, serosa, submucosa.
B) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa.
C) serosa, muscularis, mucosa, submucosa.
D) submucosa, mucosa, serosa, muscularis.

Question 53

Which of the following is not a characteristic of enteroendocrine cells?

A) They are scattered throughout the lining epithelium of the stomach and intestines.
B) They secrete hormones that help signal the events of digestion.
C) They never secrete their product into the lumen of the digestive canal.
D) They are scattered throughout the lining of the rectum.

Question 54

Why are bacteria abundant in the large intestines but not in the stomach?

A) Food enters the stomach first and does not spend much time there.
B) The intestine is much warmer and moister, encouraging bacterial growth.
C) The stomach wall contains so much lymphoid tissue that it destroys all bacteria there.
D) Secretions of parietal cells kill bacteria in the stomach.

Question 55

Which of the following layers is present in the mucosa of the stomach and intestines, but not in the mucosa of the mouth and pharynx?

A) lining epithelium
B) lamina propria
C) muscularis mucosae
D) lumen

Question 56

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) is primarily located within the

A) lamina propria.
B) muscularis mucosa.
C) serosa.
D) submucosa.

Question 57

Which of the following applies to the small intestine?

A) It is where foodstuffs first encounter protein-splitting enzymes.
B) Its walls secrete most of the digestive enzymes that are active in its lumen.
C) It is where carbohydrates and fats but not proteins are digested.
D) Breakdown products of fats enter its lacteals.

Question 58

In the stomach, the undifferentiated epithelial stem cells lie near the junction of the gastric pits and gastric glands. In the intestine, the corresponding stem cells occur

A) on the tips of the villi.
B) where the intestinal crypts meet the villi.
C) in the duodenal (Brunner's) glands.
D) deep within the intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkühn).

Question 59

The layer of the digestive tube that contains abundant elastin plus blood vessels, lymphoid nodules, and deep glands is the

A) adventitia.
B) submucosa.
C) muscularis.
D) serosa.

Question 60

In mastication, the relative roles of an incisor versus a molar are

A) piercing versus tearing.
B) chewing versus holding food in the mouth.
C) biting off pieces of food versus grinding.
D) only incisors function in mastication.

Question 61

Most of the ascending colon lies between the subcostal and transtubercular planes.

Question 62

Smooth muscle fibers have ________ which allow entry of Ca²⁺ from the extracellular fluid, and ________, which allow impulses to spread between adjacent fibers.

A) cytoskeleton; desmosomes
B) tight junctions; varicosities
C) caveolae; gap junctions
D) varicosities; caveolae

Question 63

Which of the following is a role of the levator ani muscle in defecation?

A) It pushes down on the feces.
B) It has no role in defecation, only in inhibiting defecation (it is the external sphincter muscle).
C) It lifts the anal canal superiorly around the feces.
D) Its stretch and proprioception properties initiate the defecation reflex.

Question 64

The pancreas and duodenum are secondarily retroperitoneal organs.

Question 65

From the lumen outward, the layers of the gastrointestinal tract are mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa.

Question 66

The parietal cells in the stomach produce

A) mucin.
B) pepsin.
C) intrinsic factor and HCl.
D) secretin.

Question 67

Which of the following structures neither enters nor leaves the porta hepatis?

A) hepatic veins
B) branches of hepatic portal vein
C) branches of hepatic artery
D) hepatic ducts

Question 68

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A) secretion of bile
B) production of cholesterol
C) secretion of gastrin
D) storage of bile

Question 69

The pancreas contains all of the following regions except a

A) head.
B) tail.
C) hilum.
D) body.

Question 70

Most of the gastrointestinal tract is innervated by the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the nervous system. Which parts are innervated by the somatic nervous system?

A) esophagus and stomach
B) pharynx and anal canal
C) pyloric, ileocecal, and internal anal sphincters
D) small and large intestines

Question 71

Some bacteria from the intestinal microbiota work their way into the intestinal wall and start to spread through the circulation. Many of these bacteria are stopped by MALT, while many more are destroyed by

A) hepatocytes.
B) hepatic macrophages.
C) the walling-off action of the greater omentum.
D) megakaryocytes.

Question 72

The lamina propria and submucosa of the stomach both derive from which embryonic layer?

A) ectoderm
B) intermediate mesoderm
C) splanchnic mesoderm
D) somatic mesoderm

Question 73

Which of the following is not a function of hepatocytes?

A) producing digestive enzymes
B) picking up and processing nutrients from the portal blood
C) storing some vitamins
D) detoxifying poisons

Question 74

The lining epithelium of the developing digestive tract (pharynx through anal canal) comes from

A) ectoderm.
B) mesoderm.
C) endoderm.
D) neural crest.

Question 75

The liver and pancreas form as part of the embryonic

A) foregut.
B) midgut.
C) hindgut.
D) the hindgut and midgut.

Question 76

Disease of which structure is the most common cause of tooth loss in adults?

A) periodontal ligament
B) crown
C) enamel
D) dentin

Question 77

Union of the cystic and common hepatic ducts.

A) accessory pancreatic duct
B) main pancreatic duct
C) hepatopancreatic ampulla
D) common bile duct
E) bile canaliculi

Question 78

Digestion of which of the following would be affected the most if the bile-secreting liver were severely damaged?

A) carbohydrates
B) lipids
C) proteins
D) nucleic acids

Question 79

Some mesenteries are named "ligaments" (i.e., the falciform ligament) because they are comprised of dense regular connective tissue.

Question 80

What is the distinction between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis?

A) Although both diseases are caused by inflammation, Crohn's disease occurs only in the small intestine, whereas ulcerative colitis occurs only in the large intestine.
B) Crohn's disease is caused by the bacterium H. pylori, whereas ulcerative colitis results from the failure of acid to be neutralized before it reaches the colon.
C) Crohn's disease produces deeper erosions of the mucosa and occurs throughout the intestines, whereas ulcerative colitis occurs mostly in the rectum.
D) Crohn's disease results in diverticula, caused by insufficient dietary fiber, whereas ulcerative colitis is caused by the bacterium H. pylori.