Deck 21: The Lymphatic and Immune Systems

Question 1

________ are structures comprised of endothelial cells separated by flaplike minivalves, which open as fluid accumulates in peripheral tissue.

A) blood capillaries.
B) lymph nodes.
C) lymph capillaries.
D) cisterna chyli.
E) thoracic ducts.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Begins at the cisterna chyli.

A) thymic corpuscle
B) aggregated lymphoid nodule
C) thoracic duct
D) MALT
E) inguinal lymph node

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Use this illustration to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter indicating where lymph collected from the right arm enters the bloodstream.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates the unique arrangement of endothelial cells that make up lymphatic capillaries.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 5

Small, bean-shaped organs abundant in the cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions.

A) lymphatic capillaries
B) afferent lymphatic vessels
C) lymphatic ducts
D) lymph nodes
E) lacteals

Question 6

The sinuses within lymph nodes

A) are separated from the bloodstream by a blood-node barrier.
B) consist of star-shaped epithelial cells that secrete immune-boosting hormones.
C) contain macrophages living along a reticular fiber network.
D) surround clumps of lymphoid tissue called white pulp.

Question 7

Large lymphatic vessel that, if present, is comprised of the right subclavian trunk, right jugular trunk and right bronchomediastinal trunk.

A) cisterna chyli
B) MALT
C) spleen
D) thoracic duct
E) right lymphatic duct

Question 8

Set of lymphatic capillaries that collect fat-laden fluids from the intestinal tract.

A) lumbar trunks
B) subclavian trunks
C) bronchomediastinal trunks
D) lacteals
E) intestinal trunk

Question 9

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter indicating a vessel which carries oxygenated blood to peripheral tissues.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 10

The lymphatic capillaries are

A) more permeable than blood capillaries.
B) less permeable than blood capillaries.
C) as permeable as blood capillaries.
D) completely impermeable.

Question 11

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter indicating the smallest lymphatic vessel that collects lymph in the peripheral tissue.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 12

Use this illustration to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter indicating inguinal lymph nodes that filter lymph from the lower limbs.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 13

Masses of lymphoid tissue within a lymph node.

A) trabeculae
B) aggregated lymphoid nodules
C) lymphoid follicles
D) white pulp
E) subcapsular sinuses

Question 14

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates collagen fibers that anchor lymphatic capillaries to surrounding connective tissue.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 15

Use this illustration to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter indicating the structure located on the surface of L₁ and L₂ vertebrae, which is the first to receive lymph from both the lumbar and intestinal trunks.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 16

Duct of the lymphatic system that drains the body's entire lower half.

A) lumbar trunk
B) intestinal trunk
C) bronchomediastinal trunk
D) thoracic duct
E) right lymphatic duct

Question 17

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter indicating where most nutrient and waste exchange occurs between the tissue and blood.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 18

Which of these statements regarding lymph capillaries is false?

A) They begin as closed-ended tubes.
B) They have precapillary sphincters that regulate drainage of lymph from tissues.
C) They lack barriers to stop cancer cells from entering the lymphatic system.
D) They unite with each other to form collecting vessels.

Question 19

Use this illustration to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter indicating lymph nodes that direct lymph fluid to the jugular trunks.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 20

Use this illustration to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter indicating the large lymph vessel that drains three-quarters of the body.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 21

Lymph leaves a lymph node via

A) afferent lymphatic vessels.
B) efferent lymphatic vessels.
C) the cortical lymph sinus.
D) the subcapsular sinus.

Question 22

Lymphatic vessels perform all of the following functions except

A) returning excess tissue fluid to the bloodstream.
B) returning leaked blood proteins to the bloodstream.
C) transporting digested fats.
D) carrying blood.

Question 23

The lymph trunk that contains chyle and is unpaired is the

A) intestinal.
B) subclavian.
C) jugular.
D) right lymph trunk.

Question 24

Which lymphatic structure drains lymph from the right upper limb?

A) lumbar trunk
B) thoracic duct
C) right subclavian duct
D) cisterna chyli

Question 25

The paired lymph trunks that carry lymph from the lower limbs are the

A) cisterna chyli.
B) iliac trunks.
C) lumbar trunks.
D) femoral trunks.

Question 26

The lymph trunk that drains the thoracic organs is called the

A) posterior intercostal trunk.
B) great cardiac trunk.
C) bronchomediastinal trunk.
D) azygos trunk.

Question 27

Clusters of lymph nodes occur in all of the following sites except

A) along the aorta.
B) in the mediastinum.
C) in bones and bone marrow.
D) in the inguinal region.

Question 28

The largest type of lymphatic vessel is a lymphatic

A) duct.
B) trunk.
C) sinus.
D) capillary.

Question 29

By secreting hormones, the thymus causes which cells to become immunocompetent?

A) T lymphocytes
B) B lymphocytes
C) macrophages
D) monocytes

Question 30

Edema is

A) a form of cancer.
B) an infection of the lymphatic vessels.
C) an infection of the lymph nodes.
D) the accumulation of excess tissue fluid in loose connective tissue.

Question 31

Blockage of the ________ would prevent drainage from both the intestinal and lumbar trunks.

A) right lymphatic duct
B) left lymphatic duct
C) thoracic duct
D) bronchiomediastinal trunks

Question 32

A bubo is

A) an infected lymph node containing a large number of pathogens that are trapped in the node but not destroyed.
B) a cancer-infiltrated lymph node.
C) any enlarged lymph node.
D) a structure that is unrelated to lymph nodes.

Question 33

The bulges that give lymph vessels a string-of-beads appearance are really

A) lymph nodes.
B) pockets for valves.
C) weakened areas in the walls of the vessels.
D) temporary constrictions caused by bulging skeletal muscles that squeeze the lymph vessel.

Question 34

In a histological cross section through an artery, a vein, and a lymphatic vessel, one can recognize the lymphatic vessel because it

A) has the fewest valves.
B) has the thinnest walls.
C) has the thickest tunica media.
D) always lies closest to the artery, which has the thinnest walls.

Question 35

Lymph capillaries differ from blood capillaries in all of the following ways except that

A) they are more permeable than most blood capillaries.
B) they carry lymph instead of blood.
C) they are blind-ended.
D) their walls consist of endothelial cells.

Question 36

In lymph nodes, follicles are always located

A) in the cortex.
B) near the hilum.
C) in the lymph sinuses.
D) in the medullary cords.

Question 37

Which of the following is not a normal component of lymph?

A) water
B) plasma proteins
C) red blood cells
D) ions

Question 38

Which of the following statements about the right lymph duct is false?

A) Not all people have one.
B) This duct and its tributaries drain the superior right quarter of the body.
C) It empties into the thoracic duct.
D) It forms from the union of a jugular, subclavian, and bronchomediastinal trunk.

Question 39

Lymphatic vessels in the ________ collect cerebrospinal and interstitial fluid from the sub-arachnoid space.

A) pia mater
B) dura mater
C) dural sinuses
D) brain

Question 40

The muscular ________of the lymphatic vessels contract(s) to help propel the lymph.

A) endothelial cells
B) trabeculae
C) tunica media
D) minivalves

Question 41

Macrophages that destroy aged and defective blood cells are present in the ________ of the spleen.

A) hilum
B) splenic cords
C) venous sinuses
D) white pulp

Question 42

Lymphoid tissue associated with the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts.

A) aggregated lymphoid nodules
B) tonsils
C) MALT
D) lacteals
E) crypts

Question 43

A germinal center arises from a single activated lymphocyte; how many different kinds of antibodies are secreted by a single germinal center and by the plasma cells it produces?

A) none; T cells do not produce antibodies
B) one
C) several dozen
D) thousands

Question 44

Which of the following lymphoid organs does not directly fight antigens?

A) tonsil
B) spleen
C) the thymus
D) aggregated lymphoid nodules

Question 45

Lymphoid organs located in the mucosal lining of the pharynx.

A) tonsils
B) salivary glands
C) uvulas
D) pharygotympanic tubes
E) aggregated lymphoid nodules

Question 46

The lymphoid organ that atrophies with age.

A) thymus
B) tonsils
C) aggregated lymphoid nodules
D) lymph nodes
E) spleen

Question 47

Which of the following recycle(s) red blood cells and initiates immune responses?

A) tonsils
B) lymph nodes
C) MALT
D) spleen
E) thymus

Question 48

Two-lobed lymphoid organ located posterior to the sternum.

A) cisterna chyli
B) thymus
C) MALT
D) lacteals
E) crypts

Question 49

T cells gain immunocompetence in this lymphoid organ.

A) thymus
B) tonsils
C) spleen-red pulp
D) lymph nodes
E) spleen-white pulp

Question 50

Lymphoid tissue is basically ________ connective tissue.

A) adipose
B) areolar
C) dense irregular
D) reticular

Question 51

The appendix is a narrow tube which traps microorganisms from the digestive tract, and these microorganisms enter its wall and activate memory lymphocytes for long-term immunity. Another immune organ that traps microorganisms is the

A) thymus.
B) bone marrow.
C) palatine tonsil.
D) the spleen.

Question 52

The immune system cell type that is preferentially destroyed by the AIDS virus is the

A) B lymphocyte.
B) cytotoxic T lymphocyte.
C) helper T lymphocyte.
D) helper B lymphocyte.

Question 53

Blind-end invaginations of tonsil epithelium that trap bacteria and particulate matter.

A) aggregated lymphoid nodules
B) tonsils
C) MALT
D) lacteals
E) crypts

Question 54

Any molecule that induces an immune response from a lymphocyte is called a(n)

A) pathogen.
B) antigen.
C) antibody.
D) bubo.

Question 55

Which cell secretes cytokines that will stimulate the proliferation of other types of immune cells?

A) cytotoxic CD8⁺ T lymphocyte
B) dendritic cell
C) helper CD4⁺ T lymphocyte
D) natural killer cell

Question 56

The distal region of the small intestine contains clumps of lymph follicles called

A) pancreatic islets.
B) aggregated lymphoid follicles.
C) rugae.
D) villi.

Question 57

In humans, B lymphocytes originate in

A) the thymus.
B) the appendix.
C) all lymphoid tissue.
D) the bone marrow.

Question 58

Lymphocytes attack antigens mostly in lymphoid organs (except the thymus) and in

A) loose connective tissue.
B) the bloodstream.
C) cartilage.
D) the thyroid.

Question 59

The largest lymphoid organ is the

A) thymus.
B) palatine tonsil.
C) Peyer's patch.
D) aggregated lymphoid nodule.
E) spleen

Question 60

Lymph vessels drain lymph from all the lymphoid organs, as they do from almost all organs of the body. However, afferent lymph vessels enter (empty into) only one type of lymphoid organ, the

A) lymph node.
B) spleen.
C) appendix.
D) thymus.

Question 61

B lymphocytes are to ________ as T lymphocytes are to ________.

A) antibodies; antigens
B) antibodies; programmed cell death
C) antigens; antibodies
D) programmed cell death; antibodies

Question 62

The ________ stores blood platelets.

A) lymph node
B) thymus
C) tonsil
D) spleen

Question 63

In humans, T lymphocytes originate in

A) the spleen.
B) the thymus.
C) the red bone marrow.
D) the lymph nodes.

Question 64

One location where lymphoid tissue is found is "in the frequently infected mucous membranes of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts." This description refers specifically to

A) intestinal and bronchomediastinal lymph trunks.
B) the intestinal and tracheobronchial lymph nodes.
C) the cisterna chyli and lacteals.
D) MALT.

Question 65

In the spleen, lymphoid tissue is confined to the

A) red pulp.
B) white pulp.
C) trabeculae.
D) hilus.

Question 66

Which of the following cells are the largest producers of antibodies?

A) B lymphocytes
B) T lymphocytes
C) plasma cells
D) macrophages

Question 67

A lymphoid nodule is

A) a small lymph node.
B) a type of lymphoma.
C) a bulge in a lymphatic collecting vessel.
D) a cluster of densely packed lymphocytes.

Question 68

Which of the following is not a part of MALT?

A) lymphoid tissue in the appendix
B) lymphoid tissue in the tonsils
C) aggregated lymphoid nodules
D) lymphocytes in the spleen

Question 69

Is it possible for lymphocytes to gain immunocompetence in the thymus of an 82-year-old person?

A) Yes, but the thymus has shifted to the production of B lymphocytes.
B) Yes, but fewer than in youth.
C) No, because the thymus has completely degenerated.
D) No, because all lymphocytes have turned into thymic corpuscles.

Question 70

The Epstein-Barr virus (which causes mononucleosis) preferentially destroys which of these cell types?

A) B lymphocytes.
B) cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
C) helper T lymphocytes.
D) macrophages.

Question 71

A person with many enlarged lymph nodes that do not feel tender or sore is most likely to have

A) lymphangitis.
B) mononucleosis.
C) Hodgkin's lymphoma.
D) buboes.

Question 72

The crypts of the tonsils

A) are filled with lymphoid tissue.
B) are specialized lymphatic capillaries.
C) contain all the progeny of a single activated B lymphocyte.
D) trap bacteria and particulate matter.

Question 73

Which cell type has the responsibility of presenting foreign antigens to lymphocytes?

A) cytotoxic CD8⁺ T lymphocyte
B) dendritic cell
C) helper CD4⁺ T lymphocyte
D) natural killer

Question 74

This organ has a superficial cortex filled with lymphocytes and an inner medulla with few lymphocytes and a sizable number of degenerating epithelial reticular cells.

A) lymph node
B) spleen
C) thymus
D) tonsil

Question 75

The tonsil located on the posterior surface of the tongue is the ________ tonsil.

A) palatine
B) pharyngeal
C) tubal
D) lingual

Question 76

The thymus is most active during

A) fetal development.
B) adolescence.
C) old age.
D) childhood.

Question 77

The lymph organ that lies in the superior part of the thoracic mediastinum is the

A) cervical lymph node.
B) spleen.
C) tonsil.
D) thymus.

Question 78

A patient with lymphangitis presents with visible red lines on the skin that are tender to the touch. The best explanation for this sign is that

A) lack of movement has caused pooling of lymph in the vessels, which compromised the lymphatic valves, resulting in varicose lymph vessels.
B) red blood cells have infiltrated the lymphatic system.
C) the spleen has degraded too many red blood cells, releasing iron into the lymphatic system.
D) the vasa vasorum of the infected lymph vessels has become inflamed.

Question 79

Which of the following is not classified as a lymphoid organ?

A) liver
B) spleen
C) tonsils
D) aggregated nodules in the intestine

Question 80

Which of the following would best explain why most people are sick more often as children than as adults in their 20s through 50s?

A) The immune system does not appear until the preteen years.
B) In children, the thymus is so active in fighting bacteria that it produces stronger symptoms of disease.
C) Because of their small size, children's bodies cannot contain as much lymphoid tissue as those of adults.
D) During childhood, we build up many varieties of memory lymphocytes, which provide immunity to more and more antigens during adulthood.