Deck 13: The Chemical Senses:

Question 1

When Howard et al.(2009)used fMRI to measure activity in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)to odorants with either minty,woody,or citrus qualities,the results showed that

A)OFC activity was greatest for minty and least for woody.
B)OFC activity differed for the three different olfactory qualities.
C)OFC activity did not differ for the three olfactory qualities.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The piriform cortex produces representations of features of odorant molecules.

A)anterior
B)posterior
C)lateral

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The relationship between age and olfactory impairment indicates that

A)across the life span men and women perform about the same.
B)across the life span men perform more poorly than women.
C)across the life span women perform more poorly than men.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The only sensory system in which the pathway from the receptors to the cortex does not go through the thalamus is the system.

A)olfactory
B)visual
C)taste

Question 5

Axons of mitral and tufted cells form the

A)olfactory tract.
B)olfactory nerve.
C)turbinates.

Question 6

The results of the study by Malnic et al.(1999)indicated that

A)each different odorant stimulated only one ORN.
B)a particular ORN responded to only one chemical family of odorants.
C)the pattern of ORN responses determines how an odorant smells.

Question 7

Research has shown that the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)is involved in ,and that the pos- terior piriform cortex (PPC)is involved in .

A)perceptually identifying odors;the emotional dimensions of odor perception
B)the emotional dimensions of odor perception;perceptually identifying odors
C)perceptually identifying odors in general;perceptually identifying odors in specifics

Question 8

______________ occurs when there is reduced sensitivity to odorants to which the person has been continually or repeatedly exposed.

A)Adaptation
B)Cross-adaptation
C)Assimilation

Question 9

The fact that there are many times more types of ORNs than types of color cones in vision indi- cates that

A)each ORN can respond to only one specific odorant.
B)ORNs can be more narrowly tuned than cones.
C)ORNs can be more broadly tuned than cones.

Question 10

The primary olfactory cortex is considered to be the

A)amygdala.
B)anterior insular cortex.
C)piriform cortex.

Question 11

The olfactory is(are)embedded in the olfactory .

A)turbinates;receptor neurons.
B)receptor neurons;epithelium.
C)mitral cells;tract.

Question 12

Stevenson et al.(2010)studied human responses to fecal and urinous odorants and found that

A)participants,regardless of age,tended to respond with facial expressions of disgust.
B)only adult participants tended to respond with facial expressions of disgust.
C)most participants under the age of 5 responded with facial expressions of disgust.

Question 13

______________ occurs when there is reduced sensitivity to odorants that are chemically similar to odorants to which the person has been repeatedly exposed.

A)Adaptation
B)Cross-adaptation
C)Assimilation

Question 14

______________ has a lower detection threshold than .

A)Camphor;vanillin
B)Methanol;chlorine
C)T-butyl mercaptan;acetone

Question 15

The relationship between age and olfactory identification ability,as measured by the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test,indicates that

A)males and females perform about the same.
B)males score higher than females.
C)females score higher than males.

Question 16

The piriform cortex produces representations of the features of odorant molecules,while the______________piriform cortex produces representations of the quality in an odorant.

A)anterior;posterior
B)posterior;anterior
C)lateral;medial

Question 17

The olfactory pathway does not include

A)the piriform cortex.
B)the thalamus.
C)the amygdala.

Question 18

Since the olfactory pathway from the receptors to the cortex does not go through the thalamus,it suggests that

A)the olfactory system evolved earlier than the other sensory systems.
B)the olfactory system evolved later than the other sensory systems.
C)the olfactory pathway came into existence after the thalamus developed.

Question 19

Humans have about different types of ORNs.

A)1 billion
B)3-7 million
C)350

Question 20

The olfactory tract has its direct inputs into the

A)the piriform cortex.
B)the orbitofrontal cortex.
C)the hippocampus.

Question 21

The vomeronasal olfactory system

A)has been found in all mammals,including humans.
B)uses the same pathway described for the main olfactory system.
C)does not include the piriform cortex.

Question 22

The transduce tastants into neural signals.

A)taste buds
B)taste receptor cells
C)papillae

Question 23

______________ are chemicals emitted by organisms that evoke behavioral and hormonal responses in other individuals of the same species.

A)Hormones
B)Neurotransmitters
C)Pheromones

Question 24

______________ papillae are the fewest in number,with only 8-12 found at the back of the tongue.

A)Fungiform
B)Foliate
C)Circumvallate

Question 25

The basic taste categories that are typically associated with filling nutritive needs are

A)sweet,sour,and bitter.
B)sour,umami,and bitter.
C)salty,sweet,and umami.

Question 26

______________ papillae are small ridgelike folds found on the sides of the tongue near the back.

A)Fungiform
B)Foliate
C)Circumvallate

Question 27

Each taste bud contains about taste receptor cells (TRCs).

A)3,000-12,000
B)1-4
C)40-100

Question 28

Rabin and Cain's (1984)studies of the memory for odors have shown that

A)memory for odors tended to fade considerably when tested from 10 minutes to 7 days later.
B)memory for odors tended to fade very little when tested from 10 minutes to 7 days later.
C)memory for those odors that could not be easily named tended to fade less than memory for those odors that could be easily named.

Question 29

Willander and Larsson (2006)studied autobiographical memories elicited by odors,words,or pictures for participants 65 to 80 years of age.They found that

A)for the group that smelled odors the greatest percentage of evoked memories came from the most recent decade of life.
B)for the group that smelled odors the greatest percentage of evoked memories came from the first decade of life.
C)for the group that saw words or pictures the greatest percentage of evoked memories came from the most recent decade of life.

Question 30

The majority of taste buds are found

A)on the tongue.
B)on the epiglottis.
C)on the upper esophagus.

Question 31

The wide variety of T2R receptors that have been identified (between 25-30 different types)in mice is believed to indicate that

A)mammals are sensitive to many different tastants.
B)mice are sensitive to many different substances that all taste sweet.
C)mammalian taste systems evolved so that many different toxins taste bitter.

Question 32

A taste category that serves to warn us of toxic or inedible substances is

A)very sweet.
B)strong sour.
C)salty.

Question 33

"Mouth feel" is described as including all of the following except

A)temperature (cold to hot).
B)sweetness (from sucrose).
C)spiciness (as from chili peppers).

Question 34

The vomeronasal olfactory system

A)is just another name for the olfactory system.
B)includes the accessory olfactory bulb in its pathway.
C)includes the piriform cortex in its pathway.

Question 35

The epithelial sodium channel is for the transduction of in relatively concentrations.

A)sodium;low
B)sodium;high
C)potassium and magnesium;high

Question 36

______________ are the type of taste receptor cells where the transduction of salty and sour tastants is initiated.

A)Receptor cells
B)Presynaptic cells
C)Postsynaptic cells

Question 37

Miller and Maner (2010)had male college students smell T-shirts worn by women while they slept.Some of the shirts had been worn by the women on the nights closest to ovulation,some on the nights farthest from ovulation,and some had never been worn.When the men's testoster- one levels were measured,they showed that

A)there were no differences in testosterone levels across the different T-shirt conditions.
B)the highest levels occurred after the men had smelled the shirts of the ovulating women.
C)the highest levels occurred after the men had smelled the shirts of the women who were not ovulating.

Question 38

Miller and Maner (2010)had male college students smell T-shirts worn by women as they slept.Some of the shirts had been worn by the women on the nights closest to ovulation,some on the nights farthest from ovulation,and some had never been worn.The men were asked to rate the pleasantness of the odors of the T-shirts;the results showed that

A)there were no differences in pleasantness ratings across the different shirt conditions.
B)there were differences in pleasantness ratings,with the highest ratings for the shirts of the ovulating women.
C)there were differences in pleasantness ratings,with the highest ratings for the shirts of the females who were not ovulating.

Question 39

Cell-to-cell signaling is used by receptor cells to communicate to the brain the presence of

A)sweet and salty tastants.
B)salty and sour tastants.
C)sweet,umami,and bitter tastants.

Question 40

Willander and Larsson (2006)studied autobiographical memories elicited by odors,words,or pictures for participants 65 to 80 years of age.They found that the tended to evoke a stronger feeling of being "brought back in time."

A)words
B)pictures
C)odors

Question 41

Murray is waiting in the bagel shop for his friend Ben.The air is already filled with the aroma of fresh-baked sesame,garlic,and cinnamon raisin bagels.After ten minutes Ben arrives,just as a fresh batch of onion bagels comes out of the oven.Explain whether Murray or Ben will more easily be able to detect the odor of the onion bagels.

Question 42

What effect would damage to each of the following regions have on a person's sense of smell: olfactory bulb,posterior piriform cortex,and orbitofrontal cortex?

Question 43

How is olfactory perception similar to auditory scene analysis as described in the section on auditory perception?

Question 44

If an organism only had three types of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs),how many different odors could it distinguish? (Assume each ORN can have only one level of activation;either it is active or inactive).

Question 45

When TV chef Ina Garten prepares a party dip she often places a few solid pieces of the main ingredient (onion,bacon,etc. )on top of the dip when it is served.What makes this such an ef- fective presentation?

Question 46

______________ tastants bind to the T1R1-T1R3 receptor pair.

A)Sweet
B)Sour
C)Umami

Question 47

Describe the typical procedure used to measure the detection threshold for an odor.How is the detection threshold ultimately defined?

Question 48

People who possess the PAV version of the T2R38 receptor detect the bitterness of pro- pylthiouracil (PROP)at concentrations.

A)can;low
B)cannot;high
C)can;only high

Question 49

What are knockout mice? What has been learned about the role of different G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR)in taste perception by studying knockout mice?

Question 50

Axons of form the olfactory tract.

A)olfactory receptor neurons
B)mitral cells
C)tufted cells

Question 51

Your text describes the invention of the eNose.Do you think that an eMouth could be construct- ed that would be capable of experiencing flavors as people do? What problems would have to be addressed in creating eMouth?

Question 52

How are supertasters different from nontasters? Explain which you would prefer to be.

Question 53

From an evolutionary perspective,why should the amygdala,hypothalamus,and orbitofrontal cortex all be so tightly integrated into both the olfactory and gustatory systems?

Question 54

Molecules that cause our olfactory receptors to produce neural signals are called

A)odorants.
B)deodorants.
C)preodorants.

Question 55

A molecule consists of two or more

A)odorants bonded together by electromagnetic forces.
B)atoms bonded together by electromagnetic forces.
C)chemicals bonded together by DNA.

Question 56

The neural pathway for taste goes from the

A)ventral posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus to the nucleus of the solitary tract to the orbitofrontal cortex.
B)the nucleus of the solitary tract to the ventral posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus to the primary taste cortex.
C)the nucleus of the solitary tract to the ventral posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus to the amygdala to the primary taste cortex.

Question 57

People who can detect propylthiouracil (PROP)are called and have the version of the T2R38 receptor.

A)tasters;PAV
B)nontasters;PAV
C)tasters;AV1

Question 58

The relationship between smoking and olfactory identification ability as measured by the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test indicates that

A)performance scores are unrelated to smoking behavior.
B)performance scores decrease as "pack-years" increase.
C)performance scores increase as "pack-years" increase.

Question 59

The model of taste perception proposes that each cranial nerve fiber carries signals from multiple taste receptor types.

A)labeled-line
B)across-fiber pattern
C)direct line

Question 60

The model of taste perception proposes that each cranial nerve fiber carries signals with information about just one of the five taste qualities.

A)labeled-line
B)across-fiber pattern
C)Pfaffman

Question 61

______________ papillae are tiny mushroom-like structures found on the front two-thirds of the tongue.

A)Fungiform
B)Foliate
C)Circumvallate

Question 62

McClintock (1971)studied the menstrual cycles of women living in the same college dormitory and found that

A)the women's menstrual cycles tended to become more synchronized over the course of an academic year.
B)the women's menstrual cycles tended to become less synchronized over the course of an academic year.
C)the women were influencing each other's menstrual cycles via pheromones.

Question 63

The piriform cortex produces representations of the quality of odorants.

A)anterior
B)posterior
C)lateral

Question 64

The primary taste cortex is composed of the

A)amygdala and the orbitofrontal cortex.
B)amygdala and the hypothalamus.
C)anterior insular cortex and the frontal operculum.