Deck 11: Gender and Behavior

Question 1

As a child,Pat started speaking early and had a large vocabulary.It is likely that Pat is

A)female.
B)male.
C)better than normal at math.
D)an only child.

Answer 1

female.

Question 2

According to your text,which of the following terms refers to the state of being male or female?

A)Sex
B)Gender
C)Gender identity
D)Sexual orientation

Answer 2

Gender

Question 3

________ is an individual's perception of self as male or female.

A)Gender role
B)Gender identity
C)Gender stereotype
D)Sexual orientation

Answer 3

Gender identity

Question 4

A research technique used to evaluate the results of many studies on the same question is called a

A)meta-analysis.
B)factor analysis.
C)quasi-experiment.
D)correlational analysis.

Question 5

The gender similarities hypothesis states that

A)psychological gender similarities are rarely found.
B)most psychological gender differences are quite small.
C)there are few differences between genders as substantiated by Hyde's extensive research.
D)there are no differences between genders psychologically.

Question 6

Research on gender differences in mathematical ability indicates that

A)girls are more precocious than boys in mathematics.
B)boys generally do better than girls in mathematical abilities.
C)girls outperform boys at the high end of the mathematical ability distribution.
D)boys slightly outperform girls in mathematical complex problem-solving when they reach high school.

Question 7

Research on gender differences in cognitive abilities indicates that there exists

A)a slight advantage for males due to larger brain size.
B)a slight advantage for females due to overall better physical health.
C)a male advantage on verbal skills and a female advantage on math skills.
D)no substantial differences in overall intelligence.

Question 8

Jerry and Jane are 10-year-old twins.They have performed about the same in all school subjects up to the present time.It would be reasonably safe to predict that

A)Jerry has a higher IQ than Jane and will shortly begin to outperform Jane in all middle and high school subjects.
B)starting in high school,Jane will begin to outperform Jerry in all subjects that require intensive memorization.
C)Jane will fail miserably at any task involving spatial skills,starting in 10th grade.
D)Jerry will outperform Jane slightly in mathematical complex problem-solving starting in high school.

Question 9

The boundaries between how the typical male and the typical female are expected to behave is becoming

A)more defined.
B)nonexistent.
C)stagnate.
D)more flexible.

Question 10

The androcentric bias in gender stereotypes refers to

A)the fact that a greater number of traits are attributed to men than to women.
B)the fact that a greater number of traits are attributed to women than to men.
C)the belief that traits associated with males represent the norm.
D)the belief that traits associated with females represent the norm.

Question 11

An important point about gender stereotypes is that since the 1980s,they

A)have become more pronounced.
B)seem to have become less rigid.
C)have nearly reversed themselves.
D)have become more universal across cultures.

Question 12

Which of the following is generally NOT considered an element of the traditional gender stereotype associated with masculinity?

A)Active
B)Independent
C)Understanding
D)Self-confident

Question 13

A meta-analysis showed that males clearly outperform females in which type of spatial ability?

A)Mental rotation
B)Body orientation
C)Spatial analogies
D)Cognitive mapping

Question 14

For which of the following self-esteem domains has a clear and consistent gender difference NOT been found?

A)Physical appearance
B)Morality/ethics
C)Social acceptance
D)Self-satisfaction

Question 15

The fact that gender stereotypes view male behavior as normal reflects an ________ bias.

A)egocentric
B)ethnocentric
C)androcentric
D)androgynous

Question 16

In gender research,meta-analysis has allowed researchers to

A)correct errors in earlier research.
B)determine causal relationships.
C)better assess overall trends.
D)simplify gender differences.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT associated with the gender similarities hypothesis?

A)Overinflated claims of gender differences do not affect relationships.
B)Overinflated claims of gender differences cause problems in the workplace.
C)Most gender psychological differences are quite small.
D)Critics think Hyde left out important variables in her meta-analysis.

Question 18

Scholars often use ______ to refer to male-female differences that are learned and ________ to designate biological differences.

A)gender;sex
B)sex;gender
C)gender;gender
D)sex;sex

Question 19

Widely shared beliefs about males' and females' abilities,personality,and social behavior are called

A)sexual prototypes.
B)gender role differences.
C)gender misattributions.
D)gender stereotypes.

Question 20

If Bruce is a stereotypical male,he will generally be

A)artistic.
B)understanding.
C)emotional.
D)self-confident.

Question 21

Females have a higher rate of _______ than males.

A)mood disorders
B)alcoholism
C)antisocial behavior
D)all of the above

Question 22

The overall incidence of mental disorders indicates that

A)it is roughly the same for both genders.
B)they are more likely to occur in women than men.
C)they are more likely to occur in men than women.
D)gender differences are unclear because many disorders go unreported.

Question 23

Margie tends to interrupt others at work frequently.Given research in communication and gender differences,we can guess that Margie

A)is a typical woman.
B)works primarily with men.
C)is in management.
D)is actually a man.

Question 24

Research indicates that more _____ attempt suicide,but more ______ complete it.

A)adults;children
B)There are no demographic predictors of suicide.
C)men;women
D)women;men

Question 25

_________ are more likely than _______ to develop posttraumatic stress disorder.

A)Females;males
B)Males;females
C)Children;adults
D)None of the above

Question 26

"Gender differences are in the eye of the beholder" is a statement of the explanation for these differences put forth by

A)social role theorists.
B)social constructionists.
C)social learning theorists.
D)visual gender determinists.

Question 27

Research indicates that experienced emotions are

A)stronger in men.
B)stronger in women.
C)the same for men and women.
D)based on the rules parents teach their sons and daughters.

Question 28

It appears that boys engage in more _______ aggression and girls engage in more ______ aggression.

A)verbal;physical
B)physical;relational
C)physical;antisocial
D)relational;antisocial

Question 29

According to __________ ,individuals construct their own reality based on societal expectations,conditioning,and self- socialization.

A)evolutionary psychology
B)social learning theory
C)social constructionism
D)the theory of cognitive dissonance

Question 30

Casey and Caleb are a set of female/male twins.When tested for academic self-esteem,they scored virtually the same.They are most likely

A)Caucasian and in the upper class.
B)typical with regard to gender differences.
C)non-Caucasian and in a lower class.
D)unusual compared to most gender comparison research.

Question 31

The type of aggression shown in boys and girls

A)changes according to the culture.
B)does not change according to culture.
C)is more physically aggressive between girls in non-Western cultures.
D)is indirectly aggressive between boys in non-Western cultures.

Question 32

Judy has been diagnosed with a psychological disorder.Which of the following disorders is she most likely to have?

A)Alcoholism
B)Depression
C)Antisocial personality disorder
D)Dissociative personality disorder

Question 33

Genuine,documented gender differences in behavior

A)tell us nothing about specific individuals.
B)tell us a great deal about specific individuals.
C)permit very accurate predictions about individuals.
D)permit only very general predictions about individuals.

Question 34

Research suggests that the major emotional difference between men and women is

A)women are more emotional than men.
B)women are more expressive than men.
C)women don't get angry as easily as men.
D)men don't fall in love very often.

Question 35

A young girl is more likely than a young boy to engage in which of the following behaviors?

A)Hitting another child
B)Pushing another child
C)Threatening another child
D)Spreading rumors about another child

Question 36

Social role theory suggests that

A)we tend to explain role-related behaviors in term of situational factors.
B)we construct our own reality on the basis of our individual social experiences.
C)large gender differences in behavior tend to be downplayed by inconsistent social roles.
D)minor gender differences are exaggerated by the social roles men and women occupy.

Question 37

Regarding the overall incidence of mental disorders,men and women are ______ ;regarding the disorders men and women tend to develop,they are _____ .

A)similar;different
B)different;similar
C)similar;also very similar
D)different;also very different

Question 38

Which of the following researchers proposed social role theory?

A)Alice Eagly
B)Diane Halpern
C)Deborah Tannen
D)Janet Shibley Hyde

Question 39

When researchers determine a statistical significance between genders,it is most likely that

A)it is a large difference.
B)there is another factor that explains the data.
C)it explains which gender is better than the other.
D)most men will be significantly different than most women on that topic.

Question 40

Most research on gender differences regarding sexual attitudes

A)are in line with the gender similarities hypothesis.
B)indicate males are more likely to be sexually active.
C)find females are more likely to feel negative emotions in response to sex.
D)All of these are true.

Question 41

Which of the following has NOT been shown to influence gender-role socialization?

A)Observation
B)Reinforcement
C)Self-socialization
D)Sexual motivation

Question 42

_____________ is the acquisition of the norms and roles expected of people in a particular society.

A)Socialization
B)Social learning
C)Social attribution
D)Sexual orientation

Question 43

The notion that cerebral specialization is linked to gender differences in mental abilities

A)is still under debate.
B)has no basis in scientific fact.
C)is based primarily on anecdotal evidence.
D)has been consistently supported by research.

Question 44

Which of the following has NOT been found in studies on hemispheric specialization?

A)Females tend to have a larger corpus callosum.
B)Males exhibit more cerebral specialization than females.
C)The cerebral cortex is more convoluted in males than in females.
D)The right and left hemispheres are specialized to handle different cognitive tasks.

Question 45

Gender-role socialization occurs through

A)self-socialization.
B)observational learning.
C)reinforcement and punishment.
D)All of these play a part in the acquisition of gender roles.

Question 46

Cultural expectations about what is appropriate for each gender are called

A)display rules.
B)gender roles.
C)primary sex characteristics.
D)secondary sex characteristics.

Question 47

In part,gender roles are shaped by the power of rewards and punishment,which are the key processes in

A)operant conditioning.
B)classical conditioning.
C)observational learning.
D)social constructionism.

Question 48

It appears that the left hemisphere is more actively involved in ________ and mathematical processing,while the right hemisphere is specialized to handle ________ processing.

A)nonverbal;verbal
B)verbal;visual-spatial
C)visual-spatial;verbal
D)nonverbal;visual-spatial

Question 49

Which of the following possible influences on gender differences in behavior is most likely to be emphasized by an evolutionary psychologist?

A)Economic constraints
B)Patterns of socialization
C)Natural selection pressures
D)Environmental pressures such as the media

Question 50

Evolutionary psychologists explain social behaviors such as aggression and mating patterns in terms of different _______ pressures operating on the genders over the course of human history.

A)economic
B)hormonal
C)environmental
D)natural selection

Question 51

The overall evidence suggests that biological factors play a relatively minor role in gender differences,creating predispositions that are largely shaped by

A)the ways males and females are socialized.
B)prepubescent hormones.
C)unconscious sexual desires.
D)the desire for self-actualization.

Question 52

Chemical substances released into the bloodstream by the endocrine glands are called

A)gonads.
B)enzymes.
C)hormones.
D)neurotransmitters.

Question 53

Sources of gender-role socialization include

A)parents.
B)schools.
C)the media.
D)all of the above.

Question 54

Which of the following is likely to be a typical reaction by a father to gender-inappropriate behavior in his son?

A)Ridicule
B)Physical punishment
C)Negative reinforcement
D)Positive reinforcement

Question 55

Claudia has been diagnosed with low testosterone;she is likely to

A)experience high sexual desire.
B)experience low sexual desire.
C)show traits of "super­femininity."
D)be relatively unaffected.

Question 56

Which of the following contributes to traditional gender roles?

A)Parents dress boys and girls in similar colors.
B)Parents purchase gender-appropriate toys for their children.
C)Parents encourage similar leisure activities for boys and girls.
D)Children are assigned household chores without regard to their gender.

Question 57

Research on females exposed prenatally to high levels of androgens suggests that

A)androgen is basically a "female hormone."
B)prenatal hormones may contribute to gender differences.
C)the female embryo is highly resistant to the effects of such hormones.
D)none of the the above.

Question 58

To support their assertions,evolutionary psychologists look for gender differences

A)in spatial ability only.
B)that are consistent across cultures.
C)that are specific to particular cultures.
D)in behaviors that are consistent with gender stereotypes.

Question 59

The fact that children tend to imitate the behavior of same-gender models is most consistent with which of the following?

A)Self-attribution
B)Self-socialization
C)Observation learning
D)The theory of cognitive dissonance

Question 60

Robert believes that males are more aggressive in virtually all world cultures because aggressiveness has a partial genetic cause and leads to social dominance and greater access to material resources.Robert holds a(n) ___________ view of gender differences.

A)social
B)clinical
C)evolutionary
D)physiological

Question 61

Male gender-role socialization may lead to

A)pressure that inhibits sexual performance.
B)an emphasis on intimacy rather than sex.
C)greater satisfaction in sexual encounters.
D)a lack of concern for one's sexual performance.

Question 62

Which of the following is NOT considered a key element of the traditional male role?

A)Autonomy
B)Emotional sensitivity with women
C)Aggression
D)Stoicism

Question 63

Gender atypical boys report _______ than their typical peers.

A)more bullying
B)more loneliness
C)greater distress
D)all of these more

Question 64

Which of the following would NOT be considered a cost associated with the male gender role in our culture?

A)Pressure to succeed
B)The fatherhood mandate
C)Inability to express feelings
D)Obsession with sexual performance

Question 65

Which of these is NOT part of the "modern male role"?

A)Organizational power
B)Emotional self-expression toward women
C)Emotional sensitivity toward women
D)Economic inexpressiveness

Question 66

In the modern male role,masculinity is validated by all but which of the following?

A)Emotional control
B)Economic achievement
C)Individual physical strength
D)Organizational power

Question 67

Which of the following characteristics is NOT closely associated with the "traditional male role"?

A)Aggression
B)Sexuality
C)Dependency
D)Stoicism

Question 68

Women's sexual problems are likely to focus on which of the following?

A)Impotence
B)Difficulty enjoying sex
C)Obsession with performance
D)The maternal urge to reproduce

Question 69

Which of the following statements best reflects the effect that television has on gender-role socialization?

A)It contributes to traditional stereotypes.
B)It tends to combat traditional stereotypes.
C)It reinforces traditional stereotypes for girls more than for boys.
D)Regular programming has no effect,but commercials reinforce stereotypes.

Question 70

Men seem to be experiencing a "masculinity crisis" due to

A)shifting male gender roles.
B)economic displacement.
C)female infringement on traditional male roles.
D)all of the above.

Question 71

Discrimination against people on the basis of their gender is called

A)sexism.
B)androcentrism.
C)gender stereotyping.
D)gender identification.

Question 72

Based on the results of a survey of employees from five ethnically diverse organizations,which of the following groups is most likely to experience harassment?

A)White men
B)White women
C)Minority men
D)Minority women

Question 73

The intense fear and intolerance of homosexuality is

A)termed homophobia.
B)more common in women than in men.
C)the root cause of anxiety disorders in many men.
D)virtually nonexistent in Western cultures.

Question 74

Today,about _______ of women work outside the home.

A)25%
B)40%
C)60%
D)80%

Question 75

The marriage and motherhood mandates fuel women's intense focus on ________ ,that is,learning how to attract and interest males as prospective mates.

A)sexual orientation
B)heterosexual success
C)reproductive fitness
D)the self-reliant mandate

Question 76

In general,higher intelligence and grades are associated with higher career aspirations,but this is less likely to hold true for girls than for boys.This finding illustrates which of the following concepts?

A)Reproductive fitness
B)The mandate to work outside the home
C)Economic discrimination
D)The ability-achievement gap

Question 77

An intense fear and intolerance of homosexuality is called

A)sexism.
B)homophobia.
C)heterophobia.
D)cross-gender typing.

Question 78

The traditional female role consists of three major mandates: the ______ mandate,the ______ mandate,and to work outside the home.

A)success;marriage
B)success;motherhood
C)marriage;nurturance
D)marriage;motherhood

Question 79

Gender bias in school is most likely to show up in which of the following?

A)Teachers' treatment of boys and girls
B)The books that are used
C)Academic and career counseling
D)All of the above

Question 80

Difficulties in expressing emotions are most likely to occur in

A)men with traditional attitudes.
B)men with nontraditional attitudes.
C)women with traditional attitudes.
D)women with nontraditional attitudes.