Deck 6: The Self

Question 1

Some researchers believe that self-concept is most likely to change when a person

A)reaches puberty.
B)moves to a new city.
C)has his or her first sexual encounter.
D)is faced with an approach-approach conflict.

Answer 1

moves to a new city.

Question 2

According to your textbook,people are motivated to maintain a(n) ___________ view of the self.

A)accurate
B)positive
C)creative
D)consistent

Answer 2

consistent

Question 3

As actual-ideal discrepancies outnumber actual-ideal congruencies,cheerfulness decreases and

A)sadness increases.
B)sadness decreases.
C)anxiety increases.
D)anxiety decreases.

Answer 3

sadness increases.

Question 4

Which of the following researchers proposed social comparison theory?

A)Albert Bandura
B)E.Tory Higgins
C)Leon Festinger
D)Martin Seligman

Question 5

A woman who describes herself as "frank and honest" but who,in fact,lies frequently is manifesting her

A)self-concept.
B)self-conflict.
C)self-discrepancy.
D)self-ambivalence.

Question 6

Social comparison theory proposes that we compare ourselves to others in order to

A)feel superior.
B)improve our ideal self.
C)assess our abilities and opinions.
D)set higher standards for ourselves.

Question 7

According to E.Tory Higgins,which of the following is NOT one of the three types of self-perceptions that people have?

A)Unrealistic
B)Actual
C)Ideal
D)Ought

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a coping technique used to deal with self-discrepancies?

A)Consuming alcohol
B)Being more optimistic about your actual abilities
C)Avoiding situations that increase self-awareness
D)Changing behaviors to be more in line with personal standards

Question 9

A mismatching of self-perceptions is termed

A)ideal self.
B)self-discrepancy.
C)self-complexity.
D)self-awareness.

Question 10

If you are feeling anxious because you know that you should have visited your sick great aunt in the convalescent home over the holidays,you are experiencing a discrepancy between your actual self and your _______________ self.

A)unrealistic
B)possible
C)ought
D)working

Question 11

The most likely reference group for a first-year medical student would be

A)first-year medical students.
B)medical interns.
C)first-year medical residents.
D)newly board-certified doctors in the specialty that interests that student.

Question 12

The term __________ selves to refer to one's conceptions about the kind of person one might become in the future.

A)possible
B)timeless
C)potential
D)expected

Question 13

What you believe to be true about yourself is called

A)self-ideal.
B)public self.
C)self-actualization.
D)self-schema.

Question 14

Matt is slightly overweight and out of shape but would like to be lean and athletic.His most probable emotional reaction to this type of self-discrepancy would be

A)anger.
B)irritability.
C)guilt.
D)disappointment.

Question 15

Emily believes that she is outgoing and fun to be around.This belief is most likely to change under which of the following conditions?

A)She takes a class in psychology.
B)She leaves college to take a job in another state.
C)Her parents tell her that she is actually quite shy.
D)She reads a book that explains outgoing people are not as likely to have friends as more reserved people.

Question 16

_____________ is an organized set of beliefs about the self.

A)Self-ideal.
B)Public self.
C)Self-concept.
D)Self-actualization.

Question 17

According to E.Tory Higgins,a discrepancy between the actual self and the ideal self is most likely to trigger which of the following emotions?

A)Sadness
B)Anxiety
C)Guilt
D)Irritability

Question 18

Charles has been going out drinking frequently in response to feelings of self-discrepancy.He is using a type of coping technique known as

A)social comparison.
B)blunting self-awareness.
C)changing one's behavior.
D)expanding the possible self.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT one of the factors that help shape our vision of our possible selves?

A)Past experiences
B)Biology
C)Current behavior
D)Future expectations

Question 20

Tanisha is taking tennis lessons in response to a self-discrepancy in the area of athleticism.She is using the coping technique of

A)improving self-awareness.
B)blunting self-awareness.
C)expanding the possible self.
D)changing one's behavior.

Question 21

________ involves putting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group memberships.

A)Individualism
B)Behaviorism
C)Collectivism
D)Humanism

Question 22

Which of the following must be kept in mind when one interprets the results of research on self-esteem?

A)Self-esteem is only a fair predictor of happiness.
B)One cannot draw causal conclusions regarding self-esteem based on the research.
C)It is a fascinating topic related to psychological adjustment.
D)Self-esteem is a popular concept in psychology.

Question 23

Sociometer theory suggests that self-esteem is

A)an objective measure of one's worth and competence.
B)a subjective measure of one's interpersonal popularity and success.
C)an unstable measure of one's worth and accomplishments.
D)a stable measure of one's strengths and weaknesses.

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT consistent with empirical data?

A)Self-esteem is strongly related to happiness.
B)High self-esteem is a reliable cause of good academic performance.
C)Self-esteem is unrelated to how quickly love relationships end.
D)Objective data gathered from peers indicates that people with high self-esteem are more likeable and make better impressions than those with low self-esteem.

Question 25

Individuals reared in individualistic cultures are less likely than individuals from collectivist cultures to perceive themselves as

A)unique.
B)self-contained.
C)distinct from others.
D)interdependent.

Question 26

Research has shown that children's self­perceptions are more strongly related to their ________ than to their parents' attitudes toward them.

A)friends' attitudes toward them
B)siblings' attitudes toward them
C)perceptions of their physical appearance
D)perceptions of their parents' attitudes toward them

Question 27

Which of the following sources influences the development of one's self­concept?

A)One's own observations
B)Feedback from others
C)Social context
D)All of the above

Question 28

Mainstream American culture would most accurately be described as

A)collectivist.
B)humanist.
C)individualist.
D)behaviorist.

Question 29

People assess personal worth through

A)authentic self.
B)public self.
C)self-esteem.
D)self-ideal.

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT true of self-esteem according to the research?

A)Self-esteem is generally stable over time.
B)People vary in the degree to which they experience self-esteem as stable.
C)Self-esteem may fluctuate in the short term in response to situational factors.
D)Happiness causes high self-esteem.

Question 31

Which of the following is the best description of the way that men and women tend to get their social needs met?

A)Both men and women display relational interdependence.
B)Both men and women display collective interdependence.
C)Men are more likely to display collective interdependence,and women are more likely to display relational interdependence.
D)Women are more likely to display collective interdependence,and men are more likely to display relational interdependence.

Question 32

Research suggests that increases in a culture's affluence and social mobility tend to be accompanied by increases in

A)collectivism.
B)individualism.
C)stereotyping.
D)obedience.

Question 33

Social context affects self-concept in all of the following ways EXCEPT

A)being less self-conscious in some situations.
B)how people think and feel about others.
C)a situation can indirectly affect self-concept.
D)only aspects of self that are central to who you are will be affected.

Question 34

Your friend Tyra has decided to postpone starting business school for 2 years in order to help her family operate their small hardware store during her dad's illness.She is exhibiting a characteristic behavior of persons from a(n)
_____________ culture.

A)individualistic
B)collectivistic
C)behavioristic
D)humanistic

Question 35

_________ is a sense of grandiose self-importance.

A)Self-esteem
B)Narcissism
C)Individualism
D)Self-efficacy

Question 36

There is evidence that a close partner's support and affirmation can bring a loved one's actual self­views and behavior more in line with his or her ideal self.Researchers refer to this as the

A)Michelangelo phenomenon.
B)stage-manage phenomenon.
C)significant-construct experience.
D)exceptional person experience.

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT true of research on self-esteem?

A)Most of the data are correlational.
B)Self-esteem may be both a cause and an effect.
C)Information is usually derived from self-reports.
D)Self-esteem measures are accurate.

Question 38

People with an independent view of the self are most likely to engage in which of the following behaviors?

A)See themselves as responsible for group failures.
B)Place great importance on social duties and obligations.
C)Promote freedom and choice.
D)Adjust themselves to the needs of the groups to which they belong.

Question 39

People from a collectivistic culture are less likely than those from individualistic cultures to have which of the following traits?

A)An interdependent view of self
B)Adjust themselves to needs of the group
C)Strive for self-satisfaction
D)Sense of shared responsibility

Question 40

Baumeister's research suggests that a narcissist who experiences an ego threat is likely to

A)work hard to counter the threat.
B)become aggressive or violent.
C)quit trying.
D)use indirect strategies to avoid the threat.

Question 41

Maccoby and Martin's research suggests that parental _________ and ________ are major determinants of a child's self esteem.

A)income;employment
B)health;happiness
C)narcissism;self-esteem
D)acceptance;control

Question 42

Affectionate,accepting,involved,and democratic parents may well produce offspring who tend to be

A)high in self-esteem.
B)sensation-seekers.
C)high self-monitors.
D)emotionally dependent.

Question 43

The "cocktail party effect" illustrates the concept of

A)internal attribution.
B)external attribution.
C)selective attention.
D)controlled processing.

Question 44

_____________ are the inferences that people make about what causes their behavior.

A)Automatic processes
B)Controlled processes
C)Self-attributions
D)Explanatory styles

Question 45

Driving a car to work in normal traffic conditions is an example of a cognitive task that is done mainly by

A)instinct.
B)controlled processing.
C)automatic processing.
D)mindful processing.

Question 46

Research on narcissism may have practical use for professionals who are trying to rehabilitate

A)those who engage in domestic violence.
B)drug addicts.
C)women with eating disorders.
D)college professors.

Question 47

Research suggests that people who attribute their failures to internal causes while discounting external causes may be more prone to _______ than people who display opposite tendencies.

A)shyness
B)depression
C)cognitive dissonance
D)the fundamental attribution error

Question 48

Which of the following is an example of an external-unstable factor in attribution?

A)Bad luck
B)One's self­esteem
C)Lack of ability
D)The nature of the task

Question 49

The tendency to use similar causal explanations for a wide variety of events in one's life is known as

A)self-attribution.
B)explanatory style.
C)self-categorization.
D)homogeneity of attribution.

Question 50

All of the following are dimensions of the attributional process EXCEPT

A)internal versus external.
B)cognition versus affect.
C)stable versus unstable.
D)controllable versus uncontrollable.

Question 51

Ted's mother wears a t­shirt that says "Because I'm your mom,that's why!" She is usually critical of her son and his friends,and only rarely allows him to give his opinion in family decision­making.Ted's mom is exhibiting the traits associated with the ________ parenting style.

A)permissive
B)authoritative
C)authoritarian
D)neglectful

Question 52

Which of the following is most consistent with the research data?

A)Self-esteem of Asians is higher than that of Hispanics.
B)White females have higher self-esteem than white males.
C)Minority females have lower self-esteem than minority males.
D)Blacks have higher self-esteem than whites.

Question 53

Which of the following theorists was the first to suggest that people tend to attribute behavior to either internal or external causes?

A)Fritz Heider
B)Albert Bandura
C)Erik Erikson
D)Sigmund Freud

Question 54

A difference between narcissists and individuals with high self-esteem is that

A)high self-esteem individuals moderate rather than exploit self-enhancement opportunities.
B)people with high self-esteem have more grandiose self-views.
C)narcissists are aggressive without provocation.
D)people with high self-esteem are more sensitive to criticism than narcissists.

Question 55

The largest gender differences in self-esteem have been found for

A)5- to 8-year-olds.
B)15- to 18-year-olds.
C)35- to 38-year-olds.
D)55- to 58-year-olds.

Question 56

Lisa thinks that the reason she didn't get the job was that the interviewer was prejudiced against people from the Midwest.This is an example of

A)pessimistic explanatory style.
B)optimistic explanatory style.
C)lack of explanatory style.
D)the fundamental attribution error.

Question 57

According to Baumrind's parental classification system,authoritative parents display

A)high acceptance and high control.
B)high acceptance and low control.
C)low acceptance and low control.
D)low acceptance and high control.

Question 58

Internal attributions ascribe causes of behavior to _________ factors.

A)situational
B)personal
C)interpersonal
D)environmental

Question 59

Which of the following statements regarding the influence of ethnicity and gender on self-esteem is accurate?

A)Men and women do not differ in their self-esteem levels for academic ability or emotional well-being.
B)White females have higher self-esteem than white males.
C)High individualism is associated with low self-esteem.
D)White girls have higher self-esteem than minority girls.

Question 60

Rachel believes children should be allowed to express themselves at all times.Her children are likely to have lower self-esteem than children raised in a(n) ________ parenting style.

A)neglectful
B)permissive
C)authoritative
D)authoritarian

Question 61

Research has demonstrated that self-efficacy is related to all but which of the following?

A)Career choice
B)Academic success
C)Job performance
D)Marital satisfaction

Question 62

___________ can lead to success by working to avoid worst-case scenarios.

A)Self-handicapping
B)Optimism
C)CORFing
D)Defensive pessimism

Question 63

The tendency to use various strategies to maintain a positive view of the self is called

A)self-verification.
B)self-serving bias.
C)self-enhancement.
D)fundamental attribution error.

Question 64

Even though she never met him,Jane told all of her friends that the new mayor of their town was her second cousin.Jane was using the method of self-enhancement known as

A)downward social comparison.
B)upward social comparison.
C)basking in reflected glory.
D)"CORFing."

Question 65

The notion of "basking in reflected glory" was proposed by

A)Albert Bandura.
B)Robert Cialdini.
C)Roy Baumeister.
D)Martin Seligman.

Question 66

Margaret earned a C on her psychology paper.She began to reassure herself that at least she did not get a D like Debbie.This is an example of which strategy for self-enhancement?

A)Self-serving bias
B)Downward comparison
C)Self-handicapping
D)Reflected glory

Question 67

Someone who says,"I probably won't do well on the exam because I was up all night with a sick friend," is using the strategy of

A)projection.
B)reaction formation.
C)self-handicapping.
D)basking in reflected glory.

Question 68

In contrast to Americans,Japanese are likely to exhibit a _____________ in explaining successes.

A)self-serving bias
B)self-effacing bias
C)self-efficacious bias
D)self-enhancing bias

Question 69

Robert believes the reason he did not get the job was he didn't have as much to prepare for the interview as others because of bad luck on that day.Robert is most likely engaged in

A)downward social comparison.
B)self-serving bias.
C)self-verification.
D)self-effacing bias.

Question 70

The self­serving bias is the tendency to attribute one's _________ to personal factors and one's __________ to situational factors.

A)stability;instability
B)external;internal
C)failures;successes
D)successes;failures

Question 71

An individual who recently had preventive bypass surgery might think,"At least I didn't have a serious heart attack like my older brother did." This thinking exemplifies the strategy known as

A)self-serving bias.
B)pessimistic explanatory style.
C)downward social comparison.
D)basking in reflected glory.

Question 72

Unlike her coworkers,Susan resisted the temptation to overeat at the company retreat potluck.Following the potluck,they were put into groups and asked to tackle some difficult work-related tasks.The likelihood that Susan would give up more quickly than her coworkers is consistent with

A)the ego depletion model of self-regulation.
B)the ego integrity model of self-efficacy.
C)the unstable self-control model.
D)the poor self-control model.

Question 73

The tendency to sabotage one's performance to provide an excuse for possible failure is called

A)self-centered bias.
B)self-serving bias.
C)self-handicapping.
D)basking in reflected failure.

Question 74

Robert was trying to decide whether to go to the library for a study session or go to the local coffee shop for a break.He is facing

A)self-handicapping.
B)self-regulation.
C)self-efficacy.
D)self-esteem.

Question 75

If you use self-control resources by resisting temptation in a given situation,

A)you are more likely to resist temptation in the future.
B)you may have a hard time resisting the next temptation.
C)you are more likely to be able to persist at a new and difficult task.
D)you may have difficulty showing empathy for those who exhibit poor self-control.

Question 76

Illusions of control and the "better than average effect" are examples of

A)self-enhancement.
B)self-improvement.
C)self-assessment.
D)self-verification.

Question 77

The view that people with negative self-views prefer partners who view them negatively is related to the _________ theory.

A)self-enhancement
B)self-verification
C)downward comparison
D)self-serving bias

Question 78

People who attribute their setbacks to internal,stable,and global factors are exhibiting a(n) __________ explanatory style.

A)irrational
B)coherent
C)pessimistic
D)optimistic

Question 79

According to Martin Seligman,people with a pessimistic explanatory style tend to attribute their setbacks to which of the following combination of factors?

A)Internal,stable,and global
B)Internal,unstable,and specific
C)External,stable,and global
D)External,unstable,and specific

Question 80

Self-regulation refers to

A)directing and controlling one's behavior.
B)maintaining a positive self-esteem in the face of adversity.
C)consistently using internal attributions in an effort to take personal responsibility.
D)using time-saving devices that promote self-efficiency.