Deck 2: Theories of Personality

Question 1

The moral component of personality,according to Freud,is represented by the

A)id.
B)ego.
C)superego.
D)superid.

Answer 1

superego.

Question 2

Which of the following ideas is NOT central to the concept of personality?

A)Consistency across situations
B)Traits that are shared with others
C)Distinctiveness of an individual
D)A unique collection of traits possessed by an individual

Answer 2

Traits that are shared with others

Question 3

According to Freud,conflicts centering on and impulses are especially likely to have far-reaching consequences.

A)sexual;death
B)power;death
C)sexual;aggressive
D)aggressive;achievement

Answer 3

sexual;aggressive

Question 4

All psychodynamic theories stem from the work of

A)Jung.
B)Adler.
C)Freud.
D)Rogers.

Question 5

Freud attributed anxiety to your

A)ego worrying about the id getting out of control.
B)superego getting out of control.
C)id taking over your mind and will.
D)ego getting out of control and taking over your mind.

Question 6

Which of the following are Big Five traits?

A)Neuroticism and intelligence
B)Openness to experience and intelligence
C)Neuroticism and openness to experience
D)Neuroticism,openness to experience,and fortitude

Question 7

In psychoanalytic theory,the personality component that operates according to the pleasure principle is the

A)id.
B)ego.
C)superego.
D)superid.

Question 8

According to Freud,the contains thoughts and feelings that are just below the surface of awareness.

A)unconscious
B)subconscious
C)preconscious
D)collective unconscious

Question 9

Psychodynamic theories of personality tend to focus on

A)a set of basic personality traits.
B)unconscious mental processes.
C)the unique qualities of human beings.
D)laboratory research with children.

Question 10

Eric studies three hours per day,five days a week.He only misses school when he is sick and is almost never late for class.On which of the following Big Five traits would he likely receive a high score?

A)Neuroticism
B)Extraversion
C)Agreeableness
D)Conscientiousness

Question 11

Attributing your own thoughts,feelings,or motives to others to ward off anxiety or guilt is called

A)regression.
B)displacement.
C)projection.
D)reaction formation.

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT one of the three levels of awareness proposed by Freud?

A)Conscious
B)Unconscious
C)Preconscious
D)Collective unconscious

Question 13

You're feeling guilty after your third bowl of ice cream.You tell yourself it's alright because yesterday you skipped lunch.This is an example of

A)conceptualization.
B)rationalization.
C)displacement.
D)identification.

Question 14

Which of the following statements is NOT true according to Big Five research?

A)Conscientiousness is a positive predictor of longer life.
B)Conscientiousness is a positive predictor of career success.
C)Neuroticism is a positive predictor of career success.
D)Neuroticism is a positive predictor of mental disorders.

Question 15

A witness to a brutal murder has trouble remembering any details of the crime.According to Freud,which defense mechanism is at work in this example?

A)Projection
B)Reaction formation
C)Regression
D)Repression

Question 16

"Shrewd," "timid," and "self­assured" are all adjectives that can be used to represent

A)personality theories.
B)personality traits.
C)personality tests.
D)social situations.

Question 17

Which of the following ideas lies at the core of the concept of personality?

A)Being true to oneself
B)Traits shared with others
C)Consistency across situations
D)Being able to adjust to different situations

Question 18

refers to an individual's unique constellation of consistent behavioral traits.

A)Cognition
B)Personality
C)Consistency
D)Distinctiveness

Question 19

Two months ago,your best friend did not win a major scholarship that she had been counting on to help pay for graduate school.Now she is always fighting with you,her boyfriend,and her roommates.She is most likely using the defense mechanism called

A)regression.
B)displacement.
C)projection.
D)identification.

Question 20

Sue's friends say that she is sympathetic,trusting,cooperative,and straightforward.Which of the following Big Five traits would best describe her?

A)Neuroticism
B)Extraversion
C)Agreeableness
D)Conscientiousness

Question 21

According to Freud,a toddler is in the stage of psychosexual development.

A)anal
B)latency
C)oral
D)phallic

Question 22

Which of the following individuals is generally recognized for initiating the development of behaviorism?

A)John B.Watson
B)Alfred Adler
C)Albert Bandura
D)Hans Eysenck

Question 23

Critics have described the psychodynamic perspective as

A)biased against males and overemphasizing unconscious desires.
B)empirically untestable and biased against males.
C)biased against females and difficult to test.
D)all of the above.

Question 24

Which of the following is the correct order of Freud's psychosexual stages?

A)Anal,oral,phallic,genital,latency
B)Phallic,anal,oral,latency,genital
C)Oral,genital,phallic,anal,latency
D)Oral,anal,phallic,latency,genital

Question 25

In classical conditioning,the unconditioned response is a(n)reaction to an unconditioned stimulus.

A)learned
B)unlearned
C)neutral
D)shaped

Question 26

John is always putting himself down and expressing doubts in his own abilities.According to Adler,John may have a(n)

A)inferiority complex.
B)Oedipal complex.
C)fixation at the oral stage of development.
D)weak sexuality drive.

Question 27

Carl Jung proposed that the unconscious consists of two layers,the and the .

A)preconscious;subconscious
B)personal unconscious;collective unconscious
C)personal unconscious;universal preconscious
D)individual archetype;collective archetype

Question 28

Which of the following theoretical orientations asserts that scientific psychology should focus on the study of observable behavior?

A)Humanism
B)Behaviorism
C)Psychoanalysis
D)Structuralism

Question 29

Which of the following individuals is credited with discovering classical conditioning?

A)Carl Rogers
B)Ivan Pavlov
C)Sigmund Freud
D)Abraham Maslow

Question 30

According to Adler,involves efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing one's abilities.

A)introversion
B)compensation
C)reaction formation
D)individual psychology

Question 31

Which of the following is a behaviorist definition of personality?

A)A collection of response tendencies that arise in various stimulus situations
B)An individual's striving for superiority
C)A person's durable dispositions that arise in a variety of situations
D)The nature of a person's mental processes

Question 32

In psychoanalytic theory,failure to move forward from one developmental stage to another is called

A)extinction.
B)regression.
C)inertia.
D)fixation.

Question 33

According to Freud,in order to achieve healthy development,a child in the phallic stage must resolve the Oedipal complex and learn to the same sex parent.

A)annoy
B)be fearful of
C)deceive
D)identify with

Question 34

When your cat hears a can being opened and comes running,it is an example of

A)operant conditioning.
B)social learning.
C)classical conditioning.
D)emotional learning.

Question 35

One idea from Jung's personality theory that has been incorporated into mainstream modern psychology is the notion of

A)archetypes.
B)mnemonics.
C)collective unconscious.
D)introversion/extraversion.

Question 36

Which one of the following types of learned behavior is most likely to be governed by classical conditioning?

A)Anxieties
B)Phobias
C)Maladaptive emotional reactions
D)All of the above

Question 37

Which of the following notions is NOT considered one of the major contributions of psychoanalytic theory?

A)Role of childhood experiences in influencing adult personality
B)Role of internal conflict in generating psychological distress
C)Influence of reinforcement in maintaining specific behaviors
D)Importance of unconscious motivation in influencing behavior

Question 38

An originally neutral stimulus that acquires the capacity to elicit a conditioned response is called a(n)

A)unconditioned stimulus.
B)conditioned stimulus.
C)response-bound stimulus.
D)association-positive stimulus.

Question 39

According to Jung,the collective unconscious is a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people's ancestral past,which is

A)unique to each individual.
B)shared with the entire human race.
C)shared with one's blood relatives.
D)accessible only through free association.

Question 40

Jan relies on obsessive eating and smoking to cope with her problems.According to Freud,Jan is suffering from fixation in the

A)phallic stage.
B)oral stage.
C)anal stage.
D)genital stage.

Question 41

Which of the following individuals based his theory on the importance of the self-concept?

A)Abraham Maslow
B)Carl Rogers
C)Sigmund Freud
D)Hans Eysenck

Question 42

Behaviorists have provided the most thorough account of why people

A)are only moderately consistent in their behavior.
B)become fixated at particular stages of development.
C)are not influenced by the consequences of their behavior.
D)tend to react with aggression when they are frustrated.

Question 43

Rogers emphasized a person's subjective point of view he called

A)person-centered.
B)incongruence.
C)self-concept.
D)self-actualization.

Question 44

If you clean your room to put an end to your father's incessant nagging on the subject,your room­cleaning response has been

A)extinguished.
B)discriminated.
C)positively reinforced.
D)negatively reinforced.

Question 45

Humanistic theory emerged in the 1950s as a(n)behavioral and psychodynamic theories.

A)complement to
B)elaboration on
C)backlash against
D)supplement to

Question 46

The strengthening of a response leading to the removal of an unpleasant stimulus is

A)positive reinforcement.
B)negative reinforcement.
C)punishment.
D)extinction.

Question 47

Albert Bandura differed from other behaviorists in that he gave an important role to in influencing human behavior.

A)reflexes
B)cognition
C)consequences
D)punishments

Question 48

One's belief about one's ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes is called

A)self-concept.
B)self-actualization.
C)self-confidence.
D)self-efficacy.

Question 49

One criticism of the behavioral approach in the past is that

A)cognition is not directly observable behavior.
B)it focused too much on the unconscious.
C)there was no scientific basis.
D)there was too much research on people instead of other animals.

Question 50

refers to a form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their own consequences.

A)Operant conditioning
B)Classical conditioning
C)Social learning
D)Extinction

Question 51

Attempting to weaken a response by presenting a noxious or aversive stimulus after that response is called

A)punishment.
B)classical conditioning.
C)extinction.
D)negative reinforcement.

Question 52

Which of the following is least closely associated with Maslow's theory of personality?

A)Notion of self-actualization
B)Hierarchy of needs
C)Humans' innate need for personal growth
D)Distinction between introversion and extraversion

Question 53

In contrast to the Freudian model,Maslow believed that psychology should take a greater interest in the _____________ personality.

A)conscious
B)unconscious
C)healthy
D)unhealthy

Question 54

Which of the following is NOT an assumption underlying the humanistic approach to personality?

A)Human nature includes an innate drive toward personal growth.
B)Humans are largely conscious and rational beings.
C)Individuals have the freedom to chart their courses of action.
D)People tend to engage in behaviors that have been rewarded in the past.

Question 55

The humanistic theorist who emphasized the need for self-actualization and the hierarchical organization of needs was

A)J.B.Watson.
B)B.F.Skinner.
C)Alfred Adler.
D)Abraham Maslow.

Question 56

Daniel feels that he is not a good student despite having good grades.According to Rogers,Daniel may experience discomfort due to

A)unconditional love.
B)observational distress.
C)incongruence.
D)self-efficacy.

Question 57

Humanism is a theoretical orientation that

A)regards human personality as a collection of response tendencies.
B)views self-efficacy as the ultimate goal of personality development.
C)sees personality as resulting mainly from observation of others.
D)emphasizes unique human qualities such as free will and growth potential.

Question 58

Humanistic psychologists' major charge against the behaviorist and psychodynamic theories was that these models were

A)based on personal growth.
B)unscientific.
C)dehumanizing.
D)too optimistic.

Question 59

The idea that people are active participants in their learning is the core of

A)learning reinforcement.
B)conditioning theory.
C)social cognitive theory.
D)accidental learning.

Question 60

Working hard to sell the most widgets for your employer in order to earn a bonus and paid vacation is behavior that is shaped by the prospect of

A)primary reinforcement.
B)negative reinforcement.
C)positive reinforcement.
D)punishment.

Question 61

Twin studies allow researchers to assess hereditary influences,in part,because

A)genetic overlap for fraternal twins is greater than for non-twin siblings.
B)twins are usually motivated to act similarly.
C)genetic overlap is 100% for identical twins,50% for fraternal twins.
D)environmental influences are eliminated in twin studies.

Question 62

is an estimate of the proportion of trait variability within a population that is determined by differences in genetic inheritance.

A)The inheritance ratio
B)The heritability ratio
C)The behaviorally genetic percentage
D)The genetic coefficient

Question 63

Which of the following does the textbook cite as a weakness of biological approaches to personality?

A)The complicated interactions of heredity and environment
B)Foresight bias
C)Too much environmental influence
D)Lack of attention to the role of conditioning in personality

Question 64

Spouses tend to be similar in sensation-seeking levels.Zuckerman's theory posits that spouses where one is very high and the other very low in sensation-seeking

A)should have children to keep them together.
B)may have difficulty understanding each other.
C)will be able to find mutually enjoyable activities.
D)none of these.

Question 65

Which of the following is one of the significant contributions of humanistic theory?

A)Importance of one's subjective views
B)More attention to psychological health
C)More attention to self-concept
D)All of the above are important contributions.

Question 66

Twin studies discussed in your text suggest that genes account for about of peoples' variation in personality.

A)15%
B)25%
C)50%
D)75%

Question 67

John molds his interpretation of his past dating to fit how the relationship turned out.This is a common tendency called

A)hindsight bias.
B)hereditary influence.
C)an inadequate theory.
D)wishful thinking.

Question 68

Which of the following was NOT described by Maslow as one of the characteristics of a self-actualizing person?

A)Independent of culture of environment
B)Problem-centering
C)Self-centered
D)Spontaneous

Question 69

One of the chief goals of terror management theory is to explain why people need

A)death anxiety.
B)self-esteem.
C)contact comfort.
D)defense mechanisms.

Question 70

High sensation-seekers are more likely to

A)smoke and drink less than average.
B)drive carefully.
C)take less risks outside of sports.
D)have unprotected sex.

Question 71

Maslow's hierarchy of needs is based on the idea that

A)many drives are learned through observation.
B)perceived needs are a function of self-concept.
C)some needs are more basic than others.
D)most needs are a reaction to unconscious anxiety.

Question 72

According to Maslow,our need to fulfill our potential is called

A)aesthetic need.
B)primary need.
C)self-actualization.
D)self-esteem.

Question 73

Evolutionary psychologists like David Buss have argued that the Big Five personality traits exist across a variety of cultures because these traits

A)tend to be reinforced as societal norms.
B)have had significant adaptive implications.
C)are the ones most likely to be classically conditioned.
D)help each individual evolve to his/her greatest potential.

Question 74

Brianne likes to explore new experiences and has recently taken up mountain climbing.She is likely to have a high score on Zuckerman's scale to measure

A)thrill-seeking.
B)anti-boredom.
C)self-actualization.
D)sensation-seeking.

Question 75

Humanistic theory has been criticized for

A)poor testability of hypotheses.
B)inadequate evidence.
C)an unrealistic view of human nature.
D)all of the above.

Question 76

According to terror management theory,cultural worldviews diminish anxiety by

A)providing answers to universal,existential questions.
B)masking the inevitability of death.
C)providing distractions.
D)removing the need for religious faith.

Question 77

Which of the following psychologists said "personality is determined to a large extent by a person's genes"?

A)Hans Eysenck
B)Raymond Cattell
C)Abraham Maslow
D)Albert Bandura

Question 78

The area of psychological research that attempts to trace the hereditary influences on personality is called

A)social learning.
B)psychoanalysis.
C)behaviorism.
D)behavioral genetics.

Question 79

Which of the following traits has been of particular interest to Eysenck?

A)Intelligence
B)Autonomic reactivity
C)Conscientiousness
D)Extraversion-introversion

Question 80

According to Maslow,which of the following categories of needs must be met first?

A)Esteem
B)Love
C)Physiological
D)Safety