Deck 7: The Muscular System

Question 1

Tropomyosin strands are held in position by which of the following?

A) actin molecules
B) myosin molecules
C) troponin molecules
D) ATP molecules
E) calcium ions

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The skeletal muscles store calcium ions in the terminal cisternae of the

A) sarcolemma.
B) sarcomere.
C) sarcosome.
D) sarcoplasmic reticulum.
E) sarcoplasm.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The region of a sarcomere containing myosin, going from one end of the myosin molecules to the other end of the myosin molecules, is the

A) Z line.
B) M line.
C) H band.
D) A band.
E) I band.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The active sites on actin molecules are usually covered up by other molecules. What is the critical material required to uncover the active sites on the actin molecules that will then bind to myosin heads?

A) ATP
B) calcium
C) oxygen
D) vitamin A
E) titin

Question 5

Muscle fascicles are separated by

A) endomysium.
B) perimysium.
C) epimysium.
D) sarcolemma.
E) periosteum.

Question 6

The area between Z lines is the

A) sarcolemma.
B) sarcomere.
C) sarcoplasmic reticulum.
D) myofibril.
E) myofilament.

Question 7

A muscle ________ contains a sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, myofilaments, and myofibrils.

A) fiber
B) intercalated disc
C) T-tubule
D) myofibril
E) motor end plate

Question 8

The striated appearance of skeletal muscle results from

A) the transverse tubule pattern.
B) the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
C) cisternae placement.
D) actin and myosin arrangement.
E) the perimysium arrangement.

Question 9

Which of the following statements describes how muscles help maintain homeostasis?

A) The contractions of skeletal muscles pull on tendons and move elements of the skeleton.
B) Skeletal muscles are responsible for guarding the openings of the digestive and urinary tracts.
C) Skeletal muscles are responsible for the pumping action of the heart.
D) Skeletal muscles support the weight of some internal organs.
E) Skeletal muscle contractions help maintain body temperature.

Question 10

The terminal cisternae are structural features of the

A) myofilaments.
B) sarcoplasmic reticula.
C) myofibrils.
D) I bands.
E) sarcolemma.

Question 11

Each myofibril consists of approximately ________ sarcomeres.

A) 10
B) 500
C) 10,000
D) 100,000
E) 2-3 million

Question 12

A layer of collagen fibers that surrounds an entire muscle is called

A) endomysium.
B) perimysium.
C) sarcolemma.
D) sarcomere.
E) epimysium.

Question 13

The area of the sarcomere that is the light region between two successive A-bands is the

A) Z line.
B) M line.
C) I band.
D) myofibril.
E) H band.

Question 14

A sheath of connective tissue surrounding a bundle of striated muscle fibers is called

A) endomysium.
B) perimysium.
C) sarcolemma.
D) epimysium.
E) sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Question 15

Figure 7-1 Structural Components of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber
Use Figure 7-1 to identify the labeled part.
Label A is pointing to

A) myofibrils.
B) Z lines.
C) sarcoplasmic reticulum.
D) T tubules.
E) myofilaments.

Question 16

Which statement regarding skeletal muscle is true?

A) Skeletal muscles are directly, but not indirectly, attached to bones.
B) Skeletal muscles do not contain connective tissue.
C) Skeletal muscles do not maintain body temperature.
D) Skeletal muscles do not contain nervous tissue.
E) Skeletal muscles contain blood vessels.

Question 17

Skeletal muscle fibers differ from "typical cells" in that these muscle fibers

A) lack a plasma membrane.
B) have many nuclei.
C) are very small.
D) lack mitochondria.
E) contain endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 18

What is the function of the transverse tubule?

A) the storage of calcium ions
B) to transmit electrical impulses to the cell's interior
C) to store sodium ions
D) to allow cross-bridge attachment
E) to produce myofibrils

Question 19

Regarding a skeletal muscle fiber, wherever a T-tubule encircles a myofibril, the tubule is tightly bound to

A) the nucleus.
B) the sarcolemma.
C) the endomysium.
D) the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
E) thick filaments.

Question 20

Myofibrils are made primarily of

A) actin and myosin.
B) epimysium.
C) ATP and ADP.
D) troponin.
E) tropomyosin.

Question 21

Which of the following is one of the steps that ends a contraction?

A) Sarcoplasmic reticulum absorbs sodium ions.
B) Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the sarcolemma.
C) Calcium ions bind to troponin.
D) Acetylcholine is broken down by acetylcholinesterase.
E) An action potential spreads across the entire surface of the muscle fiber.

Question 22

Figure 7-1 Structural Components of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber
Use Figure 7-1 to identify the labeled part.
The ________ contains vesicles filled with acetylcholine.

A) axon terminal
B) motor end plate
C) neuromuscular junction
D) synaptic cleft
E) transverse tubule

Question 23

Neurotransmitters that cause skeletal muscle contraction are normally stored in

A) myofibrils.
B) motor neuron axon terminals.
C) motor units.
D) motor end plates.
E) actin.

Question 24

Figure 7-1 Structural Components of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber
Use Figure 7-1 to identify the labeled part.
Structure B

A) protects the myofibrils.
B) attaches to actin molecules.
C) produces ATP.
D) conducts nerve impulses through the muscle cell.
E) stores calcium.

Question 25

Figure 7-1 Structural Components of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber
Use Figure 7-1 to identify the labeled part.
Structure G is composed of

A) actin.
B) myosin.
C) troponin.
D) tropomyosin.
E) sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Question 26

Figure 7-1 Structural Components of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber
Use Figure 7-1 to identify the labeled part.
Structure H is the

A) thick myofilament.
B) thin myofilament.
C) Z line.
D) H band.
E) M lines.

Question 27

Figure 7-1 Structural Components of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber
Use Figure 7-1 to identify the labeled part.
The enzyme acetylcholinesterase causes acetylcholine to

A) break down.
B) synthesize.
C) bond to actin.
D) be secreted.
E) form cross-bridges.

Question 28

Figure 7-1 Structural Components of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber
Use Figure 7-1 to identify the labeled part.
The structures labeled F are the

A) mitochondria.
B) sarcomeres.
C) nuclei.
D) centrioles.
E) troponin molecules.

Question 29

Figure 7-1 Structural Components of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber
Use Figure 7-1 to identify the labeled part.
Structure E is the

A) ligament.
B) sarcolemma.
C) sarcoplasmic reticulum.
D) epimysium.
E) endomysium.

Question 30

As a skeletal muscle contraction is initiated, acetylcholine binding alters the motor end plate membrane's permeability to

A) acetylcholinesterase.
B) sodium ions.
C) calcium ions.
D) chloride ions.
E) potassium ions.

Question 31

Figure 7-1 Structural Components of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber
Use Figure 7-1 to identify the labeled part.
Structure C is the

A) myofibril.
B) Z line.
C) sarcoplasmic reticulum.
D) T tubule.
E) myofilament.

Question 32

Figure 7-1 Structural Components of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber
Use Figure 7-1 to identify the labeled part.
Structure J represents a

A) myosin head.
B) sarcomere.
C) T tubule.
D) myofilament.
E) myofibril.

Question 33

Figure 7-1 Structural Components of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber
Use Figure 7-1 to identify the labeled part.
Structure I is composed of

A) actin and perimysium.
B) actin and myosin.
C) troponin and tropomyosin.
D) only myosin heads.
E) acetylcholine and cholinesterase.

Question 34

Figure 7-1 Structural Components of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber
Use Figure 7-1 to identify the labeled part.
The triad, seen as structure D, is composed of

A) the T tubules and the myofibrils.
B) actin and myosin.
C) troponin and tropomyosin.
D) the cisterna of the sarcoplasmic reticulum along with the T tubules.
E) the cisterna of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the myofilaments.

Question 35

In response to action potentials arriving from the transverse tubules, the sarcoplasmic reticulum releases

A) acetylcholine.
B) sodium ions.
C) potassium ions.
D) calcium ions.
E) acetylcholinesterase.

Question 36

Figure 7-1 Structural Components of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber
Use Figure 7-1 to identify the labeled part.
Acetylcholinesterase is found within the

A) nucleus.
B) sarcolemma.
C) myofibril.
D) sarcomere.
E) synaptic cleft.

Question 37

The stiffness that occurs at death, when actin and myosin molecules stay linked to each other in a contracted state, is due to a lack of

A) cAMP.
B) DNA.
C) RNA.
D) ATP.
E) tRNA.

Question 38

Figure 7-1 Structural Components of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber
Use Figure 7-1 to identify the labeled part.
The specialized sarcolemma that contains acetylcholine receptors is the

A) synaptic knob.
B) motor end plate.
C) motor unit.
D) synaptic cleft.
E) I band.

Question 39

Upon the nerve impulse arriving at the axon terminal,

A) active sites on actin are exposed.
B) active sites on myosin are exposed.
C) actin heads will bind to myosin.
D) muscle relaxation occurs.
E) acetylcholine is released.

Question 40

Place these steps of muscle contraction in the correct order. 1. Action potential is generated along the sarcolemma
2) Nerve impulse arrives at synapse
3) Calcium is released into muscle cell cytoplasm
4) Acetylcholine is produced
5) Actin and myosin molecules continuously cross-link, with actin molecules being pulled inward

A) 2, 3, 4, 1, 5
B) 4, 2, 1, 5, 3
C) 1, 2, 4, 3, 5
D) 2, 4, 1, 3, 5
E) 1, 2, 4, 5, 3

Question 41

A single stimulus-contraction-relaxation sequence in a muscle fiber is known as a(n)

A) incomplete tetanus.
B) latent period.
C) complete tetanus.
D) summation.
E) twitch.

Question 42

Creatine phosphate serves to

A) cause the decomposition of ATP.
B) supply energy to synthesize ATP.
C) decompose ADP.
D) synthesize ADP.
E) synthesize glucose.

Question 43

During which phase is the stimulus frequency so high that the relaxation phase is eliminated?

A) complete tetanus
B) a twitch
C) incomplete tetanus
D) recovery
E) recruitment

Question 44

Exhaustion of energy reserves or decline in pH due to production and dissociation of lactic acid causes

A) muscle contraction.
B) the conduction of neural information to the muscle fiber.
C) muscle relaxation.
D) muscle fatigue.
E) the striated appearance of skeletal muscle.

Question 45

A resting muscle generates most of its ATP by

A) conversion of creatine phosphate.
B) anaerobic respiration.
C) aerobic respiration.
D) glycolysis.
E) heat loss.

Question 46

The additional oxygen required during the recovery period to restore the normal pre-exertion levels is called the

A) oxygen debt.
B) refractory oxygen amount.
C) anaerobic oxygen threshold.
D) aerobic oxygen threshold.
E) aerobic oxygen conversion.

Question 47

Which statement regarding the relaxation phase of a muscle twitch is true?

A) The phase begins at stimulation and typically lasts about two milliseconds.
B) Muscle tension falls to resting levels.
C) The action potential sweeps across the sarcomere during this period.
D) Tension rises to a peak.
E) Cross-bridges are interacting with active sites on actin filaments throughout this period.

Question 48

During moderate activity, which of the following is true regarding muscle metabolism?

A) The ATP produced is used to build energy reserves of ATP and glycogen.
B) Most ATP is produced through glycolysis, with lactate and hydrogen ions as byproducts.
C) Glucose and fatty acids are catabolized.
D) Mitochondrial activity provides about one-third of the ATP consumed.
E) Mitochondria are not involved.

Question 49

Which of the following occurs as a result of motor units in a particular muscle being always active, even though their contractions do not produce enough movement to cause contraction?

A) treppe
B) tetany
C) muscle tone
D) fatigue
E) a twitch

Question 50

Why do individual muscle twitches have to be added together, as in summation or tetanus?

A) Only added twitches produce any muscle contraction: A fiber undergoing a muscle twitch does not contract at all.
B) There has to be a critical mass of muscle twitches for calcium to be released into the muscle cell.
C) Not enough acetylcholine will be produced for contraction without multiple twitches.
D) Multiple twitches add up to an increase in muscle fiber tension, which increases the strength of the muscle.
E) Not enough ATP is generated by one muscle twitch.

Question 51

Muscle cells

A) actively lengthen.
B) generate compression.
C) possess a mechanism that regulates the tension amount by changing the number of contracting sarcomeres.
D) vary tension production based on the amount of sodium ions bound to actin.
E) can only contract.

Question 52

Which statement regarding isometric contractions is true?

A) Tension rises during a contraction.
B) The skeletal muscle's length changes.
C) The tension produced never exceeds the load.
D) Tension remains at a constant level until relaxation occurs.
E) Examples are walking and running.

Question 53

Glycolysis

A) is an anaerobic process.
B) is the breakdown of pyruvate to glucose.
C) acts as the only source of ATP in muscle tissue.
D) is only active during rest.
E) occurs in the nucleus.

Question 54

Botulism

A) is the result of an attack on acetylcholine receptors by the immune system.
B) is usually tied to a genetic predisposition.
C) is a viral illness.
D) results from the loss of acetylcholine receptors at the motor end plate.
E) results from a bacterial toxin that prevents the release of acetylcholine at the axon terminals.

Question 55

Regarding muscle fiber elongation,

A) many active mechanisms exist for muscle fiber elongation.
B) muscle contraction is passive; whereas, elongation is active.
C) opposing muscle movements are not a factor.
D) gravity may help lengthen a muscle fiber after elongation.
E) elastic forces are generated where a muscle fiber elongates.

Question 56

Which of the following occurs when glycolysis produces pyruvate faster than it can be used by the mitochondria?

A) Pyruvate levels drop in the cytoplasm.
B) Lactic acid is produced.
C) Pyruvate is converted to sucrose.
D) Lactic acid dissociates into a water molecule and hydrogen.
E) Oxygen is produced.

Question 57

After death, rigor mortis lasts until

A) ATP is produced.
B) T-tubules recapture calcium ions.
C) sodium ions are released by the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
D) sarcomeres lengthen.
E) myofilaments are broken down.

Question 58

Calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum during the ________ phase of contraction.

A) latent
B) contraction
C) twitch
D) relaxation
E) recovery

Question 59

Which of the following occurs when tension production rises to a peak and very brief periods of relaxation occur?

A) resting period
B) latency
C) tension plateau
D) incomplete tetanus
E) complete tetanus

Question 60

Choose the correct statement regarding motor units.

A) Muscle fibers of each motor unit are not mingled with those of other motor units.
B) During a sustained contraction, all motor units are activated simultaneously.
C) A motor neuron may control only two or three muscle fibers of the eye muscle(s).
D) When muscles contract for sustained periods, maximal tension is maintained.
E) Most motor neurons control fewer than five muscle fibers.

Question 61

The term used to describe muscular growth in response to usage is

A) multiple sclerosis.
B) muscular dystrophy.
C) atrophy.
D) hypertrophy.
E) myopathy.

Question 62

The heart has to be able to regulate its contractions. Heart muscle, unlike skeletal muscle, cannot go into a tetanus. This is because

A) the heart muscle has to be able to consistently contract and pump blood in a controlled fashion.
B) heart muscle is not resistant to fatigue.
C) heart muscle contracts faster than skeletal muscle.
D) heart muscle cannot use glycogen.
E) the heart uses aerobic metabolism.

Question 63

Which statement regarding "heat loss" is true?

A) Muscle activity does not generate heat.
B) Shivering in a cold environment results in higher levels of heat loss.
C) When skeletal muscles are contracting at peak levels, body temperature drops.
D) Heat loss is reduced when blood flow to the skin increases.
E) Muscle contractions play an important role in the maintenance of normal body temperature.

Question 64

Which of the following terms is a descriptive word for a muscle's action?

A) obliques
B) costalis
C) biceps
D) adductor
E) pectinate

Question 65

Which of the following is true about red muscles?

A) Red muscles are slower than white muscles.
B) Red muscles have fewer mitochondria than white muscles.
C) Red muscles have fibers of greater diameter than those of white muscles.
D) Red muscles contain less myoglobin than white muscles.
E) Red muscles fatigue quickly.

Question 66

Which of the following muscles is named for its shape?

A) pectoralis major
B) biceps brachii
C) deltoid
D) erector spinae
E) tibialis anterior

Question 67

During activities requiring aerobic endurance,

A) glycogen and glycolysis are the primary sources of reserve energy.
B) amino acids are not broken down.
C) most of the muscle's energy is produced in mitochondria.
D) fatigue occurs in a few minutes.
E) muscle hypertrophy often occurs.

Question 68

A person whose genetic makeup makes him or her a better marathon runner than a sprinter probably has more ________ in his or her leg muscles.

A) fast fibers
B) intermediate fibers
C) slow fibers
D) dark fibers
E) red fibers

Question 69

Smooth muscle cells

A) have to be innervated by motor neurons.
B) are larger than cardiac muscle cells.
C) are multinucleate.
D) contain intercalated discs.
E) are spindle-shaped.

Question 70

"Anaerobic endurance"

A) is used during long, slow athletic activities.
B) is exemplified by contractions of fast muscle fibers.
C) is determined by the availability of carbohydrates, lipids, or amino acids for breakdown.
D) is the length of time a muscle can continue to contract while supported by mitochondrial activities.
E) does not promote muscle hypertrophy.

Question 71

Regarding lactic acid regulation, which cells in the body consume extra oxygen and produce ATP for the conversion of excess lactate absorbed from the blood back to glucose?

A) neurons
B) cardiac muscle cells
C) skeletal muscle fibers
D) liver cells
E) erythrocytes

Question 72

Which of the following is an accurate characteristic of slow fibers?

A) Slow muscle tissue has a much less extensive network of capillaries than does typical fast muscle tissue.
B) Resting slow muscle fibers contain oxygen reserves, bound to myoglobin.
C) Slow muscle tissue has a lower oxygen supply than does fast muscle tissue.
D) Slow muscle fibers contain fewer mitochondria than do fast muscle fibers.
E) Slow muscle fibers contain myoglobin, a globular protein, which binds sodium.

Question 73

Nonstriated, involuntary muscle is

A) cardiac.
B) red skeletal.
C) smooth.
D) white skeletal.
E) intermediate skeletal.

Question 74

Smooth muscle

A) does not use calcium.
B) is not resistant to fatigue.
C) contracts faster than skeletal muscle.
D) does not undergo tetanus.
E) uses primarily aerobic metabolism.

Question 75

Fast fibers

A) have loosely packed myofibrils.
B) have a high concentration of myoglobin.
C) have many mitochondria.
D) have high glycogen reserves.
E) are about half the diameter of slow fibers.

Question 76

Looking at the muscle name sternocleidomastoid, you would identify that this muscle is located in the area of the

A) leg.
B) neck.
C) back.
D) abdomen.
E) arm.

Question 77

The less-movable end of a skeletal muscle is the

A) insertion.
B) belly.
C) origin.
D) proximal end.
E) distal end.

Question 78

Which of the following muscles functions to maintain an erect spinal column and head?

A) erector spinae
B) biceps brachii
C) triceps brachii
D) rectus femoris
E) biceps femoris

Question 79

Which of the following is characteristic of cardiac muscle?

A) Cardiac muscle cells are striated.
B) Cardiac muscle cells achieve tetany with every contraction.
C) Cardiac muscle fibers are multinucleated.
D) Cardiac muscle fibers are faster than skeletal muscles.
E) Neurons that innervate cardiac muscle tissue are under voluntary control.

Question 80

Which of the following is a muscle that originates from the zygomatic arch and functions in elevating the mandible?

A) masseter
B) frontalis
C) digastric
D) temporalis
E) medial pterygoid