Deck 5: The Integumentary System

Question 1

Choose the correct order of the cell layers, or strata, in a section of thick skin, from the basement membrane toward the free surface (deep to superficial). 1. stratum lucidum
2) stratum basale
3) stratum corneum
4) stratum granulosum
5) stratum spinosum

A) 3, 5, 4, 1, 2
B) 3, 4, 1, 5, 2
C) 2, 1, 4, 5, 3
D) 2, 4, 5, 3, 1
E) 2, 5, 4, 1, 3

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Epidermal cells are supplied with nutrients from blood vessels in the

A) dermis.
B) epidermis.
C) hypodermis.
D) epidermis and dermis.
E) subcutaneous layer.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The layer containing adipose tissue is

A) A.
B) B.
C) C.
D) O.
E) M.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following is the correct order of the layers of the cutaneous membrane?

A) epidermis, hypodermis, dermis
B) dermis, epidermis, hypodermis
C) epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
D) hypodermis, dermis, epidermis
E) dermis, hypodermis, dermis

Question 5

Thin skin is defined by the thickness of the

A) dermis.
B) epidermis.
C) hypodermis.
D) subcutaneous layer.
E) integument as a whole.

Question 6

The deepest layer of cells in the epidermis is the cells of the

A) stratum corneum.
B) stratum lucidum.
C) stratum basale.
D) stratum granulosum.
E) stratum spinosum.

Question 7

The protein that contributes to many of the skin's protective qualities is called

A) melanin.
B) keratin.
C) carotene.
D) dermicidin.
E) calcitriol.

Question 8

Projections of loose connective tissue from the dermis, which extend upward between the adjacent ridges of the epidermis, are called

A) epidermal ridges.
B) strata.
C) reticular layers.
D) accessory structures.
E) dermal papillae.

Question 9

Figure 5-1 The General Structure of the Integumentary System
Use Figure 5-1 for the following questions:
Structure A on the skin diagram is the

A) epidermis.
B) dermis.
C) subcutaneous layer.
D) cutaneous membrane.
E) hypodermis.

Question 10

Thick skin can be found on the

A) back.
B) palms.
C) legs.
D) arms.
E) chest.

Question 11

Functions of the skin include

A) regulating body temperature.
B) synthesizing antibodies.
C) producing adipose tissue.
D) synthesizing digestive enzymes.
E) release of large amounts of hormones.

Question 12

As cells are pushed from the deeper portion of the epidermis toward the surface,

A) they divide.
B) they die.
C) their nutrient supply increases.
D) they enter the dermis.
E) they produce daughter cells.

Question 13

Structure B on the skin diagram is the

A) epidermis.
B) dermis.
C) subcutaneous layer.
D) cutaneous membrane.
E) hypodermis.

Question 14

The skin is also called the ________ membrane.

A) serous
B) mucous
C) synovial
D) cutaneous
E) peritoneal

Question 15

Through which cellular interactions are the cells of the stratum basale firmly attached to the plasma membrane?

A) gap junctions
B) CAMs
C) tight junctions
D) connexons
E) hemidesmosomes

Question 16

Figure 5-1 The General Structure of the Integumentary System
Use Figure 5-1 for the following questions:
Which layer of the diagram identifies the area where a hypodermic needle would be placed for an injection of a drug?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) N
E) K

Question 17

The layer of the epidermis at the exposed surface is the

A) stratum corneum.
B) stratum lucidum.
C) stratum basale.
D) stratum granulosum.
E) stratum spinosum.

Question 18

The epidermal layer whose cells have stopped dividing and started to produce large amounts of keratin is the

A) stratum corneum.
B) stratum lucidum.
C) stratum basale.
D) stratum granulosum.
E) stratum spinosum.

Question 19

Which of the following is the function of the combination of epidermal ridges and dermal papillae?

A) increase storage of nutrients in the digestive tract
B) increase surface area for diffusion between the dermis and epidermis
C) increase sensory reception
D) increase secretion of milk in specialized integumentary glands
E) increase large reserves of lipids in adipose tissue

Question 20

Drugs suspended in ________ or ________ can be carried across the plasma membranes of the epidermal cells.

A) water; blood
B) water; lipids
C) oils; alcohol
D) oils; lipid-soluble solvents
E) sebum; water

Question 21

The skin may turn orange as a result of ________ buildup.

A) biliverdin
B) keratin
C) carotene
D) melanin
E) bilirubin

Question 22

Which layer is the stratum granulosum?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 23

A small amount of ultraviolet radiation is beneficial because it

A) increases blood flow in the dermis.
B) stimulates the synthesis of photoreceptor pigments in the eye.
C) constricts blood vessels in the dermis.
D) stimulates vitamin D₃ synthesis in the epidermis.
E) adjusts overall gland secretion rates in the body.

Question 24

Structure L on the skin diagram is the

A) blood vessel.
B) skeletal muscle.
C) ligament.
D) arrector pili.
E) hair papilla.

Question 25

Where is keratin concentration the highest?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 26

Photo Credit: Robert B. Tallitsch
Figure 5-2 The Strata of the Epidermis in Thick Skin
Use Figure 5-2 to answer the following questions:
The layer marked A is the

A) stratum basale.
B) stratum corneum.
C) stratum lucidum.
D) stratum spinosum.
E) stratus germinativum.

Question 27

When a person becomes "pale," what is the physiologic basis?

A) The blood supply to the skin increases.
B) The number of red melanocytes in the skin increases.
C) Melanocytes increase production of red pigments.
D) The blood supply to the skin decreases.
E) Increased heat causes the skin to turn red.

Question 28

Structure F on the skin diagram is a(n)

A) oil gland.
B) sweat gland.
C) sensory receptor.
D) wax gland.
E) naked nerve ending.

Question 29

Photo Credit: Robert B. Tallitsch
Figure 5-2 The Strata of the Epidermis in Thick Skin
Use Figure 5-2 to answer the following questions:
The lowest level of cells of the strata, marked E, consists of

A) keratin protein.
B) collagen fibers.
C) dead cells.
D) carotene-producing cells.
E) mitotically active epithelial cells.

Question 30

The observed differences in skin color reflect the levels of ________ production.

A) melanin
B) keratinocyte
C) carotene
D) keratin
E) melanocyte

Question 31

When the body is overheated, the skin responds by

A) decreasing melanin production.
B) losing oxygen to surrounding tissues.
C) constricting blood vessels.
D) dilating blood vessels.
E) increasing keratin production.

Question 32

Exposure of the skin to ultraviolet light

A) can result in increased numbers of melanocytes forming in the skin.
B) can result in decreased melanin production by melanocytes.
C) can cause destruction of vitamin D₃.
D) can increase melanocyte activity.
E) has no effect on the skin cells.

Question 33

What is the function of melanin?

A) It provides water-resistant properties to the integument.
B) It continuously divides to replace cells that are lost or shed at the epithelial surface.
C) It is converted by the kidneys into the hormone calcitriol.
D) It is required for the normal maintenance of epithelial cells.
E) It protects DNA from the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation.

Question 34

Melanin serves to protect cells in the deeper layers of the epidermis from

A) discoloration.
B) melanocyte activity.
C) albinism.
D) ultraviolet radiation.
E) keratin production.

Question 35

Structures marked J on the skin diagram are

A) sudoriferous glands.
B) smooth muscles.
C) sebaceous glands.
D) immature hair follicles.
E) sensory receptors.

Question 36

________ is a pigment found in vegetables that can make skin appear orange or yellow.

A) Carotene
B) Melanin
C) Sebum
D) Cerumen
E) Cyanosis

Question 37

In albinism, ________ is lacking.

A) melanin
B) keratin
C) carotene
D) keratinocytes
E) collagen

Question 38

The part of the skin at the bottom of the picture, seen in a lighter shade of gray, is the

A) strata.
B) carotene.
C) dermis.
D) cornified region.
E) hypodermis.

Question 39

The most mitotically active part of the skin is structure

A) A.
B) B.
C) C.
D) D.
E) Q.

Question 40

The structure composed of stratified squamous epithelium is

A) A.
B) B.
C) C.
D) M.
E) L.

Question 41

What is the composition of the papillary layer of the dermis?

A) dense, regular connective tissue
B) stratified squamous epithelium
C) reticular connective tissue
D) areolar connective tissue
E) dense, irregular connective tissue

Question 42

The ________ layer of the dermis contains bundles of collagen fibers and elastin, and is responsible for the mechanical strength and flexibility of the skin.

A) germinative
B) reticular
C) subcutaneous
D) papillary
E) corneal

Question 43

Epidermal cells synthesize this vitamin when exposed to sunlight.

A) vitamin D₂
B) vitamin C
C) vitamin E
D) vitamin D₃
E) vitamin A

Question 44

Which of the following conditions is the most common form of skin cancer?

A) melanoma
B) cyanosis
C) squamous cell carcinoma
D) albinism
E) basal cell carcinoma

Question 45

Figure 5-3 A Single Hair Follicle and Hair (Longitudinal Section)
Use Figure 5-3 to answer the following questions:
The function of structure E is

A) to attach the hair shaft firmly to the dermis so that it does not move.
B) the deposition of high concentrations of melanin to color the hair shaft.
C) the production of new cells that will make the hair shaft longer.
D) the production of hormones that can affect the growth cycles of the hair follicle.
E) to change the orientation of the hair shaft.

Question 46

The hypodermis

A) provides mechanical strength to the skin.
B) is quite elastic.
C) has no blood vessels.
D) is composed of strata with various functions.
E) contains a variety of sensory receptors.

Question 47

Lipid is concentrated with the cells of the

A) hypodermis.
B) dermis.
C) cornified region.
D) stratum granulosum.
E) stratum spinosum.

Question 48

Which of the following is the function of hair associated with a nerve fiber?

A) provides an early-warning system that may help prevent injury
B) helps cushion a light blow to the head
C) protects the scalp from UV light
D) helps prevent the entry of foreign particles
E) provides protection for the surface of the eye

Question 49

The reticular layer's collagen fibers directly provide which function?

A) prevent damage to the tissue
B) nourish the epidermis
C) provide flexibility
D) provide sensory information
E) increase surface area of the dermis

Question 50

The subcutaneous layer consists of

A) epithelial and adipose tissues.
B) areolar and adipose tissues.
C) dense connective and loose connective tissues.
D) epithelium and loose connective tissues.
E) skeletal muscles and adipose tissue.

Question 51

This layer is composed of a high concentration of collagen fibers.

A) stratum corneum
B) stratum granulosum
C) dermis
D) hypodermis
E) cornified region

Question 52

All new growth in the length of the hair shaft occurs at

A) B.
B) C.
C) D.
D) F.
E) G.

Question 53

The blood supply to the skin arises from a network of blood vessels called the ________ plexus in the hypodermis, at its border with the reticular layer of the dermis.

A) cervical
B) mesenteric
C) brachial
D) celiac
E) cutaneous

Question 54

Why are injections administered in the hypodermis when administering drugs using a hypodermic needle?

A) There is an abundance of capillaries in the hypodermis.
B) The hypodermis is highly innervated.
C) Since it is vascularized, the hypodermis can absorb a lot of fluid.
D) Both elastic fibers and collagen fibers are present.
E) The presence of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels help local tissues defend and repair themselves.

Question 55

The loose connective tissue that separates the integument from deeper tissues and organs is called the

A) dermis.
B) epidermis.
C) hypodermis.
D) integument.
E) papillary layer.

Question 56

Figure 5-3 A Single Hair Follicle and Hair (Longitudinal Section)
Use Figure 5-3 to answer the following questions:
Structure F is the

A) sebaceous gland.
B) apocrine gland.
C) endocrine gland.
D) eccrine gland.
E) hair matrix.

Question 57

The most severe type of skin cancer is most likely to develop from

A) nonpigmented epithelial cells.
B) melanocytes.
C) pigmented basal cells.
D) nonpigmented dermal cells.
E) keratinocytes.

Question 58

Nerve fibers in the dermis most likely function in

A) defending of local tissues after infection.
B) providing nutrients and oxygen to the skin.
C) monitoring sensory receptors in the dermis.
D) repairing tissue after injury.
E) removing carbon dioxide and waste products.

Question 59

The dermis is composed largely of

A) adipose.
B) fluid connective.
C) dense irregular connective.
D) muscle.
E) neural.

Question 60

The highly vascular layer of the skin, which provides thermoregulation via changing blood flow, is the

A) epidermis.
B) subcutaneous layer.
C) stratum basale.
D) stratum corneum.
E) dermis.

Question 61

Shafts of hair are comprised of

A) living keratinized dermal cells.
B) dead keratinized dermal cells.
C) keratinized adipose cells.
D) living keratinized epidermal cells.
E) dead keratinized epidermal cells.

Question 62

Modified and specialized sweat glands that produce milk are called ________ glands.

A) ceruminous
B) apocrine sweat
C) sebaceous
D) merocrine sweat
E) mammary

Question 63

Merocrine sweat glands

A) are most common in the axillary and inguinal regions of the body.
B) respond primarily to elevated body temperature.
C) respond only in times of stress.
D) are active only in areas of dense hair.
E) are absent in the palms and soles.

Question 64

When the arrector pili muscles contract,

A) "goose bumps" are formed.
B) hairs are shed.
C) sweat is released from sweat glands.
D) shivering occurs.
E) the skin changes color.

Question 65

The function of the arrector pili is

A) diffusion.
B) thermoregulation.
C) lubrication.
D) contraction.
E) fat storage.

Question 66

A hair shaft is composed of

A) melanin.
B) carotene.
C) starch.
D) lipid.
E) keratin.

Question 67

The condition that results from clogged sebaceous glands is

A) a boil.
B) a carbuncle.
C) acne.
D) a blister.
E) a freckle.

Question 68

The ________ is associated with the puckering of skin and the pulling of the hair follicle.

A) arrector pili
B) hypodermis
C) dermal papilla
D) epidermal ridge
E) stratum basale

Question 69

You have been severely burned on the right arm in a house fire, but you are now recovering. The second- and third-degree burns have destroyed the epidermis and dermis of your arm. Predict the long-term consequences of this burn.

A) death at an early age
B) inability to control body temperature
C) no skin at all will replace the burned area
D) no growth of hair in the damaged skin area
E) inability to use the arm in any way

Question 70

The lipid in oil glands is released through which type of secretion?

A) eccrine
B) apocrine
C) merocrine
D) endocrine
E) holocrine

Question 71

The walls of each hair follicle contain all the cell layers found in which of the following?

A) hypodermis
B) dermis
C) subcutaneous layer
D) epidermis
E) basement membrane

Question 72

There is a connective tissue layer protecting the hair shaft, marked as structure

A) A.
B) B.
C) C.
D) E.
E) F.

Question 73

The glands that begin discharging a sticky, cloudy, and potentially odorous secretion at puberty are called ________ glands.

A) ceruminous
B) mucous
C) apocrine
D) sebaceous
E) merocrine

Question 74

Hair is formed by the repeated divisions of epithelial stem cells in which structure?

A) hair root
B) cuticle of the hair
C) medulla of the hair
D) cortex of the hair
E) hair matrix

Question 75

The function of the secretion of a sebaceous gland is

A) cell lysis.
B) thermoregulation.
C) lubrication.
D) contraction.
E) energy.

Question 76

Which statement is correct?

A) Using expensive hair products can enhance the mitotic growth of hair cells within the shaft.
B) A hair shaft is made of varying densities and consistencies of keratin.
C) All hairs have the same growth cycle until mid-life.
D) Carotene is the major pigment that colors hair shafts.
E) Any hair loss signifies a medical condition, which should be checked by a doctor.

Question 77

In other mammals, the ________ glands function as scent glands, providing an important form of communication.

A) eccrine
B) sebaceous
C) apocrine
D) mammary
E) merocrine

Question 78

Through which mechanism does perspiration function in cooling the body?

A) conduction
B) evaporation
C) convection
D) radiation
E) diffusion

Question 79

The hair papilla, structure A, consists of

A) adipose tissue.
B) keratin.
C) collagen.
D) blood vessels and nerves.
E) skeletal muscle.

Question 80

Glands that are located in the passageway of the external ear are called ________ glands.

A) ceruminous
B) apocrine sweat
C) sebaceous
D) merocrine sweat
E) mammary