Deck 2: Hypothesis Development: Where Research Questions Come From

Question 1

An abstract of a journal article that adheres to APA guidelines ______.

A) can be as long as you want it to be
B) can include extra information about the study that you forgot to include in the body of the paper
C) must include a description of every result found in the study
D) is typically no more than 150 words

Answer 1

is typically no more than 150 words

Question 2

Explanations of behavior that need to be tested are called ______.

A) results
B) findings
C) theories
D) descriptions

Answer 2

theories

Question 3

A theory ______.

A) is an explanation of a behavior
B) is the same as a prediction
C) cannot be tested with the scientific method
D) cannot explain behavior

Answer 3

is an explanation of a behavior

Question 4

According to APA guidelines, the participants section is a subsection of the ______ section.

A) reference
B) results
C) method
D) introduction

Question 5

A literature review is ______.

A) the same as a journal article
B) only conducted with books
C) a detailed review of past research in a topic area
D) never conducted using PsycINFO

Question 6

Choosing a research question is the ______ step in the research process.

A) first
B) second
C) third
D) fourth

Question 7

If a researcher makes a hypothesis for a study based on results that were reported in previous studies, they are making a ______ hypothesis.

A) theory-driven
B) data-driven
C) causal
D) descriptive

Question 8

Of the following resources, ______ likely cannot help a researcher conduct a literature review.

A) PsycINFO
B) reading book chapters
C) reading journal articles
D) typing your topic into Google

Question 9

Predicting that a dog should breathe because all mammals breathe, and all dogs are mammals is an example of ______ reasoning.

A) inductive
B) deductive
C) causal
D) descriptive

Question 10

Theory-driven hypotheses rely on ______ reasoning, whereas data-driven hypotheses rely on ______ reasoning.

A) descriptive; causal
B) causal; descriptive
C) deductive; inductive
D) inductive; deductive

Question 11

In the ______ section of a published journal article one will find graphs or tables of the summary data.

A) results
B) hypotheses
C) participants
D) abstract

Question 12

"Are women who are pregnant depressed?" is an example of a ______ research question.

A) predictive
B) causal
C) descriptive
D) non-empirical

Question 13

A good database to use to find journal articles in the area of biological psychology is ______.

A) ERIC
B) PsycINFO
C) PubMed
D) Google

Question 14

"Does lack of sleep cause depression?" is an example of a ______ research question.

A) predictive
B) causal
C) descriptive
D) non-empirical

Question 15

The ______ section of an APA style article should provide enough information about the way the study was conducted to allow researchers to replicate the study if they wish.

A) introduction
B) method
C) references
D) discussion

Question 16

A way to get the most up-to-date information on research being conducted in an area of psychology is to ______.

A) read journal articles
B) read book chapters
C) attend a conference
D) do a web search

Question 17

A search in PsycINFO will not yield results if a(n) ______ is used as the search criteria.

A) topic of the article
B) author of the article
C) word in the abstract or title of the article
D) book title

Question 18

Predicting that all dogs can run because one dog was seen running is an example of ______ reasoning.

A) inductive
B) deductive
C) causal
D) descriptive

Question 19

An APA style article has the section ordered as ______.

A) abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion
B) introduction, method, discussion, abstract
C) results, method, discussion, references
D) references, abstract, discussion, results

Question 20

Research questions for psychological studies ______.

A) should be important for understanding behavior in a particular area
B) should be answerable using intuition
C) should be questions already answered in previous studies
D) should never be descriptive

Question 21

"What types of people benefit most from cognitive behavioral therapy?" is a research question from the ______ area of psychological research.

A) cognitive
B) social
C) clinical
D) industrial-organizational

Question 22

Information about the statistical tests that were performed to analyze the data is included in the ______ section of an empirical journal article.

A) results
B) introduction
C) methods
D) discussion

Question 23

"Thirty minutes before bed, will taking a brisk 20-minute walk or doing Yoga facilitate time to fall asleep more?" as a research question is a ______ question.

A) behavior
B) application
C) descriptive
D) causal

Question 24

Interested in conducting a literature search on depression and migraine headache correlation, a good place to start is a keyword search of ______.

A) depression AND migraines
B) depression OR migraines
C) depression
D) migraines

Question 25

Justification for the present study is generally found in a well-written ______ section of an empirical journal article.

A) abstract
B) methods
C) introduction
D) conclusion

Question 26

"Is anxiety in college students caused by a lack of confidence in their abilities?" is an example of a ______ research question.

A) predictive
B) causal
C) descriptive
D) non-empirical

Question 27

"What are the causes of alcoholism for veterans who were not in actual combat?" is a research question in the area of ______ psychology.

A) social
B) industrial-organizational
C) clinical
D) biological

Question 28

"What types of memory decline as people age?" is a research question from the ______ of psychological research.

A) cognitive
B) social
C) clinical
D) biological

Question 29

A research question that asks about the presence of behavior, how frequently it is exhibited, or whether there is a relationship between different behaviors is a ______ research question.

A) descriptive
B) causal
C) fundamental
D) vital

Question 30

Popular magazine articles are considered ______ for research information in a literature review.

A) primary sources
B) secondary sources
C) detailed sources
D) thorough source

Question 31

An introduction section does not provide the ______ content of study.

A) introduction to the general topic
B) design, materials, and procedure
C) general problem
D) brief description of how the current study addresses the relevant aspect of the research question

Question 32

The ______ section is a short paragraph that summarizes the content of the article.

A) discussion
B) sample
C) abstract
D) summary

Question 33

"How does an authority figure influence behavior?" is a research question from the ______ area of psychological research.

A) cognitive
B) social
C) industrial-organizational
D) biological

Question 34

A research question that asks what causes specific behaviors to occur is a(n) ______ research question.

A) descriptive
B) causal
C) fundamental
D) applied

Question 35

A hypothesis for a study that is a fact-based framework for describing a behavioral phenomenon of interest is a ______ hypothesis.

A) theory-driven
B) data-driven
C) causal
D) descriptive

Question 36

"What are the effects of amphetamine on the brain?" is a research question from the ______ area of psychological research.

A) cognitive
B) social
C) clinical
D) biological

Question 37

If you are conducting a literature review on topics such as standardized testing, you may want to search for articles in ______.

A) ERIC
B) PsycINFO
C) PubMed
D) Google

Question 38

Articles that have not been peer reviewed are typically ______.

A) less reliable sources of information
B) more reliable sources of information
C) evaluated by experts in the field
D) not useful to researchers

Question 39

Peer review is a process where an article is ______.

A) discussed by the author and their peers in a meeting
B) posted on a public blog and readers can make comments
C) sent by the author via email to their peers to review
D) sent to several experts on the general topic of the article for review

Question 40

"How does work environment affect job stress?" is a research question from ______ area of psychological research?

A) industrial-organizational
B) social
C) clinical
D) biological

Question 41

An introduction is a short summary of the study that allows readers to decide if the article is relevant to their literature review without reading the entire article.

Question 42

Taking a specific result from another study and using it to make a more general prediction for the research question of interest is inductive reasoning.

Question 43

Describe how you would conduct a literature review for the research question "Do symptoms of depression improve with cognitive therapy?"

Question 44

The methods section provides a summary of the data (often in tables or figures) and information about the statistical tests that were performed to analyze the data.

Question 45

Google Scholar will search the Web for academic journals and books to find articles relevant to a topic or written by a specific author.

Question 46

Detail and discussion of what one should include in the results section of an empirical research article.

Question 47

Empirical journal articles are considered secondary sources for research information because they are written by the researchers who conducted the research and details of the study are provided.

Question 48

Explain the difference between an empirical journal article and a popular magazine article.

Question 49

Explain the difference between theory-driven and data-driven hypotheses.

Question 50

Theory-driven hypotheses are made from the predictions of a theory.

Question 51

Explain the difference between descriptive and causal hypotheses.

Question 52

Researchers should consider how appropriate their question is for both scientific methods and the specific field of study before moving on to designing a study.

Question 53

Conducting a literature review will ensure that a new study will add to the knowledge in an area without duplicating what is already known.

Question 54

The review process for book chapters is variable and may not be as rigorous as that for journal articles.

Question 55

If researchers are interested in the causes of behavior, they state a prediction about a particular cause of behavior and are using data-driven theory.

Question 56

A theory-driven hypothesis involves inductive reasoning in that a researcher is taking a general statement about behavior (the theory) and making a specific prediction (the hypothesis) about the study from this general statement.

Question 57

Research questions are never descriptive.

Question 58

Explain why a Google search will not provide a good literature review of a topic area in psychology?

Question 59

Explanations of behavior that need to be tested can guide research questions.

Question 60

Discuss the purpose of review articles in terms of conducting a literature review.