Deck 15: More About Other Specialized Designs

Question 1

A primary disadvantage of a longitudinal design is ______.

A) the amount of time it takes to conduct the study
B) that cohort/generation effects are likely to be present
C) that confounding variables cannot be controlled as well as in cross-sectional designs
D) they are nearly impossible to conduct due to attrition

Answer 1

the amount of time it takes to conduct the study

Question 2

A small-n design that involves baseline measurements of behavior as compared with measures of behavior during the implementation of a treatment is called ______.

A) discrete trials
B) A-B-A
C) baseline
D) reversal

Answer 2

baseline

Question 3

A developmental psychologist compares standardized math test scores for 2nd, 5th, and 10th graders. The subjects are all tested at the same time, thus, different groups of subjects are tested, each group at a different age. This study utilizes a(n) ______ design.

A) longitudinal
B) cross-sectional
C) cohort-sequential
D) experimental

Answer 3

cross-sectional

Question 4

Developmental designs that treat age as a between-subjects variable are called ______ designs.

A) longitudinal
B) cross-sectional
C) cohort-sequential
D) causal

Question 5

A researcher measured behavior before a treatment is implemented to compare with the behavior after the treatment has been implemented, is a ______.

A) confounding variable
B) baseline measurement
C) cohort-sequential design
D) quasi-experiment

Question 6

Mathematical description of behavior is often a common goal of ______ designs, which is possible with the large number of measurements collected of basic behaviors.

A) discrete trials
B) A-B-A
C) baseline
D) reversal

Question 7

The example of ______ is not a use of a small-n design.

A) a researcher wishes to test the effect of a treatment on an individual
B) test a mathematical description of behavior
C) a behavior that does not differ across individuals very much is examined
D) a researcher wishes to test the effect of a treatment on 1,000 participants

Question 8

Cross-sectional designs are more likely to be affected by ______ as a source of bias than are longitudinal designs.

A) testing effects
B) attrition/mortality
C) cohort/generation effects
D) order effects

Question 9

Ebbinghaus used a ______ design to develop the forgetting law of memory.

A) quasi-experimental
B) small-n
C) covariate
D) between-subject

Question 10

A-B-A design is also called ______.

A) discrete trials
B) reversal design
C) baseline
D) A-B-A-B design

Question 11

A small-n design that involves a large number of trials completed by one or a few individuals and conducted to describe basic behaviors is called ______.

A) discrete trials
B) A-B-A
C) baseline
D) reversal

Question 12

A researcher measures time on task behavior for a student who has been referred by their teacher. Then the researcher implements a new reward system for the student to determine if the reward system increases time on task behavior. Time on task behavior is then measured a second time without the treatment to determine if the behavior returns to pretreatment levels. This study uses a ______ design.

A) A-B-A-B
B) discrete trials
C) A-B-A
D) both A-B-A-B and discrete trials

Question 13

There are three main types of developmental designs that treat the factor of age in a different way including all but ______.

A) longitudinal
B) cross-sectional
C) cohort-sequential
D) causal

Question 14

A cohort/generation effect may occur when ______.

A) people who know each other are subjects in the same study
B) a cross-sectional design is conducted
C) a time-series design is used
D) a Latin Square design is used

Question 15

The ______ design is often preferable to either a longitudinal or a cross-sectional design.

A) within-subjects
B) between-subjects
C) cohort-sequential
D) causal

Question 16

The ______ effects occur when participants' experience in one condition affects their behavior in another condition of a study.

A) testing
B) attrition/mortality
C) cohort/generation
D) carryover

Question 17

A cohort-sequential design handles some of the sources of bias present in other developmental designs by ______.

A) manipulating age as an independent variable
B) examining age effects both longitudinally and cross-sectionally
C) removing all possible cohort/generation effects
D) all of these

Question 18

______ may occur in cross-sectional designs due to different experiences that different generations have.

A) Testing effects
B) Attrition/mortality
C) Cohort/generation effects
D) Carryover

Question 19

Because there are no group means to present in ______ designs, data are often presented for the individual participants in the study.

A) small-n
B) between-subjects
C) case study
D) experimental

Question 20

In a longitudinal design age is treated as a ______ variable, but age is treated as a ______ variable in a cross-sectional design.

A) within-subjects; within- and between-subjects
B) within- and between-subjects; between-subjects
C) within-subjects; between-subjects
D) between-subjects; within-subjects

Question 21

Participants may get tired of being in the study, or they may move and lose contact with the researchers. This is called ______.

A) attrition
B) erosion
C) corrosion
D) deterioration

Question 22

Dr. Clark observes his client's sleep difficulties for a period of 2 weeks to establish a baseline. He then institutes an intervention and measures the client's sleep difficulties for 2 weeks. The intervention is removed for a period of 2 weeks and then implemented again, and measurements are taken. This design is best described as ______.

A) A-B
B) A-B-A
C) A-B-A-B
D) A-B-B-A

Question 23

A psychologist measures a student's disruptive behavior to determine the behavior rate that currently exists. This is an example of ______.

A) baseline measurement
B) initial measurement
C) behavior measurement
D) existing measurement

Question 24

The main disadvantage to ______ is that the results cannot always be generalized to people outside the study.

A) small-n
B) between-subjects
C) case study
D) experimental

Question 25

A basic behavioral processes study such as the way that information is forgotten in memory is an example of ______ design.

A) discrete trials
B) longitudinal
C) small-n
D) between-subjects

Question 26

In the ______ design, each participant is tested only once, which reduces the chance of attrition.

A) longitudinal
B) cross-sectional
C) cohort-sequential
D) causal

Question 27

The ______ designs are typically used to study very basic behaviors (e.g., sensory processes, learning processes), where the behaviors being measured should be very similar from person to person, and for studies where the goal is to tailor a treatment to a specific person.

A) small-n
B) between-subjects
C) case study
D) experimental

Question 28

______ can occur for tasks that may affect future performance over time.

A) Testing effects
B) Attrition/mortality
C) Cohort/generation effects
D) Carryover effects

Question 29

In longitudinal within-subjects variable design each participant experiences ______ of the independent variable.

A) baseline measures
B) testing effects
C) all levels
D) generation effects

Question 30

The ______ designs compare different age groups of participants, where each participant contributes data for only one age group.

A) longitudinal
B) cross-sectional
C) cohort-sequential
D) causal

Question 31

Carryover effects can occur for tasks that may affect future performance over time.

Question 32

If younger and older adults are tested with a survey presented on a computer, it is possible that the older adults may have more difficulty completing the survey because some may lack experience with computers. This is an example of ______.

A) testing effects
B) attrition/mortality
C) cohort/generation effects
D) carryover

Question 33

Some of the earliest studies in psychology used ______.

A) discrete trials
B) A-B-A designs
C) baseline designs
D) reversal designs

Question 34

Because the researcher collects data from all age groups at the same time, the study can be completed more quickly with a ______ design.

A) longitudinal
B) cross-sectional
C) cohort-sequential
D) causal

Question 35

In A-B-A design, the first A indicates ______.

A) the baseline measure of behavior
B) the treatment
C) the number of participants
D) the number of conditions

Question 36

Whereas a ______ study takes time to complete because researchers must wait for the participants to age, it allows researchers to compare ages quickly with the first testing of the different-aged samples.

A) longitudinal
B) cross-sectional
C) cohort-sequential
D) causal

Question 37

Small-n designs are sometimes called ______ designs.

A) multiple subject
B) single subject
C) two subject
D) limited subject

Question 38

Repeated baseline measurements help improve the ______ of a single-subject study.

A) ecological validity
B) generalizability
C) internal validity
D) sample's representativeness

Question 39

______ occur when the experiences of one generation (e.g., growing up with or without computers) are very different from those of another generation and affect the way the participants complete the task or measure in the study.

A) Testing effects
B) Attrition/mortality
C) Cohort/generation effects
D) Carryover effects

Question 40

______ can be a source of bias in the study if the participants who drop out are different from the participants who remain.

A) Attrition
B) Erosion
C) Corrosion
D) Deterioration

Question 41

Discuss cohort-sequential designs and give an example.

Question 42

Describe the primary source of bias present in cross-sectional designs.

Question 43

Some of the earliest studies in psychology used the discrete trials type of small-n design.

Question 44

Describe the primary sources of bias present in longitudinal designs.

Question 45

In a small-n design, a researcher is typically testing a theory about how a behavior works for most individuals or testing a treatment for a problematic behavior of an individual or group of individuals.

Question 46

Increasing the length of time between the last baseline measurement and the first intervention measurement is an effective way to decrease the likelihood of history influencing participants' scores.

Question 47

What is discrete trials design and explain how it has been important historically in psychological research.

Question 48

Discuss data analysis in small-n designs.

Question 49

The goal of a small-n study is to understand an individual's behavior, either to better describe the behavior as it occurs for many individuals or in order to change that behavior.

Question 50

Using a small number of participants makes it easier for a researcher to control for extraneous factors.

Question 51

In a longitudinal design, participants are tested at different ages in their lives.

Question 52

In a longitudinal design, participants are tested at different ages in their lives.

Question 53

The cross-sectional design solves many of the problems that can occur with longitudinal designs.

Question 54

Discrete trials designs tend to achieve stable measures of behavior with high ecological validity.

Question 55

Longitudinal designs allow researchers to examine age effects quickly by testing subjects at different ages all at once.

Question 56

Cohort-sequential designs begin with separate samples of different age groups.

Question 57

In small-n designs, participants' experiences in the treatment condition can affect their later behavior in a second baseline condition that follows the treatment condition.

Question 58

Explain why small-n designs are also experiments.

Question 59

Being tested on the measures early in the study can affect the later testings as participants' scores may show effects of practice or fatigue.

Question 60

An advantage of longitudinal design is attrition.