Deck 6: Cytokines

Question 1

When IL-2 acts on T cells,B cells,and natural killer cells,this is an example of:

A) redundancy.
B) pleiotropy.
C) synergy.
D) antagonism.

Answer 1

pleiotropy.

Question 2

A person steps on a rusty nail,which punctures her skin and activates resident macrophages to secrete IL-1 beta.The fever that develops is an example of what type of cytokine signaling?

A) Autocrine
B) Paracrine
C) Endocrine
D) Kallikrein

Answer 2

Endocrine

Question 3

A protein released from a virally infected cell that protects other cells from viral invasion best describes:

A) IL-3.
B) interferon-alpha.
C) TNF.
D) IL-4.

Answer 3

interferon-alpha.

Question 4

Multiple cytokines are activated to cause similar biological effects.What is this process called?

A) Pleiotropy
B) Redundancy
C) Synergism
D) Antagonism

Question 5

The primary function of colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)is to promote:

A) apoptosis.
B) lysis.
C) diapedesis.
D) hematopoiesis.

Question 6

Which of the following cytokines is produced by Th1 cells and is suppressive for Th2 lymphocytes?

A) IL-2
B) IL-4
C) TGF-beta
D) IFN-gamma

Question 7

IFN-gamma is produced by:

A) B cells.
B) Th1 cells.
C) Th2 cells.
D) macrophages.

Question 8

IL-4 functions by:

A) inhibiting macrophages.
B) inducing hematopoiesis.
C) activating B cells.
D) activating macrophages.

Question 9

What is a main function of chemokines?

A) Inhibit the immune response
B) Enhance synthesis of acute-phase reactants
C) Establish a concentration gradient to guide cell movement
D) Protect cells from viral invasion

Question 10

The main target of IL-3 is:

A) antigen-activated B cells.
B) antigen-activated T cells.
C) macrophages.
D) stem cells.

Question 11

Which cytokine is involved in natural immunity?

A) IL-2
B) IL-4
C) IL-5
D) IL-6

Question 12

Identify the cytokine that is produced by Th2 cells and inhibits Th1.

A) IL-10
B) IL-5
C) IL-3
D) IFN-gamma

Question 13

Which clinical assay can be used for measuring cytokine concentrations in serum samples?

A) Microbead assay
B) Polymerase chain reaction
C) ELISpot
D) Flow cytometry

Question 14

IL-3,IL-5,and several colony-stimulating factors all use a common subunit in their receptors.As a result,you would expect that they have what kind of actions?

A) Pleiotropic
B) Redundant
C) Autocrine
D) Paracrine

Question 15

IL-2 is produced by one cell,and the same IL-2 stimulates that same cell.This type of cytokine activity is called:

A) autocrine.
B) paracrine.
C) endocrine.
D) pleotropic.

Question 16

IL-3,IL-7,and GM-CSF are all involved in:

A) hematopoiesis.
B) suppressing inflammation.
C) macrophage killing.
D) T-cell cytotoxicity.

Question 17

The actions of IL-1 and IL-10 are examples of:

A) redundancy.
B) antagonism.
C) synergy.
D) pleiotropy.

Question 18

IL-2 is synthesized by:

A) T cells.
B) B cells.
C) Monocytes.
D) Mast cells.

Question 19

Cytokines exhibit pleiotropy,which refers to:

A) multiple cytokines affecting the same cell.
B) one cytokine inhibiting the activity of another cytokine.
C) one cytokine affecting multiple cells.
D) cytokines acting together to affect a cell.

Question 20

What is the function of TGF-beta?

A) Promotes cell-mediated immunity
B) Regulates cell growth and differentiation
C) Inhibits IL-2
D) Acts as an endogenous pyrogen

Question 21

Select the assay format that is particularly advantageous for analyzing cytokines that act in networks or induce cascades of downstream cytokines.

A) ELISpot
B) Polymerase chain reaction
C) Agglutination
D) Multiplexed ELISA

Question 22

Which type of cytokine acts as the best defense against gram-negative bacteria?

A) TGF-beta
B) TNF
C) IL-2
D) IL-5

Question 23

Which option best describes the nature of IL-2?

A) Activates T helper cells
B) Is made by macrophages
C) Causes lysis of tumor cells
D) Downregulates the immune response

Question 24

Which cytokine might be given therapeutically to a patient with severe anemia?

A) IL-4
B) Erythropoietin
C) TGF-beta
D) Interferon-alpha

Question 25

Select the statement that best describes the action of IL-1.

A) Increases synthesis of acute-phase reactants
B) Increases proliferation of Th2 cells.
C) Increases production of IgE
D) Inhibits antigen presentation by macrophages

Question 26

Erythropoietin regulates:

A) T-cell function.
B) bone marrow cell differentiation.
C) proinflammatory cytokine synthesis.
D) the acute-phase response.

Question 27

Characteristic of cytokines include which of the following?

A) They are directly cytotoxic to bacteria.
B) They are produced primarily by the liver.
C) They are chemical messengers that regulate the immune system.
D) They are polysaccharides.

Question 28

Identify the main action of interferon-gamma.

A) Increases synthesis of acute-phase reactants
B) Stimulates cytotoxic T cells
C) Inhibits T-cell activity
D) Stimulates production of white blood cells

Question 29

A cytokine "storm" is a:

A) systemic transfer of reactive macrophages induced by cytokines.
B) cytokine-mediated invasion of an infected wound by leukocytes.
C) massive, pathological overproduction of cytokines that contributes to pathogenesis.
D) psychological response to cytokines that bind hypothalamic receptors.

Question 30

Which cells are primary producers of IL-1?

A) T helper cells
B) Cytotoxic T cells
C) B cells
D) Macrophages

Question 31

Acute cardiovascular shock,multi-organ failure,and death are sometimes not directly mediated by bacterial toxins but rather by:

A) excessive release of proinflammatory cytokines.
B) complement deficiency.
C) hyperactive Th2 cells.
D) IL-10.

Question 32

Which of the following would be an effective therapy for rheumatoid arthritis?

A) TNF
B) IL-6
C) Antibodies against TNF receptors
D) Antibodies against IL-2

Question 33

Identify the main action of IL-6.

A) Stimulates red blood cell production
B) Stimulates synthesis of acute-phase proteins
C) Inhibits antigen presentation by macrophages
D) Decreases activation of T and B cells

Question 34

What is one of the main activities of IL-4?

A) Downregulates the immune response
B) Increases production of neutrophils
C) Generates Th2 cells
D) Protects cells from viral invasion

Question 35

A patient is receiving anti-IL-1 therapy to reduce inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis.Based on what you know about IL-1,what potential side effects would be associated with this treatment?

A) Increased risk of infection
B) Increased numbers of B cells
C) Elevated body temperature
D) Hypotension