Question 1

A transplant patient on a follow-up visit to his physician is noted to have progressive fibrosis and scarring with narrowing of the vessels leading to the transplanted organ.What type of rejection is occurring?

A) Hyperacute
B) Acute
C) Chronic
D) Accelerated

Chronic

Accepted Answer

The progressive fibrosis and scarring with narrowing of vessels is indicative of chronic rejection, which occurs over a prolonged period of time and causes progressive and irreversible damage to the graft. Hyperacute rejection occurs immediately upon transplantation due to pre-existing antibodies against the graft. Acute rejection occurs within weeks to months of transplantation and is characterized by inflammation and cellular infiltration. Accelerated rejection is a rare and aggressive form of rejection that occurs in individuals who previously had a functioning graft.

Question 2

A transplant patient has been prescribed corticosteroids as part of his post-transplant medication regimen.What class of drug is the patient taking?&#10;A) Hormone&#10;B) Immunosuppressive&#10;C) Anti-metabolite&#10;D) Calcineurin inhibitor

Accepted Answer

The patient is taking immunosuppressive drugs, specifically corticosteroids, to suppress their immune system and prevent rejection of the transplanted organ. Hormones, anti-metabolites, and calcineurin inhibitors are also commonly used in transplant patients, but they are not the main class of drug the patient is taking in this case.

Question 3

A patient undergoes a skin graft from the back to cover a damaged area on the neck.This is an example of what type of transplant?&#10;A) Heterograft&#10;B) Xenograft&#10;C) Allograft&#10;D) Autograft

Accepted Answer

An autograft is a type of transplant where the tissue or organ is taken from the same individual and transplanted to another part of their body. In this case, the patient's skin from the back is being used to cover the damaged area on their neck.

Question 4

The percent (%)panel reactive antibody (%PRA)is the proportion of lymphocytes in the panel killed by the patient's serum and complement.

Accepted Answer

The definition of percent panel reactive antibody (%PRA) is accurate, stating that it is the proportion of lymphocytes in the panel killed by the patient's serum and complement.

Question 5

To determine a patient's HLA type using the complement-dependent cytotoxicity test,which of the following must be used?&#10;A) Viable lymphocytes&#10;B) Purified T cells&#10;C) A single antiserum from a commercial source&#10;D) Complement from patient serum

Accepted Answer

The complement-dependent cytotoxicity test requires viable lymphocytes, which will react with the patient's serum and an antiserum from a commercial source to identify the individual's HLA type. The test works by the antiserum recognizing and binding to specific HLA antigens on the lymphocytes, which are then destroyed by complement-mediated lysis. The presence or absence of lysis indicates the patient's HLA type. Purified T cells or complement from patient serum are not required for this test.

Question 6

Which histocompatibility system activates gamma or delta T-cell receptors?&#10;A) ABO blood group antigen&#10;B) Killer immunoglobulin-like receptors&#10;C) MHC class-I related chain A (MICA) antigen&#10;D) Minor histocompatibility antigens

Accepted Answer

Gamma-delta T cells can be activated by non-peptide antigens, such as MHC class-I related chain A (MICA) antigen. ABO blood group antigen, Killer immunoglobulin-like receptors and Minor histocompatibility antigens are all peptide antigens and do not activate gamma or delta T-cell receptors.

Question 7

&#10;Four candidate bone-marrow donors were tested for compatibility with a patient in need of a transplant.HLA typing was performed,and the serologic types and alleles of the patient and four potential donors are shown in the table.On the basis of these findings,which donor would be the best match for the patient?&#10;A) Donor 1&#10;B) Donor 2&#10;C) Donor 3&#10;D) Donor 4

Accepted Answer

The answer of  &#10;Four candidate bone-marrow donors were tested...

Question 8

The type of allograft rejection associated with fibrosis and scarring of vessel lumens is:&#10;A) a hyperacute rejection.&#10;B) an acute antibody-mediated rejection.&#10;C) an acute cellular rejection.&#10;D) a chronic rejection.

Accepted Answer

Chronic rejection is associated with fibrosis and scarring of vessel lumens, and can occur months or years after transplantation. This is different from acute rejection, which occurs within days or weeks, and is typically characterized by infiltration of immune cells. Hyperacute rejection is an immediate rejection mediated by pre-existing antibodies, while acute antibody-mediated rejection is a type of acute rejection mediated by donor-specific antibodies. Acute cellular rejection is also a type of acute rejection, but is mediated by T lymphocytes.

Question 9

To correctly read a complement-dependent cytotoxicity test,the technologist should record the number of viable cells.

Accepted Answer

In a complement-dependent cytotoxicity test, the technologist should record the number of lysed (dead) cells, not the viable ones, to determine the effectiveness of the complement system in destroying target cells.

Question 10

To determine whether a patient can accept a solid organ transplant from a nonrelated donor,which of the following tests would be used to verify compatibility after an HLA match is determined?&#10;A) ABO blood typing&#10;B) CDC assay&#10;C) HLA antibody screen&#10;D) RAST test

Accepted Answer

After an HLA match is determined, a HLA antibody screen is used to verify compatibility between the patient and the nonrelated donor. This tests for any antibodies the patient may have that could lead to rejection of the transplant. ABO blood typing is important for determining blood type compatibility, but this does not fully determine organ compatibility. CDC assay and RAST test are not used in determining organ compatibility.

Question 11

In direct allorecognition,the recipient T cells bind and respond directly to foreign HLA proteins.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In direct allorecognition,the recipient T cells bind...

Question 12

In indirect allorecognition,the host's T helper cells recognize foreign protein and uptake,process,and present it to recipient antigen-presenting cells (APCs).

Accepted Answer

The answer of In indirect allorecognition,the host's T helper cells...

Question 13

In a patient who is exhibiting signs of graft-versus-host disease,which cell type is most likely responsible for the reaction?&#10;A) B cells&#10;B) T cells&#10;C) Macrophages&#10;D) Eosinophils

Accepted Answer

The answer of In a patient who is exhibiting signs...

Question 14

A transplantation patient suffers an organ rejection within hours after the procedure.What type of rejection occurred?&#10;A) Hyperacute&#10;B) Acute&#10;C) Chronic&#10;D) Graft-versus-host disease

Accepted Answer

The answer of A transplantation patient suffers an organ rejection...

Question 15

Which of the following is characteristic of an acute graft-versus-host disease episode?&#10;A) The reaction occurs within 100 days of the transplant.&#10;B) The reaction involves the skin, gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and liver.&#10;C) The reaction produces a fibrous condition of the mouth and eyes.&#10;D) The reaction involves the recipient's bone marrow.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is characteristic of...

Question 16

Suppose a mother and her child possess the following HLA haplotypes:?Mother: ?A28 B17 Cw4 Dw3?A30 B21 Cw2 Dw10?Child: ?A3 B8 Cw6 Dw7?A28 B17 Cw4 Dw3 Paternity testing was performed.Three potential fathers were HLA typed and found to contain the following haplotypes:?Father 1: ?A30 B21 Cw2 Dw10?A1 B2 Cw5 Dw9?Father 2: ?A3 B8 Cw6 Dw7?A8 B9 Cw1 Dw8?Father 3: ?A3 B8 Cw5 Dw4?A2 B1 Cw6 Dw7??Which of the following statements is true?

A) The true father may be Father 1 only.
B) The true father may be Father 2 only.
C) The true father may be Father 1 or Father 2.
D) The true father may be Father 2 or Father 3.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Suppose a mother and her child possess...

Deck 16: Transplantation Immunology