Deck 29: The Age of the Cold War, 1949-1989

Question 1

Summarize the disintegration of communist power in Hungary and Poland.What part did Pope John Paul II play in encouraging the Polish opposition? What was the role of Solidarity?

Answer 1

The chapter provides a fairly detailed discussion, especially on Poland, so pulling the facts together in an essay should not be difficult¾names and dates should be included.

Question 2

The Berlin Wall symbolized the

A)power of NATO.
B)power and long-term success of East Germany.
C)polarization of Europe after World War II.
D)end of World War II.
E)Stalin Era.

Answer 2

polarization of Europe after World War II.

Question 3

As the United States came to share in the leadership of Western culture, many perceived that

A)America offered a culture combining technology, value-free social science, and scientific management.
B)the old European way led to excessive theorizing, political extremism, and impasse.
C)Americanism meant "the end of ideology."
D)the American approach got things done by using experts.
E)All of these.

Answer 3

All of these.

Question 4

Describe the Soviet political and economic situation under Brezhnev, the changes implemented or attempted by Gorbachev, and the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Question 5

The key to the immediate postwar revival of Europe was

A)the United Nations.
B)the Common Market.
C)COMECON.
D)the Marshall Plan.
E)the Warsaw Pact.

Question 6

Why was Antonio Gramsci significant?

A)He introduced Communism to Italy.
B)He became Italy's first Socialist premier.
C)His modified fascism became popular after the war.
D)He rooted Marxism in a flexible and contextual political strategy.
E)He was the father of the Italian industrial renaissance of the 1960s.

Question 7

Much of postwar European literature and philosophy reflected a mood of

A)new optimism.
B)appreciation of economic prosperity.
C)despair and anxiety.
D)serenity and relief.
E)going through the motions with nothing worth saying or doing.

Question 8

Examine postwar France as an example of European traditions and institutions adapting to modern realities.Consider both domestic and foreign affairs.

Question 9

After the Second World War, western European nations experienced all of the following except

A)dependence on U.S.leadership.
B)a consensus that government needed to promote economic growth and social welfare.
C)a renewal of intense and violent national rivalries.
D)rapid economic recovery and unprecedented prosperity.
E)having to exist in a bipolar Europe.

Question 10

Summarize the political development of West Germany under Adenauer and Brandt.What factors tended to make the Federal Republic a more stable regime than that of Weimar?

Question 11

The popular postwar philosophy, existentialism

A)was led by Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus.
B)held that engagement, commitment, responsibility, and friendship are all possible and desirable in a world that is absurd.
C)split over the relevance of Marxism.
D)explored what it meant for humans to be adrift from their cultural guideposts without standards and values.
E)All of these.

Question 12

Describe the process of decolonization in the postwar period.What were the particular spheres and policies of the various colonial powers, and what complicating factors affected their decisions on independence? What problems affected the newly independent states?

Question 13

Which person was not associated with existentialism?

A)Sartre
B)De Beauvoir
C)Becket
D)T.S.Eliot
E)Camus

Question 14

How was Cuba involved in cold war tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union in the 1960s? What split developed in the communist world, and why?

Question 15

Discuss the economic recovery of Europe following the war.What first stimulated it, and how did it vary from country to country? What were some characteristics of the welfare state? Describe European economic integration.

Question 16

In 1914, Europe exercised hegemony over most of the world.In 1945, Europe lay in ruins under the shadow of two superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union.Explain Europe's experience, both international and domestic, in the bipolar world of the second half of the twentieth century.

Question 17

Discuss the Soviet bloc in the 1970s and 1980s.Explain the fall of communism in east-central Europe in 1989.

Question 18

Why did President de Gaulle and some other Europeans oppose the Common Market? What was the original rationale for some degree of European economic integration, what roles were played by Jean Monnet and Robert Schuman, and what were the implications of increasing economic unity for national sovereignty?

Question 19

Referring to the Chronology Chart in this chapter, which event was not a result of direct communist aggression or action?

A)Warsaw Pact
B)Cuban Missile Crisis
C)Suez Crisis
D)Hungarian reform movement crushed
E)Victory in Vietnam

Question 20

American culture in the postwar period was affected by

A)the continued dominance of American provincialism.
B)a rejection of foreign cultural influences.
C)the wartime migration to America of many European artists and intellectuals.
D)a profound inferiority complex.
E)concern about economic and political unrest in America.

Question 21

The Fifth Republic differed from the Fourth

A)in name only.
B)by having a stronger, popularly elected president.
C)in some economic policies only.
D)in having Charles de Gaulle in the government.
E)because it was elected by the Chamber of Deputies and not public vote.

Question 22

What was the Basic Law?

A)The system under which war criminals were tried
B)The first post-war legal system that stabilized Germany
C)The charter of the United Nations
D)The Soviet constitution
E)The NATO agreement

Question 23

Under Willy Brandt, West Germany

A)cut off relations with communist countries.
B)repudiated ties with the United States.
C)adopted communism.
D)improved relations with East Germany and the rest of the Soviet bloc.
E)was refused membership to the United Nations.

Question 24

What is Ostpolitik?

A)Adenauer's policy to isolate East Germany
B)Willy Brandt's attempt to improve relations with the Soviet bloc
C)The attempt to reunify Germany
D)The East German attempts to copy West Germany
E)The Soviet occupation of East Germany

Question 25

Unlike other east-central European Communists, Tito was able to break with the Soviet Union because

A)the West supported him.
B)having liberated Yugoslavia on their own, the Yugoslav Communists possessed a legitimacy that other east-central European Communists did not have.
C)unlike the other Communists, Stalin trusted Tito.
D)Yugoslavia immediately joined NATO.
E)his forces were able to repulse all military actions of the Soviet Union.

Question 26

Amidst postwar prosperity, political disaffection appeared in

A)the United States with the civil rights and antiwar movements.
B)France with student unrest culminating in the 1968 "Days of May."
C)Italy with terrorists in the 1970s.
D)Germany with the Green movement.
E)All of these.

Question 27

In postwar western Europe, labor

A)had no share in economic decision making.
B)began demanding more benefits in the 1960s.
C)disrupted the European economy with incessant strikes.
D)was severely repressed in all states.
E)became part of a massive consumer society.

Question 28

The Communist Party in France

A)was banned after the war.
B)had very little support within the country.
C)gained support through the 1940s.
D)took control of the government.
E)refused to become involved in coalitions.

Question 29

Which of the following is related to pop art?

A)Imaginative renderings of familiar images
B)Return to classical landscape paintings
C)Term was coined in Harlem
D)Symbolized the world's acceptance of war and pain
E)Symbolized the enthusiasm for the new technology and science of post WW II

Question 30

What was NATO?

A)The enforcement mechanism of the Marshall Plan.
B)The military arm of the United Nations.
C)The military coalition of the U.S., Canada, and Western Europe against communism.
D)The Soviet military alliance.
E)None of these.

Question 31

Margaret Thatcher sought to invigorate the British economy by all of the following except

A)a complete dismantling of the welfare system.
B)the fostering of a new "enterprise culture."
C)privatization of state-owned companies such as Rolls Royce.
D)curtailment of trade-union power.
E)increasing the price rate of public housing to increase government income.

Question 32

All of the following measures were taken by the new Federal Republic of Germany except

A)outlawing Communist and Neo-Nazi parties.
B)strengthening the authority of the chancellor.
C)discouraging splinter parties.
D)increasing the power of the multiparty Bundestag.
E)emphasizing the need to compromise to rule all of Germany.

Question 33

Which of the following was not a characteristic of Sweden's welfare?

A)Children's issues became a prime responsibility of the government.
B)Day care centers were private church controlled ventures.
C)Government became involved in situations involving sexuality.
D)Corporal punishment came under government control.
E)Society as a whole was responsible for the well-being of its children.

Question 34

Welfare states of one type or another

A)existed everywhere in western Europe in the postwar period.
B)were formed in Sweden and Denmark but not in Britain.
C)developed only in Scandinavia, Britain, and the United States.
D)were formed in eastern Europe only.
E)prevented governments from providing welfare and maintaining a capitalistic economy at the same time.

Question 35

What is "stagflation"?

A)Rapidly rising inflation
B)A propaganda term used by the communists
C)High levels of unemployment
D)Low rates of growth
E)A combination of low growth, with high unemployment and inflation

Question 36

The political system in Italy after World War II

A)created a constitutional monarchy.
B)was under the total control of the Catholic Church.
C)depended on the balance of political forces.
D)came under the control of communism in a coalition government.
E)evolved with Italian moderates, fearing the church, aligning with the communists.

Question 37

In western Europe

A)government intervention in the economy generally grew but was not uniform throughout the region.
B)strong economic growth continued until the late 1960s.
C)industrial production had regained 1938 levels by the end of the 1940s and doubled by the late 1950s.
D)nations took advantage of the need to rebuild by adopting up-to-date methods and technologies.
E)All of these.

Question 38

Which democratic country had a strong, popularly elected, communist minority in the post-war era?

A)France
B)West Germany
C)Italy
D)Great Britain
E)Spain

Question 39

What was the Warsaw Pact?

A)The German instrument of surrender to the Soviets
B)The Communist economic system
C)The military alliance of the Soviet Bloc, designed to counter NATO
D)The Soviet answer to the United Nations
E)The Soviet plan to rebuild eastern Europe

Question 40

Under the government of Konrad Adenauer, West Germany

A)was oriented toward the United States and the Atlantic bloc.
B)failed to achieve prosperity.
C)experienced serious political instability.
D)had close diplomatic and economic ties with East Germany.
E)refused to make a commitment to NATO.

Question 41

Which country attempted to leave the eastern Bloc in 1968?

A)Hungary
B)Poland
C)Czechoslovakia
D)Romania
E)Yugoslavia

Question 42

The Brezhnev Doctrine

A)sought to reverse Khrushchev's de-Stalinization campaign.
B)attempted to introduce market forces into the Soviet economy.
C)stated that the Soviet Union could intervene in any of its satellites to preserve communism.
D)is also called "détente."
E)reversed Khrushchev's attempts at arms limitations and easing of tensions.

Question 43

Gorbachev's program included all of the following except

A)nonintervention in and liberalization of the satellite states.
B)dismantling communism.
C)economic restructuring (perestroika).
D)freer discussion and criticism (glasnost).
E)arms reduction.

Question 44

In a world dominated by two superpowers, de Gaulle asserted French sovereignty by all of the following except

A)the creation of an independent French nuclear force.
B)withdrawal from the European Economic Community.
C)recognition of the People's Republic of China.
D)curtailment of the French role in NATO.
E)checking the increasing supranationalsim evident in the EEC.

Question 45

Communism ended in east-central Europe as a domino effect originating with

A)the fall of the Berlin Wall.
B)the end of communist rule in Poland.
C)a reaction against Gorbachev's reforms in the neighboring Soviet Union.
D)the Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia.
E)a marked illegal migration of Eastern Europeans to the West.

Question 46

In hindsight, the most revolutionary provision of the Helsinki Accords concerned

A)economic cooperation.
B)environmental cooperation.
C)human rights.
D)recognition of existing borders.
E)the opening to the East started by Willy Brandt.

Question 47

Much of post-World War II literature and writing displayed a feeling of relief and serenity.

Question 48

The stagflation of the 1970s

A)threatened to undermine the social compact that had brought postwar stability.
B)was caused in part by the oil embargo implemented to punish the West for its support of Israel.
C)was a sign of globalization.
D)was the result of global competition and rising unemployment, putting the labor movement on the defense.
E)All of these.

Question 49

The pop art of artists such as Warhol and Lichtenstein

A)may indicate the everyday beauty or haunting emptiness of mass production, mass consumption, and the mass media.
B)was a continuation of the abstract expressionism popular just after the Second World War.
C)was also known as "rock and roll."
D)originated in and was characteristic of postwar Europe.
E)was a reaction against the melancholy, nostalgia, and tragedy of the era.

Question 50

Among the domestic causes of the collapse of the Soviet Union was

A)a combination of economic decline and freedom to criticize the system.
B)discontent in the Soviet republics beginning with Lithuania.
C)an attempted coup by hard-liners.
D)promises made with perestroika never fully developed
E)All of these.

Question 51

Decolonization included all of the following except

A)an almost total dismantling of European empires dating back to Columbus.
B)harmony among the liberated nations.
C)expansion of the British Commonwealth.
D)the belief that the West was spiritually exhausted.
E)a new world that circumcised the political, economic, and social role and place of Europe.

Question 52

By the end of the 1970s, the economy in the Soviet bloc fell seriously behind the West mainly because

A)communist ideology had eliminated the consumer mentality.
B)Western economic warfare and sanctions succeeded.
C)of a lack of flexibility and freedom to experiment.
D)stagflation in the West spread eastward.
E)of the expense involved in the arms race with the United States.

Question 53

The predecessor of the European Union was the

A)Warsaw Pact
B)NATO
C)COMECON
D)European Economic Community
E)None of these

Question 54

Khrushchev's de-Stalinization speech in 1956

A)condemned Stalin's "cult of personality."
B)probably aimed at undercutting his rivals.
C)stated that Stalinism deviated from Marxism-Leninism.
D)suggested the possibility of liberalization and reform.
E)All of these.

Question 55

When Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal in 1956

A)the whole world community accepted the decision.
B)Britain, France, and Israel invaded Egypt.
C)the United States bombed Cairo.
D)the Soviet Union sent a fleet to keep the canal open.
E)the old colonial powers, reverting to their traditional techniques, caused a coup in Egypt removing Nasser from power.

Question 56

The cold war came closest to becoming a nuclear war during the

A)Cuban Missile Crisis.
B)erection of the Berlin Wall.
C)Prague Spring.
D)Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.
E)Hungarian Revolt.

Question 57

Communism ended in Poland because

A)of the fall of the Berlin Wall.
B)of pressure from the West.
C)of popular pressure, a partially free election, and the voluntary ceding of power by the Communist authorities.
D)of a violent popular uprising.
E)Gorbachev was seeking reform and less likely to intervene militarily.

Question 58

Referring to liberalization of the Communist Party and the revolt in Hungary in 1956, which of the following is not true?

A)Moderates began to dismantle collective farms.
B)Attempts were made to create a multi-party system.
C)Liberals called for a withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact.
D)Soviets, fearing the spread of the movement, acted with strong military force.
E)Khrushchev called for compromise.

Question 59

In his critique of "post-totalitarianism, " Václav Havel stated all of the following except that

A)communism is solid and permanent because it embodies modernity.
B)living according to the truth would undermine communism.
C)the West has its own latent harmful tendencies.
D)the emptiness of life in the post-totalitarian system is a caricature of modern life in general.
E)hope for change would come from people outside the structure of the party and the state.

Question 60

Western European economic integration

A)received impetus from "Eurocrats."
B)was highly successful, with growth rates approaching 8 percent per annum (1958-1962).
C)helped to solidify democracies.
D)required some forced coordination of social and economic policies from member states.
E)All of these

Question 61

Margaret Thatcher was a major proponent of the Labor party's vision of the welfare state.

Question 62

The United States had strongly supported the efforts of the French in Egypt during the Suez crisis.

Question 63

Konrad Adenauer was an ex-Nazi who sympathized with socialism.

Question 64

The Berlin Wall was erected to deter illegal immigration from West Berlin to East Germany.

Question 65

The Cold War came closest to becoming a nuclear war during the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.

Question 66

In Britain, the Labor Party seemed better equipped to deliver on the promise of providing a national health service as opposed to the Conservatives under Churchill who were strongly opposed to the idea of a welfare state.

Question 67

The largest and most influential party in West Germany was the Free Democratic Party (FDP)led by Konrad Adenauer (1876-1967).

Question 68

As a domestic leader Khrushchev proved an erratic yet energetic innovator.His methods led to the Soviets being the first to launch the first artificial satellite, Sputnik I, in 1957.

Question 69

The primary catalyst leading to the fall of the Soviet Union was the uprising in Poland led by the Catholic-sponsored trade union, Solidarity.