Deck 27: The Tortured Decade, 1930-1939

Question 1

Which of the following did not result from the Great Depression?

A)The spread of communism to east-central Europe
B)Heightened anti-Western feelings
C)Intensified sociopolitical strains throughout the West
D)A growing appeal of fascism and communism
E)A fragile international economic order that was strong prior to the depression

Answer 1

The spread of communism to east-central Europe

Question 2

Why did Europe ignore the growing threat of fascism and communism?

Answer 2

This is a difficult question, and could incorporate a number of answers such as war exhaustion, domestic problems, willful disregard, or passive support.Students should bring in the views of a number of different figures and countries.

Question 3

What was the most common initial response of governments to the Great Depression?

A)Raise taxes, cut expenditures, and balance the budget
B)Lower taxes and increase spending to stimulate the economy
C)Change nothing and let the market heal itself
D)Lower tariffs to stimulate international trade
E)Reverting to Keynes theories of rationale government intervention

Answer 3

Raise taxes, cut expenditures, and balance the budget

Question 4

Compare Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini.What were some goals and methods they had in common? In what ways were they different? What is the meaning of totalitarianism, and how would it apply to Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, and fascist Italy?

Question 5

Propaganda has always been an effective tool, whether used by the government or simple everyday advertising to make a public buy, act, or follow a path to a specific goal.Describe how the Triumph of the Will was used by the Nazi Party to focus the German people on a specific goal.

Question 6

What economic policy was embraced by Roosevelt as a way of fighting the depression?

A)Increasing tariffs even higher
B)Cutting government spending to the bone
C)Lowering tax rates
D)Embracing increased government spending to increase purchasing power
E)Socialistic nationalization of industries

Question 7

As a result of the Depression, all of the following occurred in India except

A)deepening rural poverty.
B)economic revival with the decline of English economic domination.
C)a growth in the independence movement.
D)Gandhi became the first leader with a mass following throughout the subcontinent.
E)boycotting of British goods.

Question 8

How did Hitler respond to the depression in ways that made him very popular?

A)Sealed off the Mark from international fluctuations
B)Stimulated public spending
C)Spent heavily on rearmament
D)Provided full employment by 1935
E)All of these

Question 9

By how much did European economies decline in the years 1929-1932?

A)A little over 50 percent
B)Just under 75 percent
C)90 percent
D)25-30 percent
E)They did not decrease.

Question 10

The mass unemployment of the Great Depression

A)resulted in a rise of malnutrition and disease.
B)produced a backlash against the ideal of the "new woman."
C)undermined the lower middle class.
D)created a great sense of insecurity even with those with jobs.
E)All of these.

Question 11

Describe what the Spanish civil war was, when and why it occurred, and what its results were.Was it unreasonable for the Nationalists to seek a military restoration of order, given the chaos of republican government? Considering what you know of Spanish history, what republican measures do you think would have most antagonized many Spaniards?

Question 12

What was the result of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act?

A)Lowered tariffs encouraged trade which helped the world climb out of Depression.
B)Lower tariffs flooded the American market with cheap goods.
C)Higher tariffs protected American industry and pulled the U.S.out of depression.
D)Higher tariffs led to a cycle of trade restrictions, deepening the depression.
E)It had no positive or negative effects

Question 13

Summarize the causes of the Great Depression, its immediate effects in Europe and the United States, and the reaction to it of the governments discussed in the chapter.In what states were the most effective measures taken? What were some effects of the Depression on the colonial nations? On Japan and China?

Question 14

The successful Scandinavian response to the Depression included

A)pioneering the "welfare state."
B)adopting a high level of progressive taxation.
C)reducing military expenditures to a minimum.
D)a third way between capitalism and dictatorship.
E)All of these

Question 15

Although the stock market crash was the trigger that started the Great Depression, its consequences did not involve which of the following?

A)Decreased agricultural production
B)European nations became free of interdependent world economies.
C)Credit remained strong before and during the depression, especially in America.
D)Disastrous tariffs were repealed.
E)Interest rates were raised to stop deflation.

Question 16

Which of the following did Japan adopt to deal with the Depression?

A)Expansionism; Japan annexed Manchuria in 1931 and attacked the rest of China in 1937.
B)Isolationism; Japan closed its ports to the outside world and its economic troubles.
C)Modernization; Japan began to industrialize.
D)Democratization; the emperor was retired and a parliamentary democracy was inaugurated.
E)They masked their aggression as the leaders who were freeing Asia from Western powers.

Question 17

The 1929 stock market crash weakened the German economy by

A)hurting German investors in the market.
B)further restricting U.S.loans to Germany.
C)triggering a speculative bubble in the German market.
D)weakening German banks.
E)All of these.

Question 18

What is fascism? Where did it come from and what were its sources? How did fascism differ from country to country?

Question 19

Which of the following is associated with The General Theory of Employment by John Maynard Keynes?

A)A well run capitalistic system does not produce unemployment.
B)Nationalization of industry is the only way to stop a major economic downturn.
C)An active government role in managing capitalistic economies would preserve democracy and capitalism.
D)Authoritarian systems are more capable in handling economic problems.
E)Private initiative will be destroyed by government actions in the economy.

Question 20

Explain how Weimar Germany became Nazi Germany.How was Germany transformed by 1939? What was the appeal of Nazism before and after its seizure of power?

Question 21

What was Stakhanovism?

A)Russian propaganda against fascism
B)Stalin's policy on purging high officials
C)Soviet propaganda relating to worker productivity
D)Underground opposition to Stalinism
E)None of these

Question 22

Which of the following is not true about Hitler?

A)Hitler avoided service during World War I.
B)Hitler was an Austrian who preferred Germany over the multinational Habsburg Empire.
C)Together with his fellow general Ludendorff, Hitler attempted to overthrow the German government in the Beer Hall Putsch.
D)Hitler presented his main ideas in a book, Mein Kampf.
E)As a soldier in World War I, fellow soldiers found him quirky and introverted.

Question 23

Hitler's anti-Semitism differed from conventional racism in

A)considering Jews as just one of many races in conflict.
B)focusing on the biological features of individuals.
C)holding that humanity is subject to ruthless, Darwinian natural laws.
D)regarding Jews as uniquely harmful to the natural, healthy struggle among racial groups.
E)humanity had to be controlled because nature would continue to degenerate racial differences.

Question 24

All of the following are true of the Nazi euthanasia program except that it

A)targeted Jews and foreigners.
B)began under medical auspices.
C)aimed at eliminating the ill and the handicapped.
D)took 100, 000 lives.
E)was based on the idea that war was the norm and readiness was an essential societal imperative.

Question 25

Soviet collectivization involved all of the following except

A)a massive drop in agricultural production.
B)"squeezing" the peasants to accelerate industrialization.
C)a decrease in agricultural exports.
D)serious peasant resistance.
E)the terror famine of 1932-1933.

Question 26

Stalin's purges

A)were limited to Trotskyites.
B)extended to all organs of the state except the military.
C)affected all sectors of Soviet society.
D)were not intended to cause terror and remained largely unknown to the public.
E)did not include members of the military or high ranking communists.

Question 27

Hitler and the Nazis received considerable support from the German population because they

A)took Germany out of the Depression and denounced the Treaty of Versailles.
B)provided a sense of belonging and participation.
C)were dynamic and Hitler was charismatic.
D)were a welcome departure from the paralysis of the Weimer system.
E)All of these.

Question 28

Which of the following statements is not correct in describing German resistance and opposition to Hitler and the Nazi party?

A)Resistance increased as the regime became more intrusive.
B)German youth groups opposed the Führer.
C)The public minimized their involvement with the regime.
D)The Gestapo did not terrorize Germans randomly.
E)Germans who opposed the regime were given their constitutional rights when charged to protect the legitimacy of the Nazi Party.

Question 29

Both Communists and Fascists made effective use of what new media tool?

A)Television
B)Propaganda
C)Political clubs
D)The use of the telephone in battlefield situations
E)None of these

Question 30

How can it be said that Stalin's cruelty was really a reaction to Leninist communism?

A)Stalin's reactions were often a response to a real chaotic situation that threatened the state.
B)Stalin was following the precise blueprint of Lenin's industrial plans.
C)Stalin was known to underplay situations until they got out of control.
D)There was never any serious threat to his leadership by the mid-1930s
E)Lenin had used massive purges to safeguard the revolution.

Question 31

Which was not an aspect of Hitler's career in the 1920s?

A)Political success
B)Imprisonment
C)Authorship of Mein Kampf
D)A failed coup in Bavaria
E)Leadership in the German Workers' party

Question 32

What was the GULAG?

A)Soviet economic polity
B)Nazi concentration camps
C)Forced labor camps for political prisoners
D)The Russian secret police
E)Soviet military tactics

Question 33

Which of the following statements about Nazism is not true?

A)National Socialism never drew support from a significant part of the German people.
B)Nazism added racism to Mussolini's original fascism.
C)Nazism sought to preserve "traditional" values and to revitalize German patriotism.
D)National Socialism emphasized national unity.
E)It was the vehicle that Hitler used to gain power.

Question 34

The Weimar Republic

A)was violently overthrown by the Nazis.
B)was legally overthrown by the Nazis.
C)was unaffected by the Depression.
D)gave way to a brief period of monarchical restoration.
E)turned to the Nazi Party to spearhead a deflationary economic program.

Question 35

Mao Zedong spread communism in China in the 1930s by

A)forcibly and violently persecuting the peasantry.
B)success in free elections.
C)appealing to the peasantry.
D)supporting western imperialism.
E)cooperating with the Japanese.

Question 36

What was the "terror-Famine"?

A)Nazi actions against Jewish farmers.
B)Soviet efforts to destroy the peasantry.
C)Stalin's insistence on exporting even subsistence level produce, especially among Ukrainians.
D)The actions taken against the ruling class in Russia.
E)None of these.

Question 37

Support for Hitler grew for all of the following reasons except

A)the pro-Nazi sympathies of Catholics and industrial workers.
B)problems caused by the Depression.
C)dissatisfaction with the Weimar regime.
D)anticommunist sentiment.
E)Germans thought it was time to try something new.

Question 38

Hitler's program for Germany

A)lacked specific recommendations.
B)focused on acquisition of an overseas colonial empire.
C)was based on an original, uniquely German worldview.
D)was to unite Italian and German fascism.
E)included eastward expansion into Slavic territories in order to compete in the global arena.

Question 39

What was the concept of Lebensraum?

A)The plan to get France out of the war quickly.
B)The attempt to ally Germany and Italy.
C)The desire for "living space" in the east to support German agriculture and industry.
D)The plan to create new German colonies in southern Europe.
E)Hitler's design for Europe's Jews.

Question 40

How did Hitler finally achieve power?

A)By a resounding electoral victory in 1930.
B)By the enthusiastic support of Hindenburg.
C)By assassinating his political rivals.
D)By destroying the Communist Party of Germany.
E)By stonewalling the Reichstag until Papen and Hindenburg had little choice left.

Question 41

Discontent among Sudetenland Germans was due to all of the following except

A)a lack of democracy in Czechoslovakia.
B)resentment over their minority status in a state whose people they had recently dominated.
C)the Depression.
D)Nazi agitation.
E)German agents in the Sudetenland that stirred up resentments against the government.

Question 42

Hitler's reaction to the Munich agreement was to

A)observe its provisions exactly.
B)decide against meddling in Czechoslovakia.
C)intervene to support Slovak nationalism and to set up a German protectorate for Czech areas.
D)refuse to sign it.
E)hold his pledge to respect the sovereignty of the diminished Czechoslovakia.

Question 43

All of the following are true about Picasso's Guernica except that it

A)conveys horror and outrage.
B)depicts the French bombing of the Basque town of Guernica.
C)was displayed at the 1937 Paris Exhibition.
D)uses elemental imagery.
E)represents the violence and suffering of the whole era.

Question 44

Measures taken by Hitler that were considered the restoration of full German sovereignty included

A)invading Poland.
B)remilitarizing the Rhineland.
C)forming the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia.
D)sending troops to Prague.
E)actions that appeared not to threaten the power balance initiated by the Treaty of Versailles.

Question 45

All of the following are true of the Anschluss except that

A)the Treaty of Versailles had forbidden it.
B)many Austrians favored it.
C)Mussolini had always supported it.
D)France and Britain accepted it.
E)it had the appearance of correcting a misconceived aspect of the peace settlement.

Question 46

Which of the following does not apply to Leni Riefenstahl's Triumph of the Will?

A)The Nazis used it widely for overt propaganda purposes.
B)The film documented the Nazi Party rally in 1934.
C)Riefenstahl had final control over editing.
D)Hitler called it an "incomparable glorification of the power and beauty of our Movement."
E)It is considered the most compelling propaganda film ever made.

Question 47

Western doubts about relying on Soviet military support were based on all of the following except

A)skepticism about the quality of the recently purged army.
B)unwillingness of Poland and Romania to grant Soviet troops access through their countries to Germany.
C)Soviet territorial designs on Poland and Romania.
D)a revolt against Stalin led by the military.
E)British and French concerns over German actions concerning the Danzig.

Question 48

Mussolini's foreign policy in 1934 and 1935 included

A)supporting Hitler's claims to Austria.
B)refusing to meet with France and Britain.
C)invading Ethiopia.
D)obeying the League of Nations.
E)refusal to become involved in the Spanish Civil War.

Question 49

Problems facing the French popular front government included all of the following except

A)the forceful policies of Léon Blum.
B)labor discontent.
C)the Spanish civil war.
D)alienation of French business.
E)a coalition of Communists, Socialists, and Radicals.

Question 50

Hitler's attack on Poland was part of his long-range goal of

A)ruling only ethnic Germans and formerly German possessions.
B)Lebensraum.
C)gaining control of Danzig but going no further.
D)forcing a limited revision of the Versailles treaty.
E)uniting Europe in fighting communism.

Question 51

During the first years of the Depression, government spending increased and taxes were raised in order to help balance the budgets.

Question 52

What were popular fronts?

A)They were communist youth organizations.
B)They were fascist youth organizations.
C)They were coalitions of non-fascist parties.
D)They were grass-roots self-help organizations.
E)They were seen as a movement from democracy to communism.

Question 53

Due to economic strains, international trade took a sharp decline during the Great Depression, promoting anti-Western sentiments in colonial nations.

Question 54

The result of the popular front government in France was

A)civil war.
B)British intervention.
C)French intervention in Spain.
D)polarization and demoralization of French society.
E)that French investors began to move their capital abroad.

Question 55

In the Spanish civil war

A)Hitler and Mussolini aided the Nationalists.
B)40, 000 volunteers from abroad supported the republic.
C)the Soviet Union sent aid to the Spanish Communists.
D)General Franco led army officers in a military uprising against the government.
E)All of these.

Question 56

The Matignon Agreement provided what for French workers?

A)The 40 hour week
B)Paid vacations
C)Collective bargaining rights
D)Wage increases
E)All of these

Question 57

The policy of appeasement

A)culminated in the Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939.
B)emboldened Hitler.
C)was pursued by Czechoslovakia and Poland when faced with German demands.
D)defused labor unrest in France and Britain.
E)was opposed by Britain's Neville Chamberlain.

Question 58

What is the most accurate way to describe Francisco Franco's political leanings?

A)Socialist
B)Communist
C)Fascist
D)Proponent of popular sovereignty
E)Authoritarian Catholic traditionalist

Question 59

German Nazism and Italian fascism were parallel in their hostility to both parliamentary democracy and Marxist socialism.

Question 60

Stalin agreed to the Nazi-Soviet Pact for all of the following reasons except that

A)he recognized the common totalitarian nature of fascism and communism.
B)war seemed inevitable, so a Soviet alliance with Britain and France would be useless in preventing it.
C)a nonaggression agreement with Germany promoted Soviet security.
D)by a secret protocol, the Soviet Union could seize half of Poland.
E)the Soviets would gain territory lost after World War I.

Question 61

Francisco Franco can adequately be described as a fascist like Hitler.

Question 62

Adolf Hitler (1889-1945), who was born in Germany to a local government official, was the leader of the Nazi movement and became chancellor of Germany in 1933.

Question 63

The policy of appeasement culminated in the Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939.

Question 64

By 1937, with nearly all Soviet agriculture taking place on collective farms, living standards and productivity increased.

Question 65

The Schutzstaffel were specially-selected Nazi elite which were responsible for many of the worst atrocities of the regime.

Question 66

Amongst common Germans, the Nazi regime enjoyed popular support and they welcomed the sense of unity and participation as opposed to the Weimar years, and most Germans did not grasp the regime's deeper dynamic.

Question 67

The Anschluss had always been supported by Mussolini.