Deck 26: The Illusion of Stability, 1919-1930

Question 1

Describe the consolidation of communism in Russia under Lenin and Stalin.What were some similarities and differences in their approaches to Russia's problems?

Answer 1

Students should sketch the main events in the process and explain the difference between Lenin's desire to promote international communism and Stalin's (temporary)emphasis on consolidating it in Russia.They should also describe Stalin's totalitarian control over Russian life and culture.

Question 2

The idea of a "world safe for democracy" came under much strain because

A)revolutionary Russia slowly moved toward a democratic system.
B)fascism was fighting a losing war in Italy.
C)new democracies in Eastern Europe crumpled.
D)efforts at world economic stability were slow but successful.
E)new African nations in the 1920s established weak democracies.

Answer 2

new democracies in Eastern Europe crumpled.

Question 3

Survey the cultural world of the 1920s.What themes were developed by writers and artists of the period?

Answer 3

This question may be approached in various ways, depending on the themes chosen: antipathy toward, or praise of, mass society; preoccupation with the irrational; and so forth.Students should systematically examine the intellectuals briefly treated in the textbook.

Question 4

In its efforts to enforce the postwar settlement, France

A)occupied the Ruhr, one of Germany's major industrial regions.
B)was consistently aided by Great Britain.
C)successfully used the League of Nations.
D)received significant aid from the United States.
E)met German resistance that often involved violent strikes.

Question 5

The Maginot Line was

A)the new streamlined style used in art deco.
B)a French-led system of alliances in east-central Europe intended to contain both Germany and the Soviet Union.
C)a massive system of fortifications built by the French to separate themselves from the Germans.
D)intended to enhance France's ability to quickly respond to a German attack on Poland or Czechoslovakia.
E)successful in holding back German attacks in World War II.

Question 6

Viewed in a global context, the First World War was a European civil war.Examine the effects of the war on the position of the European Great Powers in the world, and describe the actions and aspirations of non-Western nations such as the Japanese, Chinese, Indians, and Arabs.How did the United States fit into the picture?

Question 7

Describe and explain the histories of the "victorious democracies" (France and Britain)from 1918 to 1930.

Question 8

Which of the following statements is not true? In the 1920s

A)the international order continued to be dependent on European powers.
B)the United States retreated from active involvement in Europe.
C)a resurgent and embittered Germany threatened the peace.
D)in many respects, Japan was regarded as a great power.
E)colonial concerns continued to affect the balance of power in Europe.

Question 9

Survey the major aspects of society, including international relations, and show how the 1920s experienced a heightened mixture of optimism and pessimism.

Question 10

Referring to the erosion of European power, which of the following is not true?

A)As a result of the peace treaty, Japan received German bases.
B)The Washington Treaty of 1922 severely limited the Japanese navy.
C)Self-determination was enthusiastically received and acted upon outside the West.
D)Leninism became attractive as it emphasized mass mobilization and revolution.
E)Eastern powers recognized the need to adopt the science and technology of the West.

Question 11

The Russian civil war pitted the Bolsheviks against

A)non-Russian nationalities attempting to free themselves from the Russian Empire.
B)foreign intervention.
C)a variety of non-Communist Russians known as Whites.
D)Russians who had become disillusioned with the Communist Party.
E)All of these.

Question 12

Why does the chapter state that at the end of the 1920s it was not clear if Italian fascism was "a form of restoration or a form of revolution"? Summarize the development of fascism in Italy, and analyze what seem to be its essential characteristics as well as its contradictory elements.

Question 13

A spark in the struggle for Indian independence was

A)close collaboration between Hindus and Muslims.
B)the example of the Russian Revolution.
C)the Amritsar Massacre.
D)infiltration by members of the Communist International.
E)aid from the United States.

Question 14

Describe European society in the 1920s, paying special attention to changing lifestyles and popular culture.

Question 15

Survey the history of the Weimar Republic to 1933.What were its chief political and economic problems, and how did German statesmen attempt to deal with them? Do you think the outcome would have been different had Germany been allowed to keep the Hohenzollern dynasty? Give reasons for your opinion.

Question 16

Which nation did not attack Russia in 1919?

A)the United States
B)Germany
C)France
D)Great Britain
E)Poland

Question 17

Which does Fascism not oppose?

A)Liberal individualism
B)Marxist socialism
C)The Parliamentary system
D)Democratic representation
E)Strong national solidarity

Question 18

Communism after World War I

A)expected to spark a world-wide revolution.
B)received full support from European Marxists.
C)united socialists on a world-wide basis.
D)viewed instability in many countries as an open door for communism.
E)had success in Italy, which laid the grounds for expansion into Europe.

Question 19

Why did France invade the Ruhr in 1923?

A)As a policy of French imperialism
B)At the instigation of the British
C)To thwart a German communist takeover
D)Because it accused Germany of being in default on its treaty obligations
E)Because of the majority French population there

Question 20

The modernistic style of the 1920s was

A)evident in the art deco originating in France.
B)evident in Bauhaus, the German art school.
C)expressive of an optimism of accelerated modernization.
D)emphasized by a wave of neo-orthodox religious thinking.
E)All of these

Question 21

Fritz Lang's movie Metropolis explored

A)the vibrant life of the industrial city.
B)the crime-ridden underworld of New York.
C)the dehumanization and exploitation in modern society.
D)the glory of a Communist utopia.
E)an apologia for Capitalism.

Question 22

What did Fascism mean by a "Third Way"?

A)A route between peace and war
B)A method of economic production
C)An alternative to capitalism and socialism
D)A rejection of pacifism and imperialism
E)A return to premodern ideals

Question 23

How were "socialists" distinguished from "communists" in 1921?

A)They were gradualists rather than revolutionaries
B)They were western as opposed to Russian
C)They were European rather than non-European
D)They rejected Comintern leadership
E)None of these

Question 24

Which of the following, regarding the emergence of advertising in the 1920s, is not true?

A)Printing and radio expanded the effects of advertising.
B)Advertising was aimed at mass consumption of goods and services.
C)France was the European power to copy American advertising methods the most.
D)Advertising became an art form.
E)Critics argued that advertising was debasing cultural standards.

Question 25

Stalin's forced industrialization was accompanied by

A)prosperity and individual freedoms.
B)encouragement of artistic experimentation.
C)increasing cultural regimentation.
D)promotion of modernism in art.
E)small peasant farms that were forced to sell to the state.

Question 26

Inflation was most prominent during the 1920s in

A)the United States.
B)Britain.
C)Germany.
D)France.
E)Spain.

Question 27

In the 1920s, middle-class gender roles were challenged by

A)more open discussion of sexuality and reproduction.
B)the "new woman."
C)a more visible gay subculture.
D)men who felt threatened by the "new woman."
E)All of these.

Question 28

Mussolini's corporativism

A)sought to strengthen the state in order to promote the national interest and to help mobilize society.
B)was gradually implemented and seemed to restore order.
C)replaced the parliament with a Chamber of Fasces and Corporations based on occupation.
D)attracted attention abroad, especially with reaction to the Great Depression of the 1930s.
E)All of these

Question 29

The new national borders of east-central European countries meant

A)new economic barriers.
B)more efficient economies.
C)little change from the old borders.
D)that each country was now a cohesive economic unit.
E)that democracy often seemed divisive and ineffective.

Question 30

What was Trotsky's main political objective?

A)To consolidate control after Lenin's death.
B)To moderate the pace of the Russian revolution.
C)To focus on the Russian economy.
D)To conciliate the socialists left out of the Comintern.
E)To spread revolution beyond Russia.

Question 31

In the acceleration toward a mass society, consumerism continued to grow in the 1920s with all of the following except

A)modernization of the original industries: textiles, steel, coal, and shipbuilding.
B)dramatic expansion of the automobile industry.
C)the development of civil aviation.
D)advances in the chemical and electrical industries.
E)less advanced industries, rather than modernize, imposed lower wages and increased hours for their workers.

Question 32

Lenin's New Economic Policy (NEP)

A)was also known as war communism.
B)restored private enterprise in agriculture and retail.
C)inaugurated intense collectivization.
D)failed and was abandoned by Stalin.
E)freed banks from government controls.

Question 33

Economic problems in Britain in the 1920s included all of the following except

A)a Marxist revolution.
B)declining exports.
C)high unemployment.
D)a massive labor strike.
E)problems in the coal industry intensified.

Question 34

When British women were given the right to vote, they

A)refused to exercise it.
B)formed a feminist political party.
C)overwhelmingly supported a newly formed Marxist Party.
D)supported the existing political parties.
E)no longer seemed to be a threat to the existing political system.

Question 35

The postwar Italian political situation was complicated by

A)the defeat and occupation of Italy by the Austrian army.
B)seizure of power by the communists.
C)the abandonment of proportional representation.
D)the conviction that Italy should have stayed out of the war since its gains did not justify its costs.
E)interference from the Vatican.

Question 36

All of the following are true of the Comintern except

A)it hoped to translate the success of Russian communism into a world-wide movement.
B)it received the support of Karl Kutsky.
C)its aggressive actions split the international socialist movement.
D)it realized that its true enemy was the socialists.
E)Marxists believed that Lenin communism would damage international socialism.

Question 37

In which country did democracy survive the 1920s?

A)Poland
B)Russia
C)Italy
D)Czechoslovakia
E)None of these

Question 38

What was the Lateran Pact?

A)The peace treaty ending World War I.
B)A deal to limit the production of armaments.
C)The separate peace between Germany and Russia.
D)A modification to the Versailles Treaty.
E)A settlement between Italy and the Catholic Church.

Question 39

Taylorism and Fordism favored all of the following except

A)uniqueness.
B)maximizing worker efficiency by breaking down production into small, repetitive tasks.
C)maximizing consumerism by raising wages.
D)capitalism.
E)mass production for mass consumption.

Question 40

Who was the eventual victor in the struggle for power after Lenin in Russia?

A)Dzerzhinsky
B)Bukharin
C)Stalin
D)Trotsky
E)None of these

Question 41

The German electorate

A)supported only radical leftist parties.
B)voted for moderate democrats.
C)tended to return unstable coalition governments.
D)was apathetic and rarely voted.
E)found it difficult to find compromises.

Question 42

In Civilization and Its Discontents, Sigmund Freud argued that

A)modern society is on the verge of solving persistent social problems.
B)progress in civilization is based on the suppression of natural instincts, which will inevitably explode in violence such as war.
C)the satisfaction of sexual urges will lead to social harmony.
D)the Great War had put an end to hatred and violence.
E)All of these.

Question 43

Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg were

A)early Nazi sympathizers.
B)promoters of Fordism in Germany.
C)heroes of World War I.
D)revolutionary Socialists.
E)None of these.

Question 44

In Revolt of the Masses, José Ortega y Gasset explained that

A)politics and government are in the hands of ordinary people, who, lacking good standards, are attracted to fascism and communism.
B)modern democracies are guarantees against tyranny.
C)the masses have revolted against the World War I militarism.
D)the only hope for the West is a future popular revolt against consumerism and materialism.
E)the United States should be held up as the symbol of political and economic success.

Question 45

Dada was a movement that promoted

A)chaotic artistic productions.
B)baby talk.
C)nonsensical poetry.
D)prowar sentiment.
E)Freudian subconscious themes.

Question 46

In east-central Europe, redistribution of agricultural land

A)greatly increased agrarian production.
B)made no difference in production.
C)forced large landowners off the land.
D)led to lower production and forced small farmers to sell out.
E)created a stable agrarian smallholder base for democracy.

Question 47

Which was not a thinker who reflected critically on his society in the 1920s?

A)Spengler
B)Freud
C)Briand
D)Kafka
E)Wassermann

Question 48

Georg Lukács thought that

A)Kafka's work was to be admired and imitated.
B)Marxism could be used to analyze consciousness and capitalist culture.
C)realistic fiction was to be abandoned.
D)only economic relationships were worth studying.
E)Marxist criticism of capitalism was dangerous and a threat to the West.

Question 49

Virginia Woolf thought that women needed

A)a writing tradition of their own.
B)to rediscover mysticism.
C)more involvement in radical politics.
D)a return to past traditions and values.
E)no special focus in history.

Question 50

After World War I the United States continued to play a significant role in European politics into the 1920s.

Question 51

Composers such as Stravinsky and Hindemith

A)reflected the nagging insecurity of the period by adopting atonal styles.
B)dedicated themselves to popular music such as film scores.
C)adopted neoclassicism.
D)continued the romantic tradition of Tchaikovsky and Brahms.
E)retreated from their earlier stance as modern avant-garde artists.

Question 52

Benedetto Croce was

A)a leading fascist thinker.
B)an early neo-Leninist.
C)a defender of democracy.
D)the author of realistic Italian novels.
E)a leading proponent in the belief that humans had no control of the world around them.

Question 53

All of the following are true of the Weimar Republic except that it

A)was born of a humiliating defeat.
B)had to take responsibility for the Treaty of Versailles.
C)was entirely made up of revolutionary leftists.
D)encountered severe economic problems.
E)often had to use repressive methods of the old imperial system to control opposition.

Question 54

The Treaty of Locarno provided for each of the following except

A)acceptance of Germany back to the ranks of respectable states.
B)regulation of Germany's reparations.
C)recognition by France and Germany of their common border.
D)freedom for Germany to attempt revisions to its eastern border.
E)eventual membership of Germany into the League of Nations.

Question 55

André Breton was associated with

A)the Bauhaus.
B)Dada.
C)neoclassicism.
D)surrealism.
E)liberal theology.

Question 56

Protestant theologian Karl Barth

A)was a pioneer of liberal theology.
B)glorified secular progress as a sign of God's favor.
C)reacted against liberal theology and saw the world and humanity as sinful and helpless.
D)wrote a theological justification of Nazism.
E)believed that the Great War had helped to marry religion and secularism.

Question 57

Walter Gropius, and the Bauhaus school, held that

A)Europe needed more neoclassical and neo-Gothic buildings.
B)new forms of culture were no longer possible.
C)elements of machine-based civilization could be used to produce a new, positive artistic tradition.
D)industrial urban life held no inspiration for the architect.
E)the integrated pattern for living in the modern day could not be translated into art.

Question 58

The works of Kafka were

A)mostly humorous tales.
B)heroic war stories.
C)romantic history.
D)stories set in an incomprehensible, futile world.
E)attacks on the world's quest for law, or meaning and the futility of religion.

Question 59

A cyclical theory of history that explained how Western civilization had declined was proposed by

A)José Ortega y Gasset.
B)Oswald Spengler.
C)Sigmund Freud.
D)Franz Kafka.
E)Mussolini.

Question 60

All of the following are associated with Virginia Woolf except

A)why does history know so little about women?
B)experiences of the ordinary people in history will be known by investigating the history of women.
C)in the past, ordinary women had very little impact on history.
D)women's creative power is greatly different from men's.
E)education for women would emphasize the differences between men and women.

Question 61

Because of the economic difficulties resulting from the breakup of the Habsburg system, democracy in east-central Europe had difficulty in establishing itself.

Question 62

Walter Gropius, of the Bauhaus school, held that Europe needed more neo-gothic and neo-classical buildings.

Question 63

Virginia Woolf (1882-1941)was a British novelist who believed advancements in women's writing could only be achieved if they developed their own tradition of writing.

Question 64

Protestant theologian Karl Barth (1886-1968)was a pioneer of liberal theology.

Question 65

In order to address German foot-dragging in paying reparations, in 1923, the Prime Minister of France occupied the Ruhr industrial area of Germany thereby successfully forcing German compliance to make the payments.

Question 66

Fritz Lang's 1926 film Metropolis explored and promoted the glory and the power of the modern city.

Question 67

One outcome of the Treaty of Locarno allowed for the eventual membership of Germany in the League of Nations

Question 68

Bauhaus was an influential French school of art that sought to adopt contemporary materials to develop new forms of architecture.

Question 69

During the early 1920s, inflation and its psychological impact were most keenly felt in Germany and France.