Deck 20: The Industrial Transformation of Europe, 1750-1850

Question 1

"Short-term misery, long-term gain." Is this a good capsule summary of the effects of industrialization? Was the brutal treatment and misery of the workers justified by eventual improvement in wages and purchasing power, or were the benefits outweighed by the ruin of petty craftsmen, loss of rural community life, and dehumanizing factory routine? Consider whether industrialization could have occurred in a slower, less disruptive and more humane manner¾if, for example, medieval communitarian society with its strong guilds and sense of social justice had survived.

Answer 1

The essay requires considerable reflection and consistent fact-based arguments.

Question 2

Increased agricultural production contributed to industrialization primarily

A)because European food exports to the rest of the world brought in the necessary capital.
B)by creating the capacity to feed a large class of industrial workers.
C)by eliminating rural poverty.
D)by easing social tensions.
E)as a result of farm-labor collectives.

Answer 2

by creating the capacity to feed a large class of industrial workers.

Question 3

Other characteristics of the West that aided industrialization include

A)development of the rule of law.
B)cultural, religious, political, and social diversity, which promoted innovation.
C)rivalry among states, which encouraged commerce and industry.
D)support and protection from governments.
E)All of these.

Answer 3

All of these.

Question 4

What is meant by the industrial transformation, and why did it occur in western Europe?

Question 5

All of the following aided European industrialization except

A)efficient governments providing security for commerce.
B)increased wealth and demand for goods.
C)an unprecedented decline in the eighteenth-century population.
D)business competition and innovation.
E)capital accumulation through an entrepreneurial spirit.

Question 6

Compare the development of industrialization in France with that in Britain.What were some of the reasons that French industrialization grew less rapidly? Which other nations experienced early industrialization, and why?

Question 7

What country in Europe had the most religious toleration in the 1700s?

A)Britain
B)The Netherlands
C)Spain
D)France
E)Prussia

Question 8

The first country(ies)to industrialize was(were)

A)the Netherlands.
B)France.
C)Great Britain.
D)the various states of northern Italy.
E)the Confederation of German States.

Question 9

What nation leads the world in the installation of railways?

A)The United States
B)Prussia
C)France
D)Britain
E)Russia

Question 10

Summarize the social changes brought about by industrialization.How did they affect the working lives, living conditions, and family lives of the workers?

Question 11

The authors list a number of transformations that favored industrialization in Europe, accompanied it, or both.Make a list of these transformations and show their contributions to industrialization.Try to expand this inventory with other contributing factors omitted in the author's explanation.(Hint: Could the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment have been contributing factors?)Could it be said that all the major trends in the West beginning at least with the Renaissance contributed to a unique environment conducive for this dramatic breakthrough? If so, show how.

Question 12

The inventions of Kay, Hargreaves, Arkwright, and Whitney

A)were not appreciated in their time.
B)revolutionized the cotton industry.
C)were applied primarily to the manufacture of weapons.
D)had only limited use until the twentieth century.
E)could only be used where water power was available.

Question 13

What was the putting-out system?

A)A method of producing steel.
B)Innovative agricultural developments.
C)Cottage industry to augment family income.
D)A system of interchangeable parts.
E)The first steam-powered plants.

Question 14

The long-term rise in population resulted in which of the following?

A)The need for fewer children to stay in rural areas.
B)The rise of urbanization.
C)The availability of vast pools of labor.
D)A rise in aggregate demand.
E)All of these.

Question 15

Which industry was the first to benefit from mass production?

A)iron making
B)textiles
C)gunsmiths
D)agricultural machine producers
E)brickmaking

Question 16

Discuss the progress of industrialization in Germany.What effects did the Napoleonic invasions have on the German economy? What roles were played by the Prussian government and the German middle classes?

Question 17

Discuss the position of women during the industrial revolution.Was it a positive or negative for them?

Question 18

Apart from the causes that were characteristic of the West as a whole, what combination of factors specific to Britain encouraged or made industrialization possible?

Question 19

Two important factors in industrialization were

A)improved transportation and technological breakthroughs.
B)guilds and labor unions.
C)economic theories and a reading public.
D)more horses and oxen to pull new machinery.
E)increased labor skills and mandatory education.

Question 20

Which of the following was not a factor that gave Britain an advantage in industrial development?

A)Because British workers tended to be highly skilled, British entrepreneurs searched for laborsaving devices.
B)The British had developed an effective banking system.
C)Britain possessed the necessary raw materials, coal and iron, in abundance and in close proximity to each other.
D)Britain was unified religiously under the Church of England, which preached that wealth was a sign of election.
E)English workers had more discretionary income to spend on manufactured goods.

Question 21

The steam engine did all of the following except

A)pump out coal mines.
B)eliminate or decrease transportation costs.
C)power different types of machines.
D)increase production.
E)decentralize the workplace.

Question 22

By the end of the nineteenth century, German industry

A)was prospering, having avoided costly early experimentation.
B)was growing faster than France's.
C)had pioneered in electrical engineering and chemicals.
D)had entered into industrial fields neglected by the British.
E)All of these.

Question 23

What fuel powered the first industrial revolution?

A)natural water sources
B)petroleum
C)coal
D)whale oil
E)wind

Question 24

The invention of the cotton gin

A)provided a new way to bleach cotton cloth.
B)directly led to a rise in alcoholism.
C)meant that machines replaced slaves and slavery declined.
D)allowed spinners to produce more yarn.
E)had a negative effect on American cotton growers.

Question 25

What was the primary effect of technical advances in the cotton industry on slavery?

A)The advances eliminated slavery in Europe.
B)The lives of slaves were greatly improved by cotton clothing.
C)Slavery became much more profitable.
D)The primary employers of slaves became textile factories.
E)Increased numbers of slaves died from lung diseases associated with cotton fiber.

Question 26

The Zollverein was

A)the new German railway system begun in 1842.
B)a new plan to unify Germany.
C)a customs union embracing eighteen German states.
D)politically minded student organizations.
E)the first German iron works.

Question 27

The punch-card system first used in the Jacquard loom

A)later became the model for early computers.
B)automated complex silk weaving.
C)used interchangeable loom cards that were often pirated.
D)was widely used in England and France.
E)All of these

Question 28

Industrialization changed the leading elite in Europe from

A)the landed aristocracy to the new industrial middle class.
B)the clergy to the new industrial middle class.
C)the landed aristocracy to the new industrial working class.
D)the old medieval bourgeoisie to the new industrial bourgeoisie.
E)urban to rural to escape the unhealthy environment of the cities.

Question 29

Why was labor such an impediment to French industrialization?

A)Women were not allowed to work in mills.
B)Cottage industry provided highly priced and profitable luxury goods
C)Elimination of primogeniture
D)Land owners still had significant rights over their farm labor.
E)Early farm-labor collectives resisted factory work.

Question 30

What was a spinning jenny?

A)A new type of water-wheel.
B)A device to spin thread from cotton or wool.
C)A type of steam engine.
D)A new way of organizing railroads.
E)A type of flying shuttle.

Question 31

All of the following were features of the new industrial cities except

A)higher mortality rates than in the countryside.
B)the growth of slums.
C)overcrowding and poor sanitation.
D)a safer water supply.
E)slums so vile that they actually attracted tourists.

Question 32

The most industrialized regions of eastern and southern Europe were

A)Russia and Italy.
B)Bohemia and Catalonia.
C)European areas of the Ottoman Empire.
D)Austria proper and Hungary.
E)Spain.

Question 33

Reasons why French industrialization was slower than British include all of the following except

A)the upheaval and wars of the French Revolution.
B)slower population growth.
C)lack of overseas trade.
D)a more prosperous peasantry.
E)resistance from the government who favored land owners.

Question 34

Russia found it hard to adapt to the industrial economy because

A)It was biased towards agriculture
B)It was geographically remote
C)It had not abolished serfdom until 1861
D)It lacked a mobile labor force
E)All of these

Question 35

An initial, important role was played in German industrialization by

A)German liberals.
B)visiting British entrepreneurs.
C)American economic advisers.
D)the Prussian government.
E)the military sector.

Question 36

Industrialization in eastern and southern Europe was slow and underdeveloped because

A)specialized agriculture still brought in great profits.
B)greater profits could be gained by the exports of its power resources, like coal.
C)heavy taxes eliminated capital for investment.
D)it lacked of cities.
E)of resistance to adopt an economic system in which profit was not based on intensive labor needs.

Question 37

Which was the leading continental manufacturing power by the end of the 1800s?

A)Prussia (Germany)
B)France
C)Italy
D)Russia
E)Austria

Question 38

On the Continent, industrialization occurred by the 1820s in

A)Belgium, France, and Germany.
B)no major country.
C)Prussia and Russia.
D)Spain, Italy, and Greece.
E)areas of heavy British involvement and investment.

Question 39

Which of the following does not describe the effect of cotton manufacturing in Great Britain?

A)A staple industry in England relied on imported raw materials.
B)Handmade goods were still in great demand because of lower price and higher quality.
C)The use of cotton goods actually improved public health.
D)The need for cotton shifted British trade patterns to the New World and away from Asia.
E)The cotton trade linked the economies of various nations and peoples.

Question 40

The role of entrepreneurs in industrial production was

A)superfluous.
B)financing, organizing, and managing industrial plants.
C)limited to negotiating between workers and bosses.
D)providing new inventions to stimulate production.
E)as innovators.

Question 41

Increases in labor skills and mandatory education were vital factors in industrialization.

Question 42

In "The Written Record: A British Working-Class Family, " why were the parents supportive of child labor?

A)They thought it inculcated discipline.
B)They were fearful of challenging the government.
C)They thought that child labor was natural.
D)They feared the loss of the child's income stream.
E)None of these

Question 43

How does the "sense of time" change in the industrial era?

A)A move away from natural forms of keeping time, such as night and day
B)The rise of factory shifts
C)Increasing necessity to coordinate industrial activity
D)Obsession with the efficient use of time
E)All of these.

Question 44

How can one claim that early industrial and slum areas were environments unfit for human habitation?

A)Chimney soot that verged on permanent fog
B)Stench from garbage in the streets
C)Dead animal corpses
D)Lack of sewers
E)All of these

Question 45

Women and children contributed to the household budget in all of the following ways except

A)making clothes.
B)acquiring an education to advance their working positions.
C)raising pigs.
D)tending a small garden
E)as grandmothers, they could be baby sitters.

Question 46

Members of the industrial proletariat were

A)skilled workers.
B)indistinguishable from earlier apprentices.
C)unskilled and dependent on factory owners for their livelihood.
D)urban revolutionaries.
E)unable to join guilds.

Question 47

Guilds declined for all of the following reasons except that

A)they were abolished in revolutionary France and restricted in Britain.
B)guild training was not needed for factory work.
C)they sponsored a number of unsuccessful and politically damaging revolts.
D)their efforts to protect their members from exploitation were seen as hindering technological and economic development.
E)they were seen as a threat to free trade and free flow of labor.

Question 48

What nation was the first nation to legalize unions?

A)Prussia
B)France
C)Britain
D)Spain
E)Russia

Question 49

Who makes up the bourgeoisie?

A)factory workers
B)the rural aristocracy
C)dispossessed agricultural workers
D)the inhabitants of slums
E)the new middle class

Question 50

What was not a characteristic of middle-class families?

A)increased literacy
B)The cult of domesticity
C)Servants
D)Furniture
E)Radical political ideas

Question 51

Child labor

A)began with the industrial transformation.
B)was limited to short workdays and easy tasks.
C)was hard and physically harmful.
D)was not used in mines or textile mills.
E)was not used in the agricultural sector.

Question 52

What was the effect of factory work on the working-class family?

A)It dissolved them; families traditionally had worked together.
B)It removed work from the home and segregated it by gender and age.
C)Factory work interfered with the care of children.
D)Because of insufficient information, worker's standard of living measured by income and expenses is incomplete.
E)All of these.

Question 53

What became the new sign of success and power in the 1800s?

A)Aristocratic bloodlines
B)Military skill
C)Wealth
D)Charm and manners
E)Fashion

Question 54

What is the proletariat?

A)the aristocracy
B)the middle class
C)the rural class
D)the workers in factories
E)the urban wealthy

Question 55

The Luddites were

A)a peaceful labor organization.
B)groups of bourgeois guilty about material wealth.
C)religious associations.
D)militant anti-industrialists.
E)a latter-day guild.

Question 56

What effect did industrialization have on the bourgeois family?

A)Wives and daughters ceased to contribute to family businesses.
B)Industrialization resulted in a new "cult of domesticity" that drastically separated male and female spheres.
C)The ability to support a wife who did not work became a sign of success.
D)Conspicuous consumption of homes, furnishings, and clothing offered visible proof of success.
E)All of these.

Question 57

Where does the term "mad hatter" come from originally?

A)Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland
B)As a term of contempt for the proletariat
C)From those driven crazy by industrial labor
D)From the mercury-caused dementia common to hat manufacturing
E)None of these.

Question 58

In 1800-1850 labor agitation included all of the following except

A)the smashing of machines by Luddites.
B)illegal unionization and strikes.
C)a decline when governments intervened to support the workers.
D)a prevalence all over Europe, often violent and on a large scale.
E)workers' rejection of employers' attempts to become involved in the personal life of workers outside the work place.

Question 59

Friendly societies were

A)labor unions.
B)Quaker missions.
C)craft guilds.
D)workers' aid associations.
E)communists.

Question 60

Workers developed a sense of solidarity for all of the following reasons except that they

A)often shared the same religious attitudes.
B)lived in the same areas and in similar conditions.
C)rejected the label working class, which they felt was demeaning.
D)intermarried and shared leisure activities.
E)often pooled their resources to provide mutual aid.

Question 61

Solidarity among the working classes transcended skill, position, and gender, to bring all the workers together on common ground.

Question 62

In order to ease the transportation of raw goods for manufacturing, Prussia took the lead in creating a customs union, which abolished tariffs among its members.

Question 63

One of the significant improvements during the industrial revolution was in the area of transportation.

Question 64

The phrase "live working or die trying" was coined in England during one of the worker uprisings.

Question 65

Child labor was limited to short days and easy tasks.

Question 66

During the industrial revolution middle class women enjoyed the freedom to work outside the home, leaving the domestic cares to servants.

Question 67

The use of clocks and time pieces became essential during industrialization.Punctuality became a necessity.

Question 68

The cotton industry advanced solely because of the inventions of Eli Whitney.

Question 69

Because of the upheaval and wars of the French Revolution and slow population growth, France was much slower to industrialize then Britain.