Deck 19: An Age of Revolution, 1789-1815

Question 1

Louis XVI and France was unable to reform the tax system because

A)the king did not want to lose the income he received from selling offices.
B)farmers resisted any tax reform because they were making large profits from overseas sales.
C)appointed ministers were corrupt.
D)high harvests would increase taxes for both the small farmer as well as the large land owner.
E)the tax system was too complex to tackle change.

Answer 1

the tax system was too complex to tackle change.

Question 2

As a result of its alliance with the American colonies, France experienced

A)great commercial prosperity from the American trade.
B)increased prestige and influence in North America.
C)neither benefits nor disadvantages from its intervention.
D)a financial crisis and the spread of revolutionary ideas.
E)a reversal in the belief of the practical application of the Enlightenment.

Answer 2

a financial crisis and the spread of revolutionary ideas.

Question 3

Discuss and explain eighteenth-century European reform movements outside France.

Answer 3

The discussion of revolutionary movements in Ireland, the Netherlands, and Poland should be as detailed as permitted by the textbook and lectures.This should give the students a good sense of the broad revolutionary phenomenon.The better essays may recognize the connections between the Enlightenment and the Revolutionary Era.R.R.Palmer's thesis, the "democratic revolution, " could be used to emphasize both elements of this topic.

Question 4

Which country had the first codified constitution in Europe?

A)France
B)Great Britain
C)The Netherlands
D)Ireland
E)Poland

Question 5

The storming of the Bastille was the result of

A)Robespierre's call to arms.
B)the king's use of troops.
C)the imprisonment of the National Assembly.
D)the demand of guilds for greater control of taxes and tariffs.
E)demands from the church and nobles for increased taxes.

Question 6

Analyze the stages of the French Revolution.What characterized each phase, and what were some of the factors that caused each of the first three stages to become more radical than the period preceding it?

Question 7

Devise a balance sheet for the Age of Revolution.What appear to have been the lasting and the temporary consequences of the numerous revolutions?

Question 8

What was the attitude of the French government to the American Revolution? What were some of the reasons France supported the Americans, and how important was that support? What were the results for France of involvement in the Revolution?

Question 9

France became involved in the American Revolution because

A)the king wanted to support the British government.
B)British troops kidnapped the French ambassador in New York.
C)France hoped to recoup some of its colonial losses to the British.
D)George Washington was a personal friend of Louis XVI.
E)it hoped to gain special trade rights with the prosperous colonies.

Question 10

Discuss some effects of French revolutionary ideas and policies on the Americas.Give specific examples of the points you make.

Question 11

The nascent Irish revolution led by the Volunteer Movement ended quickly because

A)of the swift and overwhelming military response by the British.
B)traditional Celtic pacifism prevailed.
C)of the granting of greater parliamentary autonomy by the British and the Irish elite's own fear of the Catholic population.
D)French intervention provoked a backlash.
E)the Volunteer Movement took over the government.

Question 12

The French Revolution is often considered the beginning of modern European history.It included which of the following?

A)The overthrow and eventual execution of an absolute monarch
B)The spread of revolutionary ideas throughout Europe
C)The conquest of much of Europe by the French under Napoleon
D)Constitutional limits on traditional governments
E)All of these.

Question 13

Personally, Louis XVI was

A)an absolute tyrant
B)a religious fanatic
C)a neglectful king, indifferent to his people's suffering
D)well-intentioned but weak
E)strong and decisive

Question 14

What was the Liberum Veto?

A)The power of the French king to override parliament
B)The control of Ireland by England
C)The veto possessed by each and every Polish nobleman
D)The right of sovereigns to veto papal candidates
E)The choice of electors in Germany

Question 15

Give a well-reasoned assessment of Napoleon.Be sure to include his career, his aims, his achievements and his failures.Give an assessment of his historical significance as well as a well-argued personal opinion as to his character.

Question 16

When did France first intervene in the American Revolution?

A)After Lexington and Concord
B)After the Declaration of Independence
C)After Yorktown
D)After the victory at Saratoga
E)After Bunker Hill

Question 17

The revolution in the Netherlands included all of the following except

A)a public execution of the stadholder.
B)tension between the merchant oligarchy and the military governor.
C)the creation of the Dutch "Patriotic" Party.
D)demands of different groups for "liberty."
E)demands for American style liberties.

Question 18

The crisis of the Old Regime was due in part to all of the following except

A)an inefficient revenue system combined with huge debts.
B)the refusal of the king even to consider reforms.
C)the interference of privileged interests with the carrying out of royal reforms.
D)pressure on the king by elite opinion-makers for extensive reforms.
E)the queen coming from Austria, an old French enemy.

Question 19

Did Napoleon destroy the French Revolution, or did he continue and spread it? Give reasons for your opinion, citing examples from Napoleon's domestic policies and the effects of the Napoleonic conquests abroad.

Question 20

Which American became accepted in the courts of Europe as a philosophe?

A)Washington
B)Adams
C)Jefferson
D)Franklin
E)None of these

Question 21

All of the following occurred during the first two years of the French First Republic except

A)the trial and execution of the king.
B)the Committee of Public Safety and the Terror.
C)military defeat by a coalition of absolute monarchs.
D)ascendancy of the Jacobins.
E)the king's wearing of the liberty cap signaled the end of the monarchy.

Question 22

When the self-declared National Assembly was locked out of its meeting hall, it

A)dissolved itself, but the revolutionary momentum was taken over by the sans-culottes, who promptly stormed the Bastille.
B)took the Tennis Court Oath to meet until a constitution was produced.
C)proclaimed the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.
D)found several servants at Versailles to open the door.
E)assembled in the streets of Paris and attracted mobs of Parisian laborers.

Question 23

Who were the sans-culottes?

A)French revolutionary soldiers.
B)The members of the Legislative Assembly.
C)Jacobin leaders.
D)Ordinary Parisians dedicated to the revolution.
E)None of these.

Question 24

What characterized the Legislative assembly?

A)No members of the National Assembly were able to participate
B)Most of the members were Republican Girondins
C)It was actively opposed to constitutional monarchy
D)It had to deal with threats of foreign invasion
E)All of these

Question 25

Changes that were enforced under the Terror included all of the following except

A)the five-day workweek.
B)the metric system.
C)a new civic religion of "reason" and cult of the Supreme Being.
D)banning women from political life.
E)slavery was abolished in the French colonies.

Question 26

Measures taken by the National Assembly concerning the Catholic Church included all of the following except

A)confiscating church property.
B)abolishing monasteries and convents.
C)abolishing the requirement that clergy take an oath to the state.
D)making the clergy salaried state employees.
E)pensioning the monks and nuns to permit them to continue as nurses and teachers.

Question 27

What was the "Committee of Public Safety"?

A)The body charged with running the war effort
B)The revolutionary tribunal which sent people to the guillotine
C)The small executive body that began to act as sole rulers during the Terror.
D)A monarchists group
E)The leaders of a Catholic uprising.

Question 28

Which was not a problem faced by revolutionary France?

A)War with nearly every European power
B)Internal, counter-revolutionary uprisings
C)The escape of Louis XVI, who led an invading army
D)Runaway inflation
E)Serious internal dissention between constitutional monarchists, Girondins, and Jacobins

Question 29

What is an assignat?

A)French revolutionary taxes
B)The conscription system
C)A royal decree about civil marriage
D)Church tithes
E)Government bonds backed by Church property

Question 30

One of the most potent political pamphlets, called What Is the Third Estate, argued

A)the First and Second estates should be merged.
B)the Third estate should be abolished.
C)the King should dissolve the Estates General.
D)the Third estate truly represented the popular mandate.
E)all the estates should be abolished in favor of a British-style parliament.

Question 31

The most radical deputies who seized the leadership of the Estates General and converted it into the National Assembly were

A)lawyers and other professionals who represented the Third Estate.
B)peasants and craftsmen of the Third Estate.
C)Second Estate supporters of the parlements.
D)a broad coalition drawn roughly evenly from all three estates.
E)students.

Question 32

Lafayette was involved in which of the following?

A)The attempt to help the king and his family escape to Austria
B)He was president of the National Assembly
C)Massacre of the Champ
D)Helping Robespierre gain power
E)Leading a counter revolution in the name of the monarchy

Question 33

What was the status of the French military in the 1790s?

A)They were a reactionary, royalist force
B)They refused to put down popular insurrections
C)They won several surprising victories, followed by spectacular success under Napoleon
D)They were a rag-tag group with little discipline
E)They were loyal only to the Committee of Public Safety

Question 34

In 1789, the National Assembly

A)abolished the vestiges of feudalism and serfdom.
B)produced an Enlightenment-inspired document guaranteeing basic rights and outlining the guiding principles of the new government.
C)drastically curtailed Louis XVI's former absolutist powers.
D)met to create a constitution.
E)All of these.

Question 35

All of the following are true regarding the storming of the Bastille, except

A)the appointment of a finance minister who was known to be hostile to the poor of Paris.
B)Paris was overrun by homeless people from the city and countryside who were in a hostile mood.
C)the Bastille represented the suppression of the state.
D)the events at the Bastille enflamed the countryside.
E)rather than face increased violence, the king embraced the popular movement.

Question 36

The Terror ended with

A)the final defeat of French troops abroad.
B)a successful coup d'état by the king's brother.
C)Robespierre's declaration that it was no longer necessary.
D)the execution of Robespierre and his colleagues.
E)demands from the papacy to restore the church to its original place in French society.

Question 37

After the attempted flight of the royal family

A)all the revolutionary factions shared the same goals and interests.
B)Lafayette proposed the execution of the family.
C)divisions among more and less radical groups became apparent.
D)the king was allowed to live in exile in Switzerland.
E)documents were found that showed the king's sympathy for the revolution.

Question 38

One of the problems with calling the Estates General was

A)Louis was fearful that it would give him more responsibilities.
B)the Assembly of Notables had recommended against it.
C)it had not been called since 1614.
D)it was feared that it would be superfluous.
E)None of these.

Question 39

The march to Versailles was triggered by

A)the politicians' invitation to the women of Paris.
B)Parisian support for the beleaguered king.
C)Lafayette's instigation of a Jacobin protest.
D)a food shortage in Paris.
E)anger against the extravagant expenditures of the queen.

Question 40

During the Thermidorian Reaction

A)a stable government was organized with no major opposition.
B)the food supply was no longer a problem.
C)direct election by universal suffrage was implemented.
D)only elite citizens could vote.
E)property requirements to enable one to vote were eliminated.

Question 41

Among Napoleon's domestic measures

A)were the Civil Code and establishment of the Bank of France.
B)were voting rights for women.
C)were provisions for easy divorce.
D)was his repeated refusal to call himself anything but "First Citizen."
E)was forbidding the use of titles.

Question 42

What forced Napoleon's ambitions towards the conquest of Europe?

A)His desire to control Russia
B)His need for access to the east Indian trade routes
C)His defeat at the Battle of Trafalgar, ending French naval power
D)Invasion of France by Austria
E)None of these

Question 43

When Napoleon returned from Elba

A)he was unable to raise a new army.
B)he restored his empire after the Battle of Waterloo.
C)many of the French were still loyal to him.
D)he was immediately recaptured.
E)European powers were divided on how to treat France and Napoleon after Waterloo.

Question 44

Which statement best describes the state of French politics when the Bourbons were restored to power after Napoleon's defeat?

A)Institutions and processes were returned to those of the Old Regime prior to 1788.
B)Politics was established on newer revolutionary principles yet still lacked the practical means to achieve the promise inherent in those principles.
C)A new counterrevolutionary Terror purged France of its revolutionary traditions.
D)Louis XVIII's policies were essentially indistinguishable from Napoleon's.
E)The Bourbons would not accept the concept of a constitutional government.

Question 45

Napoleon Bonaparte succeeded in

A)stabilizing the political situation in France.
B)exporting the Revolution as he conquered most of Europe.
C)gaining fame through military success.
D)gaining support from many areas of the political system.
E)All of these

Question 46

The government of the Directory

A)renounced the use of force to keep order.
B)restored government solvency.
C)gave way to the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte.
D)maintained control of the countryside.
E)invited the Bourbons back as constitutional monarchs.

Question 47

An important change in warfare during the revolutionary era was the

A)invention of the bayonet.
B)use of mass armies of citizen-soldiers.
C)use of tank warfare.
D)use of the machine gun.
E)new techniques of cavalry.

Question 48

Toussaint-l'Ouverture led an uprising in

A)Mexico
B)Haiti
C)Spain
D)Western France
E)Cuba

Question 49

Who were Napoleon's first great military victories against?

A)Austria
B)Prussia
C)Russia
D)Egypt
E)Spain

Question 50

Napoleon consolidated his power partly by

A)executing enemies and conciliating members of various elites.
B)making peace with Britain.
C)welcoming members of the royal family back to France.
D)avoiding national plebiscites.
E)restoring the power of the church and gaining support from the papacy.

Question 51

The first two independent nations in Latin America were

A)Argentina and Brazil
B)Argentina and Paraguay
C)Chile and Argentina
D)Mexico and Chile
E)Mexico and Colombia

Question 52

When the Poles established their constitutional monarchy, Russia under Catherine the Great gave her full support to the venture.

Question 53

What did Napoleon gain in the Concordat of 1801?

A)Sole rule of France
B)Command of the military
C)Resolution of the situation with the Catholic Church
D)Peace with Great Britain
E)The destruction of his Jacobin opponents

Question 54

In 1799 Napoleon assumed what title?

A)King
B)First Consul
C)Emperor
D)Member of the Directory
E)None of these

Question 55

Which of the following statements is not true about Saint Domingue (Haiti)during the revolutionary period?

A)White planter rule was challenged by wealthy people of mixed European and African descent.
B)A full-fledge slave rebellion followed a civil war between competing elites.
C)The British permanently seized the colony from France.
D)Peace was temporarily restored when slavery was abolished by the revolutionary government in France in 1793.
E)Wealth from this French colony made it difficult for France to accept its claim for independence.

Question 56

Which of the following did not contribute to the collapse of the Napoleonic Empire?

A)The resounding Russian victory at Borodino
B)Napoleon's refusal of an Austrian offer of peace
C)Military defeat in Spain
D)The Battle of Nations in October 1813
E)The loyalty that the troops had for Napoleon

Question 57

Spanish colonies in the Americas were affected by all of the following except

A)revolutionary ideas, including aspirations for independence.
B)the example of the Haitian revolution.
C)confusion of authority in French-conquered Spain.
D)the lack of any attempts at revolt or self-government.
E)the attempt of local elites to become self-governing.

Question 58

Which country was not occupied by Napoleon?

A)Spain
B)Italy
C)Prussia
D)Sweden
E)Austria

Question 59

France faced great financial burdens due to their involvement in the American Revolution.

Question 60

Which of the following was not a consequence of the Continental System?

A)Growth in continental industries
B)Decline in overseas trade
C)Economic depression throughout Europe
D)Increased smuggling
E)Defeat of the British navy

Question 61

When the self-declared National Assembly was locked out of its meeting hall it immediately dissolved itself.

Question 62

Louis XVIII found no difficulty in establishing his own legitimacy to the crown in France.

Question 63

Louis XVI was as successful as Louis XV had been in undermining the authority of the parlements.

Question 64

The Civil Constitution of the Clergy demanded that the clergy take an oath of loyalty to the state, thus undermining their clerical freedom.

Question 65

Toussaint-l'Ouverture, a former slave, governed the island of Saint Domingue as an independent state after the slave revolt of 1791.

Question 66

The campaign that Napoleon waged against Russia in the summer of 1812 would be the defining moment of victory for the French regime.

Question 67

One of the legacies of the Revolution was the dominance of maritime Britain and their expansion of trade and colonial control.

Question 68

Under Napoleon's Civil Code individual rights were greatly increased, including that of the right of women to own property.