Deck 2: Fundamental Chemistry for Microbiology

Question 1

Cations are different from anions because cations

A)Have a positive charge
B)Are formed by the loss of an electron
C)Are attracted to negatively charged ions
D)Include Na?, Li?, Mg²?, Al³?
E)All of the choices

Answer 1

All of the choices

Question 2

Atomic structure gives an atom

A)Its mass
B)Its reactivity
C)Its valence in molecules
D)All of the above

Answer 2

All of the above

Question 3

Which of the following is not synthesized by cells?

A)Carbohydrates
B)Nucleic acids
C)Proteins
D)Lipids
E)Nalco

Answer 3

Nalco

Question 4

The components of ATP include

A)Adenine, ribose sugar, and three phosphates
B)Amino acid and three phosphates
C)Adenine, triglycerols, and one phosphate
D)Adenine, deoxyribose sugar, and three phosphates

Question 5

Which of the following indicates the correct order of the items from simple to complex?

A)molecules > atoms > cells > tissues
B)Tissues > cells > molecules > atoms
C)Cells > molecules > atoms > tissues
D)Atoms > molecules > cells > tissues
E)Atoms > molecules > tissues > cells

Question 6

An atom that has donated an electron to form an ionic bond is classified as _____ and is positively charged.

A)A cation
B)Polar
C)Nonpolar
D)A solvent
E)An anion

Question 7

Animals store carbohydrates in the form of

A)Monosaccharide's
B)Glycogen
C)Starch
D)Disaccharides
E)Cellulose

Question 8

Which of the following statements is not true?

A)Oxygen has 2 unpaired electrons in the second shell.
B)Nitrogen has 7 electrons which occupy the first and second shells.
C)Hydrogen has an atomic number of 1 and an atomic weight of 2.
D)Carbon has an atomic number of 6 and an atomic weight of 12.
E)The third shell must contain 18 electrons to be stable.

Question 9

The quaternary structure of a protein refers to

A)Its amino acid sequence
B)The way the protein folds
C)The links that stabilize the protein
D)The way protein subunits interact with each other
E)All of the above

Question 10

Which is not true of covalent bonds?

A)They can be polar
B)They can be nonpolar
C)They can be composed of cations and anions
D)They occur when electrons are shared between atoms
E)Most molecules synthesized in cells are covalently bonded

Question 11

Which of the following statements is correct?

A)A base is a H? ion donor
B)Pure water is completely neutral and has a pH of 0
C)On a pH scale, gastric fluids are classified as alkaline
D)H? ion concentration is inversely related to pH
E)If the hydroxyl ions outnumber the H? ions, the pH will be less than 7.0

Question 12

Water surrounds cations and anions and keeps them dissociated in solution by forming

A)Nonpolar covalent bonds
B)Tertiary structure
C)Peptide bonds
D)Active sites
E)Spheres of hydration

Question 13

When a molecule only contains sets of 2 shared electrons,it must contain which bonds?

A)Hydrogen
B)Inorganic
C)Ionic
D)Covalent

Question 14

_____ bonds form when electrons are transferred between atoms,whereas _____ bonds involve the sharing of electrons.

A)Covalent; hydrogen
B)Hydrogen; covalent
C)Ionic; hydrogen
D)Covalent; ionic
E)Ionic; covalent

Question 15

Chlorine has at atomic number of 17.Therefore,which of the following is not correct regarding chlorine?

A)Chlorine has a mass number of 34
B)Chlorine has 2 electrons in the first shell, 8 electrons in the second shell, and 7 electrons in the third shell
C)If chlorine accepts an electron, it becomes a chloride cation
D)Chlorine needs only one electron to fill its outer shell
E)Atomic chlorine has 17 electrons

Question 16

Carbon atoms can form how many bonds with other atoms?

A)6
B)12
C)4
D)2
E)8

Question 17

Carbon dioxide (CO?)forms as a result of

A)Ionic bonds forming between carbon and oxygen
B)Two pairs of electrons from the carbon forming double covalent bonds with each oxygen
C)Single covalent bonds between carbon and oxygen
D)Hydrogen bonding between carbon and oxygen

Question 18

Chemical bonding between two different atoms always occurs between their

A)Unfilled outer orbital
B)Nuclei
C)First shells
D)Cores
E)Third shells

Question 19

Investigate the periodic table.What is the common theme of the elements in Column 2?

A)They can all become readily accept electrons
B)The ions they form will be negative
C)The ions they form will have a single charge
D)The ions they form will have a double charge

Question 20

The part of a biological molecule that participates in chemical reactions is referred to as

A)ATP
B)A covalent bond
C)Primary structure
D)An active site
E)A functional group

Question 21

Fatty acids are removed from triacylglycerols by the chemical process of

A)Dehydration
B)Hydration
C)Solvation
D)Polarity
E)Hydrolysis

Question 22

In terms of chemical structure discuss the similarities and differences between DNA and RNA.

Question 23

In the context of structure and function,explain why lowering the pH of a solution would inhibit an enzyme's activity.

Question 24

What is common to all monoglycerides,diglycerides,and triacylglycerol (fats)?

A)Three fatty acids
B)Glycerol
C)An amino acid
D)A monosaccharide
E)A nitrogenous base

Question 25

When two monosaccharides are joined together,_____ is formed through _____ synthesis.

A)A disaccharide; dehydration
B)A polysaccharide; hydrolysis
C)Glycogen; dehydration
D)A disaccharide; hydrolysis
E)Starch; dehydration

Question 26

Helices and pleated sheets that contribute to protein structure are considered to be which level of protein structure?

A)Primary
B)Secondary
C)Tertiary
D)Quaternary

Question 27

Some proteins form _____ which stabilizes their folding.

A)Spheres of hydration
B)Double bonds
C)Disulfide bridges
D)Magnetic resonance
E)Energy of activation

Question 28

Which of the following refers to the loss of protein three dimensional structure when temperature or pH is altered?

A)Denaturation
B)Polarity
C)Hydration
D)Hydrolysis
E)Dehydration

Question 29

What is the chemical formula of glucose?

A)C₆H₁₂O₆
B)C₅H₁₀O₅
C)C₄H₈O₅
D)C₆H₆O₁₂
E)C₁₂H₆O₆

Question 30

Which of the following is a steroid found in animal cell membranes?

A) Glycolipid
B) Cholesterol
C)Nucleic acid
D) Amino acid
E) Protein

Question 31

Which of the following molecules is not a lipid?

A)Cholesterol
B)Glycolipid
C)Steroid
D)Glycogen
E)Phospholipid

Question 32

The purines of nucleic acids are

A)Adenine and guanine
B)Thymine and guanine
C)Adenine and cytosine
D)Thymine and cytosine
E)Uracil and guanine

Question 33

All 20 amino acids have three common chemical components attached to a central carbon.Which of the following is not attached?

A)Hydrogen
B)Carboxyl group
C)Glucose
D)Amino group

Question 34

Name and describe the four levels of protein structure and the chemical bonds involved at each level.Why is protein structure important?

Question 35

Which of the following is part of a glycolipid?

A)Adenine
B)Amino acid
C)Carbohydrate
D)Phosphate
E)ATP

Question 36

DNA differs from RNA in that

A)DNA uses the sugar deoxyribose, whereas RNA uses the sugar ribose
B)Only DNA has 5-prime to 3-prime direction
C)DNA uses uracil, whereas RNA uses thymine
D)DNA is usually found as a single chain, whereas RNA is usually found as a double helix

Question 37

A triglyceride contains fatty acids that are _____ and therefore do not dissolve with water.

A)Hydrophilic
B)Carbohydrates
C)No lipid groups
D)Ribose sugars
E)Hydrophobic

Question 38

The term antiparallel means that DNA

A)Has two strands that run in opposite directions
B)Has secondary structure in both strands
C)Has one strand containing deoxyribose sugars and the other containing ribose sugars
D)Can bind to RNA by using complementary base pairs
E)Contains purines, whereas RNA contains pyrimidines

Question 39

All of the following are components of a nucleotide except

A)Nitrogenous base
B)Phosphate group
C)Amino acid
D)Pentose sugar

Question 40

The building blocks of _____ are _____.

A)Polysaccharides; fatty acids
B)DNA; ribose
C)Steroids; glucose
D)Proteins; amino acids
E)Glycogen; starch