Deck 11: Looking at the Past and Across Cultures

Question 1

If a researcher uses very different ways of measuring across different cultures,what type of equivalence is he using?

A)measurement equivalence
B)contextual equivalence
C)Lexicon equivalence
D)metric equivalence

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT unique about historical-comparative research?

A)work with limited evidence
B)interpret evidence with minimum distortion
C)lack of integration between micro and macro levels
D)use specific as well as transcultural,transhistorical concepts

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a type of historical evidence?

A)primary sources
B)tertiary sources
C)recollections
D)running records

Answer 3

B

Question 4

A historian usually sees collecting highly accurate historical evidence as a central goal in itself; however the historical-comparative researcher

A)sees the collection of historical evidence as secondary.
B)sees the collection to be unnecessary.
C)treats the historical evidence as a secondary goal.
D)sees the history is a necessary last step in the research continuum.

Question 5

Internal and external criticism evaluate the___________and the___________,respectively,of primary source materials

A)credibility,authenticity
B)authenticity,credibility
C)credibility,discredibility
D)authenticity,variability

Question 6

These sources are studies conducted by specialist historians who may have spent many years studying a narrow topic.What are the sources called?

A)books
B)texts
C)field notes
D)secondary sources

Question 7

If two units are actually subparts of a single larger unit,relationships may have a common origin.This could result in possible mistakes or

A)Daltonȇs problem.
B)Galwayȇs problem.
C)Gastadȇs problem.
D)Galtonȇs problem.

Question 8

For convenience,most comparative researchers use what as their unit of analysis?

A)the state
B)the country
C)the continent
D)the nation-state

Question 9

Early in the research study,the researcher should think through the topic and develop ideas.Which of the following is true?

A)It is impossible to begin research without some assumptions,concepts,and theory.
B)It is possible to write a preliminary report before the research begins.
C)Once a researcher is set on a topic,it is impossible to change direction because of what he learns from the data.
D)Often the data fit with original concepts.

Question 10

Mr.Marsh is not overly concerned about developing a theory to explain social relations or processes.He is most likely conducting

A)historical research.
B)ethnologic research.
C)historical-comparative research.
D)field research.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a similarity between H-C research and field research?

A)They incorporate an individual researcherȇs point of view as part of the research process.
B)They focus on quantitative methods to achieve results.
C)They focus on processes,time passage,and sequence.
D)They use grounded theory.

Question 12

Mr.Marsh is using secondary sources in his research.What might be a/some limitation(s)to these sources?

A)inaccurate historical accounts and the historianȇs interpretation of the data
B)tedious research of one topic
C)incorrect time periods
D)researcher bias

Question 13

It is best to use historical-comparative research

A)when the research question involves the flow of history and/or two or more sociocultural contexts.
B)when the research question involves historical research only.
C)when ethnology research is irrelevant.
D)when the research question involves the flow of history and/or quantitative research.

Question 14

Imposing a researcherȇs own sense of order to make peopleȇs beliefs or actions consistent is a type of distortion called

A)coherence imposition.
B)supracontext awareness.
C)capacity overestimation.
D)supracontext awareness.

Question 15

As part of Dr.Mottleȇs research,she is examining the interaction of a South Korean family 500 years ago.Equivalence will be an issue that she needs to consider.What type of equivalence will most probably need the LEAST consideration in the list below?

A)lexicon
B)conceptual
C)context
D)measurement

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a type of data that researchers use alone or in combination in a study?

A)cooperative field research
B)existing qualitative data
C)existing quantitative data
D)cross-national survey data

Question 17

To be classified as history,an event must have happened at least___________years ago.

A)15
B)7
C)10
D)12

Question 18

A common type of distortion that can occur during interpretation of the meaning of events in context is

A)episode exaggeration.
B)episode overestimation.
C)distinct incompetency.
D)coherence imposition.

Question 19

Historical-comparative research does not require a researcher to follow a fixed set of step; however,it involves several processes that typically START with

A)conceptualizing the issue.
B)acquiring the necessary background.
C)locating and evaluating the evidence.
D)organizing the evidence.

Question 20

Four types of types of equivalence include Lexicon,Conceptual,Measurement and what other type?

A)dictionary
B)symbiosis
C)context
D)design

Question 21

Name three different common types of distortion when interpreting the meaning of events in context.

Question 22

What is the most relevant research method for explaining and understanding macro -level events such as sources of racism?

Question 23

It is wise to pull all data into one spot and let it be for a while before sorting.This helps the researcher to remain objective.

Question 24

When a researcherȇs focus shifts,evidence that was once relevant becomes less relevant.

Question 25

When evaluating evidence,the researcher ȈlooksȈ for silences.What does that mean?

A)It means that the interview subject pauses excessively.
B)It means that research does not always ȈspeakȈ to the researcher.
C)It means that there may be situations in which the evidence fails to address a topic or issue.
D)It means that the evidence has been lost.

Question 26

Conceptual equivalence is applying the same concept across different cultures or historical eras.

Question 27

Grounded theory is used in field research,but is rarely,if ever,used in historical -comparative research.

Question 28

Specialists in the field of history devote most of their time and efforts to

A)field research.
B)writing the final report.
C)gathering and analyzing historical data.
D)checking their facts.

Question 29

The historianȇs main goal is to locate,collect,validate,and analyze primary sources.

Question 30

Primary sources do not need to be verified when using them as sources for a social research study.

Question 31

Equivalence is not a critical concern in social research.

Question 32

In historical-comparative research a researcher uses a blend of research techniques.

Question 33

Historical-comparative researchers may examine and integrate data from both the micro and macro levels.

Question 34

A question that a researcher should keep in mind while gathering evidence for comparative research is

A)ȈWhat type of research am I conducting?Ȉ
B)ȈHow accurate and strong is the evidence?Ȉ
C)ȈWhere is my field research?Ȉ
D)ȈWhat length of time will it take for my research to be conducted?Ȉ

Question 35

What five similarities do field and historical-comparative research studies have in common?

Question 36

Running records are files or documents that an organization maintains over time.Which of the following is a limitation of running records?

A)Organizations do not always maintain them.
B)Organizations run out of space and the records are hard to find.
C)Paper documents are often old and brittle.
D)Handwritten records may be difficult to interpret.

Question 37

A researcherȇs presence or findings may create diplomatic problems among governments.

Question 38

Name three things that make historical-comparative research unique.

Question 39

When a researcher evaluates documents or other primary sources he uses what two types of criticism?

Question 40

Which of the following questions would be appropriate to ask when determining external criticism?

A)When was the document really created?
B)Is information in the source consistent with other accounts at that time?
C)What conditions might have influenced what was included in or omitted in a source?
D)Did the sourceȇs author directly witness what it contains or is it secondhand information?

Question 41

One limitation of running records is that organizations do not always maintain the records; what is another limitation?

Question 42

A mistake when comparing variables of units of analysis in which an association among variables of two units may be due to them both being part of one unit is called what?

Question 43

In comparative studies a specific form of supercontext awareness distortion that treats the researcherȇs culture and time in history as being the best is called___________ .

Question 44

______________________criticism is the manner in which a researcher determines whether a source is fake or a forgery.

Question 45

______________________equivalence is being able to apply the same concept across different cultures or historical eras.

Question 46

A researcher conducts___________research when he conducts field research in cultures other than his own.

Question 47

The historical-comparative researcher interprets evidence with___________distortion.

Question 48

When a researcher uses a personȇs words or writings about past experiences that the person experienced in the past,this is called using the personȇs___________ .

Question 49

______________________is the fallacy of looking at past events from the point of view of today and failing to adjust for a very different context at the time.

Question 50

A special type of recollection is called a(n)___________,which includes a verbal story of a personȇs recollections.

Question 51

______________________is a possible mistake when comparing variables of units of analysis,in which an association among variables of two units may be due to them both actually being part of one large unit.

Question 52

______________________sources are created in the past and have survived to the present.

Question 53

______________________are files or records that many organizations keep for their own purposes,which can be used by researchers.

Question 54

Field and historical-comparative research have five similarities.Name three of them.

Question 55

Historical-comparative researchers often examine and integrate data from two different scales,the small-scale level and the large-scale level.What is another name for the two scales?

Question 56

A survey conducted in several countries is called a___________-___________survey.

Question 57

Comparative researchers use several types of data and combine types together in one study.Name four data/research types.

Question 58

When a researcher is aware of events beyond the immediate setting that he is studying,such as events that occurred later in time or elsewhere,this type of distortion is called___________.

Question 59

A researcher cannot always use the same way of measuring across different cultures or historical eras.This is called___________equivalence.

Question 60

Historical-comparative research integrates macro and___________levels of data.

Question 61

Mr.Marsh has a stack of information that he has gathered for his historical-comparative research study,and several ideas and theories are beginning to emerge.He notices that he has primary and secondary sources that clearly conflict with each other on one of the topics with which he has the most interest.Should he ȈskipȈ the topic altogether? What if he wants to pursue the topic,what should he do?

Question 62

Discuss the four types of equivalence and their importance to social research.

Question 63

Discuss the five similarities between historical-comparative and field research.

Question 64

Discuss ethical ramifications of historical-comparative research.

Question 65

Four types of historical evidence are: primary sources,running records,recollections,and secondary sources.Discuss the pros and cons of each.