Deck 9: The Clinical Significance of Bacterial Anatomy

Question 1

A feature that distinguishes slime layers from capsules is that

A)Only capsules are secreted exterior to the cell wall
B)Only slime layers are composed of polysaccharides
C)Slime layers adhere loosely to the cell wall
D)Only slime layers inhibit phagocytosis
E)Only capsules are used for cellular motility

Answer 1

Slime layers adhere loosely to the cell wall

Question 2

Comparing eukaryotic to prokaryotic electron transport,only eukaryotic electron transport

A)Yields energy to generate ATP
B)Produces more energy than glycolysis
C)Occurs in the plasma membrane
D)Occurs in the mitochondria
E)Uses FAD and NAD

Answer 2

Occurs in the mitochondria

Question 3

The outer membrane is found in _____ bacteria and is composed of _____.

A)Gram-positive; lipopolysaccharide, lipoprotein, and phospholipid
B)Gram-negative; lipopolysaccharide, lipoprotein, and phospholipid
C)Gram-positive; teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid
D)Gram-negative; teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid

Answer 3

Gram-negative; lipopolysaccharide, lipoprotein, and phospholipid

Question 4

Which of the following is correctly matched?

A)Gram-positive cell wall: diaminopimelic acid
B)Gram-positive cell wall: many layers of peptidoglycan
C)Gram-negative cell wall: glycine-glycine bridges
D)Gram-negative cell wall: teichoic acid
E)Gram-positive cell wall: endotoxin

Question 5

Which of the following does not describe O polysaccharides?

A)They are a component of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria
B)They provoke poor immune responses
C)They are used by epidemiologists to identify outbreaks caused by the same strain of bacteria
D)They are carbohydrate chains that face outwards and are therefore accessible to host defenses
E)They are found in Gram-negative bacteria

Question 6

Which of the following is true of both fimbriae and pili?

A)They are involved with adherence
B)They are the same length
C)Both are needed for bacterial conjugation
D)They are made only by Gram-positive bacteria
E)Their retraction aids in motility

Question 7

Gram-positive bacteria possess how many pair(s)of rings anchoring the flagellum to the plasma membrane?

A)One
B)Two
C)Three
D)Four

Question 8

Which host cell components provide bacteria with intracellular and intercellular movement within and between host cells?

A)Axial filaments
B)Integral proteins
C)Permease
D)ABC transport systems
E)Cytoskeletal structures

Question 9

Which is not an example of the way Neisseria use basal body pili modification during an infection?

A)Secretion of S pili
B)Post-translational modification
C)Phase variation
D)Secretion of pili-specific proteases
E)Antigenic variation

Question 10

Which of the following is a mismatched pair?

A)Fosfomycin: inhibition of cytoplasmic phase of cell wall formation
B)Lipid A: endotoxin
C)M protein: Streptococcus pyogenes
D)Gram-positive cell wall: teichoic acid
E)Bacitracin: inhibition of extra-cytoplasmic phase of cell wall formation

Question 11

Starting from the inside of the cell,what is the order of prokaryotic cell structures?

A)Hook, filament, basal body, and outer ring
B)Basal body, outer ring, hook, filament
C)Outer ring, filament, basal body, hook
D)Filament, hook, outer ring basal body

Question 12

All of the following participate in adherence except

A)Slime layers
B)Axial filaments
C)Fimbriae
D)Pili
E)Capsules

Question 13

A waxy substance called _____ is part of the cell wall of Mycobacterium spp.

A)Mycolic acid
B)M protein
C)Lipid A
D)Lipoteichoic acid
E)The slime layer

Question 14

Gram-positive bacteria have a net negative charge on their surface as a result of the presence of

A)Lipopolysaccharide in the cell wall
B)Porins in the plasma membrane
C)An outer membrane
D)Teichoic acid molecules in the cell wall
E)M proteins in the cell wall

Question 15

Bacterial conjugation is a process in which

A)Genetic material is transferred from a donor to a recipient by means of a pilus
B)The host binds to the surface of the bacterium and then ingests it by phagocytosis
C)Biofilms form through glycocalyx formation
D)End flagella rotate and move the bacterium in a corkscrew motion
E)Nutrients are transported to the cytoplasm down a concentration gradient

Question 16

A bacterium with a tuft of flagella at one end of the cell has _____ flagella.

A)Peritrichous
B)Amphitrichous
C)Lophotrichous
D)Monotrichous

Question 17

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the bacterial cell wall?

A)It protects from differences in osmolarity between intracellular and extracellular environments
B)It uses non-covalent bonds, permitting rapid synthesis during active growth periods
C)It is made, in part, of a peptidoglycan backbone
D)It is synthesized using enzymes such as transglycosylase, transpeptidase, polymerase, and hydrolase
E)Its synthesis is inhibited by the antibiotic fosfomycin

Question 18

Treponema pallidum,the causative agent of syphilis,is able to bore through tissues by using

A)S pili
B)Flagella
C)Hooks
D)Axial filaments
E)Integral proteins

Question 19

Which of the following is not a function of the plasma membrane?

A)Secretion
B)Protection from osmotic pressure
C)Energy production
D)DNA replication
E)Transport

Question 20

A barrier to water is achieved in the interior of the plasma membrane by orienting the _____ of the phospholipid layers toward each other.

A)Hydrophobic tails
B)Hydrophobic heads
C)Hydrophilic tails
D)Hydrophilic heads
E)Integral proteins

Question 21

Predict what would happen if the bacterial efflux pumps fail.

A)Uptake of glucose would be inhibited
B)The cell will become less antibiotic resistant
C)The high-energy phosphate, PEP, will build up in the cell
D)Osmosis will slow
E)Osmosis will accelerate

Question 22

Use the figure below to answer the following questions.

In the figure which letter (A to E)indicates a Gram-negative cell portion?

Question 23

Answer true or false to the following statement: Teichoic acid is a glycoprotein that can be found in two forms: wall teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid.

Question 24

Answer true or false to the following statement: The cell wall is thicker in Gram-positive bacteria than in Gram-negative ones.

Question 25

Which of the following transport mechanisms uses phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)as an energy source to facilitate solute transport across the plasma membrane?

A)Efflux pumping
B)Facilitated diffusion
C)Passive transport
D)Group translocation
E)ABC transport system

Question 26

Use the figure below to answer the following questions.

In the figure which letter (A to E)indicates the structure that contains the electron transport system?

Question 27

The _____ store(s)materials required by bacteria.

A)Inclusion bodies
B)Glycocalyx
C)Plasmids
D)Peptidoglycan
E)Endospore

Question 28

What is the process by which bacteria in a dormant spore state return to the vegetative state?

A)Translation
B)Group translocation
C)Germination
D)Conjugation
E)Sporulation

Question 29

Answer true or false to the following statement: Mycobacterium species incorporate mycolic acid (a waxy substance)in their cell walls,which makes them resistant to antibiotics.

Question 30

Osmosis is a function of plasma membranes that allows which of the following to cross the membrane.

A)Proteins
B)Water
C)DNA
D)RNA
E)Polysaccharide

Question 31

Answer true or false to the following statement: Gram-negative organisms contain teichoic acid

Question 32

Use the figure below to answer the following questions.

In the figure which letter (A to E)indicates the structure that permanently stains with crystal violet?

Question 33

Protein synthesis requires particles called _____,which perform the process of_____.

A)Ribosomes; translation
B)Endospore; germination
C)Inclusion bodies; group translocation
D)Capsule; conjugation
E)Plasmids; DNA replication

Question 34

Use the figure below to answer the following questions.

In the figure which letter (A to E)indicates the structure which is impermeable to many antibiotics?

Question 35

Which of the following is not an example of active transport?

A)Group translocation
B)Efflux pumping
C)Simple diffusion
D)ABC transport systems
E)ATP dependent diffusion

Question 36

What is clipped from proteins as they are secreted from the cell?

A)Inclusion body
B)Signal sequence
C)Endospore
D)Porin
E)Glycocalyx

Question 37

Answer true or false to the following statement: Some Gram-negative bacteria incorporate virulence factors known as M proteins in their cell walls.

Question 38

Answer true or false to the following statement: Lipoteichoic acid is involved with the production of inflammation.

Question 39

Which of the following does not use a membrane-bound molecule to facilitate the transfer of molecules across the plasma membrane?

A)ABC transport system
B)Active transport
C)Efflux pumping
D)Group translocation
E)Simple diffusion

Question 40

Facilitated diffusion requires

A)A permease
B)A hypotonic solution
C)The expenditure of energy
D)An ATP-binding cassette
E)A high-energy molecule such as phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)

Question 41

Describe the strategy used by Neisseria species for immune escape involving pili.

Question 42

Explain what happens to a solute when it is transported across a membrane by using the group translocation method.

Question 43

Answer true or false to the following statement: The outer layer of Gram-negative organisms functions as an exotoxin.

Question 44

Some bacteria incorporate chemical entities into their cell walls that contribute to virulence.Provide three examples and explain why these molecules increase the virulence of these bacteria.

Question 45

Name the three phases of peptidoglycan synthesis and briefly describe the events that take place during each phase.

Question 46

Explain why endospores are attractive agents for bioterrorism.Provide an example.

Question 47

Answer true or false to the following statement: The bacterial outer membrane is permeable to most antibiotics.

Question 48

Which disease is caused by Treponema pallidum? Explain which characteristics enable this bacterium to enter the body through epithelia of the genitourinary tract but end up in the central nervous system.

Question 49

What is the function of the bacterial flagellum? Describe the three components of a flagellum and the four distinct patterns of flagella arrangement.Provide a brief explanation of each pattern.

Question 50

Describe two types of passive transport.Explain how they are similar and different from each other.

Question 51

You are examining a blood agar plate that contains colonies exhibiting a wet,sticky appearance.Explain what characteristic of bacteria gives rise to this feature and why it can be problematic in the host during an infection.