Deck 15: Health Psychology

Question 1

Which of the following is a positive coping strategy?

A)Avoidance coping
B)Highlighting trivial issues
C)Suppressing negative emotions
D)Seeking social support

Answer 1

Seeking social support

Question 2

Which of the following was one of the top five leading causes of death in the early part of the twentieth century?

A)HIV
B)Tuberculosis
C)Cancer
D)Chronic lower respiratory diseases

Answer 2

Tuberculosis

Question 3

Which of the following is the social/environmental factor most often studied by health psychologists?

A)Genetics
B)Smoking
C)Exercise
D)Stress

Answer 3

Stress

Question 4

In the context of gender differences in coping with stress, which of the following comparisons is correct?

A)Women are less likely than men to seek support from others in times of stress.
B)Women tend to have larger social networks than men, including friends and extended family members.
C)Women are less likely than men to share personal issues and concerns with friends and family members.
D)Women have less opportunity than men to benefit from the positive health effects of social support.

Question 5

Who is credited with discovering that there is a physiological basis for the ancient theory that laughter is good medicine?

A)Norman Cousins
B)John Watson
C)Erik Erikson
D)Sigmund Freud

Question 6

________ involves denying that you are ill or are facing other obvious stresses.

A)Flight response
B)Denial coping
C)Relaxation response
D)Avoidance coping

Question 7

________ is a personality trait characterized by hyperreactivity to stress and poor coping skills.

A)Extraversion
B)Neuroticism
C)Psychoticism
D)Introversion

Question 8

When a stressor is chronic and a person or animal cannot fight it or flee from it, then the chronic physiological arousal that results can be severely damaging to the body.What is this condition known as?

A)Atherosclerosis
B)Narcolepsy
C)Allostatic load
D)Degeneration

Question 9

Because of ________, the body learns how to react more efficiently to stress when it comes and goes, is not severe, and does not persist for long periods of time.

A)allostasis
B)modulation
C)homeostasis
D)hemostasis

Question 10

Studies of Asians and Asian Americans find that they derive more emotional and physiological benefit from their social network by:

A)explicitly asking others for support.
B)revealing their personal concerns to other members of the network.
C)using more implicit forms of seeking social support.
D)solving problems experienced by other members of the network.

Question 11

When the fight-or-flight response is caused by an immediate stressor, the response is useful and then subsides.This adaptation is called:

A)hemostasis.
B)allostasis.
C)homeostasis.
D)modulation.

Question 12

According to the text, adults who are pessimistic show poorer ________ than optimists.

A)cognitive functioning
B)immune system functioning
C)emotional intelligence
D)quality of dreams

Question 13

According to studies, which of the following is generally true of pessimistic people?

A)They see negative events as having narrow consequences.
B)They see negative events as their fault.
C)They are healthier than optimistic people.
D)They have healthier immune system than optimistic people.

Question 14

Which of the following is true about pessimism and its effect on health?

A)A pessimistic person, by always expecting the worse, is continually on guard thereby feeling safer and healthier.
B)Pessimism affects the immune system negatively.
C)Pessimism helps people to process stress.
D)Pessimistic people are more likely to practice healthy behaviors because they will do anything to stay alive longer.

Question 15

Why do people from Asian cultures tend to be more reluctant than European Americans to reach out to others for social support or to express their personal concerns?

A)They are concerned about potential harm to their relationships if they do so.
B)These cultures are more collectivistic in nature.
C)These cultures tend to look down upon those individuals who cannot manage their own affairs efficiently.
D)They are concerned that others will no longer confide in them.

Question 16

Health psychology is also referred to as:

A)salutary medicine.
B)developmental psychology.
C)behavioral medicine.
D)clinical psychology.

Question 17

Which of the following is one of the top five leading causes of death in the twenty-first century?

A)Influenza
B)Tuberculosis
C)Pneumonia
D)Cancer

Question 18

In the context of gender responses to stress, which of the following observations is true?

A)Men are more emotionally, cognitively, and physiologically reactive than women to marital conflict.
B)Men are more emotionally attuned to their partners and more conscious of conflict in their relationships.
C)Women are more physiologically reactive than men to marital conflict.
D)Women can benefit physiologically from being in a close relationship, even if that relationship is a negative one.

Question 19

Avoidance coping has been linked to:

A)chronic disease progression and mortality for people with cancer
B)greater adherence to medical regimes.
C)improved health in HIV-positive individuals.
D)less risky behaviors in HIV-positive intravenous drug users.

Question 20

Compared to Asians and Asian Americans, European Americans benefit more from:

A)implicit forms of seeking social support.
B)avoiding any form of social support.
C)explicit forms of seeking social support.
D)being less vocal about their personal concerns.

Question 21

The ________ defends against disease by identifying and killing pathogens and tumor cells.

A)circulatory system
B)endocrine system
C)nervous system
D)immune system

Question 22

In the United States, coronary heart disease (CHD)accounts for ________ percent of all deaths.

A)62
B)47
C)35
D)20

Question 23

A group of Latina adolescents was provided with information on risky sexual behaviors.The information was given in the context of cultural values inherent to the Latino/a community.This is an example of which of the following?

A)Effective psychoeducation
B)Social learning theory
C)Culturally-modified psychological intervention
D)Cultural insensitivity

Question 24

Which of the following has been observed to improve the health of cancer patients?

A)Reduced stress levels
B)Avoidance of social support
C)Reduced quality of life
D)Increased levels of pessimism

Question 25

Which of the following statements about coronary heart disease (CHD)is true?

A)Women are more prone to CHD than are men.
B)CHD is the leading cause of death among men and women.
C)People with family histories of CHD are at increased risk for the disease.
D)There is no relation between a stressful environment and CHD.

Question 26

A myocardial infarction is commonly known as a:

A)malignant tumor.
B)heart attack.
C)psychological disorder.
D)circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder

Question 27

What is the process in which the blood vessels that supply the heart muscles are narrowed or closed by the gradual buildup of a hard, fatty substance called plaque and inflammation of the vessel walls?

A)Allostasis
B)Hypertension
C)Myocardial infarction
D)Atherosclerosis

Question 28

Which of the following statements is true?

A)A meta-analysis of studies testing multiple types of psychological intervention found effects on overall cardiovascular health but not on mortality rates.
B)A meta-analysis of studies testing multiple types of psychological intervention found effects on mortality due to cardiac events, but not on other aspects of cardiovascular health.
C)Cognitive-behavioral techniques have been definitively proven to be ineffectual in affecting cardiovascular health.
D)The only behavioral technique show to have a positive effect on cardiovascular health is mindfulness meditation.

Question 29

Which of the following is a valid research finding?

A)The functioning of the immune system is not affected by negative interpersonal events.
B)The partner who has more control over a divorce shows poorer immune system functioning than the other partner.
C)Married control subjects show poorer immune system functioning than men and women who have recently been divorced.
D)Married couples who argue more show poorer immunological functioning than other married couples.

Question 30

Which of the following observations is true of the immune system?

A)The innate immune system is slower to respond than the specific immune system.
B)The response of the specific immune system is tailored to the particular type of pathogen present.
C)The innate immune system remembers a pathogen so that if it attacks again the system is able to kill it more quickly and efficiently.
D)The reaction of the innate immune system is specifically to the microorganism that enters the body.

Question 31

The blockage of vessels that supply blood to the heart can lead to pain, called ________ that radiates across the chest and arm.

A)angina pectoris
B)angina ludovici
C)angina bullosa
D)herpangina

Question 32

Since 1990, more people have died from ________ than from any other cause.

A)cancer
B)tuberculosis
C)AIDS
D)coronary heart disease (CHD)

Question 33

Which is the most common disease in which the immune system plays a role?

A)Malaria
B)Cancer
C)Common cold
D)Viral fever

Question 34

What are the two branches of the human immune system?

A)The innate immune system and the specific immune system
B)The intrinsic immune system and the extrinsic immune system
C)The native immune system and the acquired immune system
D)The benign immune system and the pathological immune system

Question 35

________ is a condition in which blood flows through vessels with excessive force, putting pressure on vessel walls.

A)Low blood pressure
B)Atherosclerosis
C)Hypertension
D)Angina pectoris

Question 36

________ appear to suppress the virus in those infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)and to slow the development of AIDS.

A)Antidepressants
B)Benzodiazepines
C)Antiretroviral drugs
D)Antihistamines

Question 37

People in high-stress jobs are at increased risk for coronary heart disease (CHD), particularly if their jobs are:

A)highly demanding but provide them little control.
B)high paying but less glamorous.
C)rarely appreciated by others in society.
D)low paying but meaningful.

Question 38

The ________ immune system reacts quickly and nonspecifically to any microorganism or toxin that enters the body.

A)extrinsic
B)specific
C)innate
D)native

Question 39

In a controlled trial that tested an intervention targeting stress reduction as well as medication adherence and other healthy behaviors, researchers found that women with breast cancer who received the intervention had a lower risk of ________ 11 years than a nonintervention control group.

A)a recurrence of breast cancer
B)death
C)comorbid disease
D)cure

Question 40

Which of the following occurs when the blood vessels that supply the heart muscles are narrowed or closed by the gradual buildup of a hard, fatty substance called plaque and inflammation of the vessel walls, blocking the flow of oxygen and nutrients to the heart?

A)Cardiomyopathy
B)Inflammatory heart disease
C)Valvular heart disease
D)Coronary heart disease (CHD)

Question 41

________ can be caused by blood being pushed with too much force by the heart through vessels or by constriction of the vessel walls.

A)Hypertension
B)Pericarditis
C)Aortic aneurysm
D)Hypotension

Question 42

Which of the following is true of the link between depression and the risk of recurrent heart attacks and mortality in individuals with coronary heart disease (CHD)?

A)Depression doubles the risk.
B)Depression increases the risk eight-fold.
C)Depression reduces the risk.
D)There is no correlation between the two.

Question 43

Hostile people have greater secretion of the stress-related biochemicals known as:

A)cytokines.
B)autocrines.
C)somatostatin.
D)catecholamines.

Question 44

Major depression occurs in ________ percent of hospitalized patients with coronary heart disease (CHD).

A)50 to 60
B)40 to 45
C)35 to 40
D)15 to 20

Question 45

Individuals' beliefs that they can engage in behaviors to attain goals are known as:

A)achievement beliefs.
B)self-actualization beliefs.
C)social beliefs.
D)self-efficacy beliefs.

Question 46

Which of the following is true of Internet-based health interventions?

A)They are not helpful for those who do not have access to in-person programs.
B)Though the Internet helps deliver exercise and nutrition programs to large segments of the population, the costs associated with it are often prohibitive.
C)Controlled studies of the effectiveness of these interventions show that they are ineffective in helping people change their behaviors.
D)Many behavioral interventions of this nature aim to help people increase their exercise and improve their diet.

Question 47

________ provide people with explicit information about how to engage in positive health-related behaviors and with opportunities to do so in increasingly challenging situations.

A)Focus groups
B)Guided mastery techniques
C)Online interventions
D)Scenario management methods

Question 48

Which of the following may cause frequent changes in blood pressure, reducing the resilience of the blood vessels in hostile people?

A)The abrupt return to baseline levels of sympathetic nervous system activity following stressors
B)The frequent rise and fall of catecholamine levels
C)Low levels of physiological arousal in the anticipation of stressors
D)Under-arousal of the sympathetic nervous system

Question 49

Which of the following statements about coronary heart disease (CHD)is true?

A)Attempts to reduce depression in CHD patients through the use of antidepressants have been highly successful.
B)Heart rate variability is not a risk factor for CHD.
C)Exercise is effective in reducing both CHD and depression.
D)Increased heart rate variability is an indication of poorer functioning of the autonomic nervous system.

Question 50

The personality factor traditionally linked to coronary heart disease (CHD)is the ________ behavior pattern.

A)Type A
B)Type X
C)Type B
D)Type Y

Question 51

Which of the following statements about cardiovascular disease is true?

A)Historically, far more men than women die of cardiovascular disease.
B)In recent years, the number of women dying of cardiovascular disease has decreased worldwide.
C)In recent years, the number of men dying of cardiovascular disease has increased worldwide.
D)Women are twice as likely as men to have the Type A personality pattern.

Question 52

A strong cultural value in many Hispanic groups is ________, or prioritizing the respect and care of one's family over one's individual needs.

A)brotherhood
B)familism
C)patriarchy
D)camaraderie

Question 53

The goals of guided mastery techniques are to increase people's skills as well as their:

A)self-efficacy beliefs.
B)self-esteem needs.
C)social needs.
D)social learning beliefs.

Question 54

Both depression and coronary heart disease (CHD)are linked to genes that alter the functioning of the:

A)cholinergic system.
B)noradrenaline system.
C)serotonin system.
D)dopamine system.

Question 55

Which of the following statements about Internet-based interventions is not true?

A)Some research suggests that apps and social networking are more effective than traditional internet-delivered interventions.
B)Empirically-based techniques for behavior change are not used in most popular health-related apps.
C)Mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets are particularly useful in supporting health because people can carry the tool with them, engage with social networks, and in some cases, record diet and physical activity data more accurately.
D)Some research suggests that since apps do not use empirically-based techniques for behavioral change, they are useless.

Question 56

All of the following are components of the Type A pattern as originally formulated, EXCEPT:

A)a sense of time urgency.
B)easily aroused hostility.
C)predictability of reactions.
D)competitive striving for achievement.

Question 57

Ninety percent of hypertension cases in the United States can be classified as essential hypertension, meaning that the:

A)condition was bound to appear.
B)condition can be traced to genetics.
C)condition was dormant.
D)causes are unknown.

Question 58

Which of the following is one factor that may explain how hostility can lead to coronary heart disease?

A)Over-arousal of the sympathetic nervous system
B)Lowering of blood pressure to dangerously low levels
C)Reduced secretion of stress-related biochemicals
D)Increased resilience of blood vessels

Question 59

Which of the following is NOT one of the three components of a Type A behavior pattern?

A)A sense of time urgency
B)Easily aroused hostility
C)Predictability of reactions
D)Striving for achievement

Question 60

Which of the following is true of Type A people?

A)They are usually relaxed.
B)They rarely set deadlines for themselves.
C)They rarely attempt to do multiple things at once.
D)They often fly into a rage with little provocation.

Question 61

When a person closes his or her eyes and relaxes, the brain waves characteristically show a regular pattern of 8 to 12 hertz (cycles per second).These waves are known as:

A)spindles.
B)gamma waves.
C)delta waves.
D)alpha waves.

Question 62

Which of the following is true of sleep deprivation?

A)It is a problem that is declining in intensity in the United States.
B)It is defined as sleeping nine hours or less per day.
C)Over half of Americans say they chronically feel sleep deprived.
D)Middle-aged adults who sleep less show less development of heart disease over time.

Question 63

On average, Americans incur ________ minutes of sleep debt per day.

A)18
B)21
C)26
D)29

Question 64

Which of the following is true of the effects of sleep deprivation?

A)It is cumulative in nature.
B)It is possible for the body to develop tolerance to reduced sleep in a short span of time.
C)It is much more pronounced in men than women.
D)It reduces stress levels.

Question 65

The second stage of sleep includes ________ or short runs of rhythmical responses of 12 to 16 hertz.

A)rapid eye movement (REM)
B)spindles
C)delta waves
D)gamma waves

Question 66

________ is defined as difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep that lasts only a few days and is an isolated occurrence.

A)Episodic insomnia
B)Primary insomnia
C)Primary hypersomnia
D)Periodic insomnia

Question 67

An individual who has insomnia at least three nights per week for at least three months and who experiences significant distress or impairment in functioning due to the sleep disturbance is likely to be diagnosed with

A)primary insomnia.
B)primary hypersomnia.
C)insomnia disorder.
D)secondary hypersomnia.

Question 68

People who sleep fewer than six hours each night have a ________ percent higher mortality rate than those who sleep at least seven or eight hours each night

A)20
B)30
C)50
D)70

Question 69

Analysis of brain-wave activity suggests that there are five stages of sleep: four differing depths of sleep and a fifth stage, known as:

A)delta stage.
B)spindle sleep.
C)rapid eye movement.
D)slumber.

Question 70

A comprehensive assessment of how people sleep can be obtained by a ________.

A)polysomnographic evaluation
B)polygraph test
C)perceptual map
D)psychodynamic technique

Question 71

Which of the following age groups spend the maximum sleeping time in rapid eye movement (REM)sleep?

A)Newborn infants
B)Teens
C)Middle-aged adults
D)Older people

Question 72

According to the text, mobile devices like smartphones and tablets allow people to carry the tool with them, engage with social networks, and in some cases,

A)link to personal health data stored by personal doctors and hospitals.
B)link to health-related Websites to learn about health-related matters while exercising.
C)record diet and physical activity data more accurately.
D)Cheat on personal exercise and diet logs.

Question 73

Which of the following occurs in the third and fourth stages of sleep?

A)Short runs of rhythmical responses of 12 to 16 hertz
B)An occasional sharp rise and fall in the amplitude of the entire EEG
C)Brain waves that are less regular and have lower amplitude
D)A pattern of slow waves of 1 to 2 hertz

Question 74

An assessment of how people sleep can be obtained using a wristwatch-like device called a(n)________, which records movement.

A)polysomnograph
B)somnograph
C)actigraph
D)polygraph

Question 75

Which of the following statements is true about stress and sleep problems.

A)Research has shown that a good night's sleep can reduce stress by nearly 50%
B)The more stress people experience, the shorter the duration and poorer the quality of their sleep
C)The more stress people experience, the longer the duration and the poorer the quality of their sleep
D)The more stress people experience, the greater the likelihood of nightmares.

Question 76

Which of the following refers to the second stage of sleep that is characterized by an occasional sharp rise and fall in the amplitude of the entire EEG?

A)K-complex
B)Wave volatility
C)B-complex
D)Rapid eye movement (REM)

Question 77

Which of the following age groups spend the least amount sleeping time in rapid eye movement (REM)sleep?

A)Newborn infants
B)Teens
C)Young adults
D)Older people

Question 78

Dreaming occurs during the:

A)first stage of sleep.
B)rapid eye movement sleep.
C)second stage of sleep.
D)third and fourth stages of sleep.

Question 79

Which of the following occurs in the first stage of sleep?

A)Short runs of rhythmical responses of 12 to 16 hertz
B)An occasional sharp rise and fall in the amplitude of the entire EEG
C)Less regular and lower amplitude brain waves
D)A pattern of slow waves of 1 to 2 hertz

Question 80

After an adult has been asleep for an hour or so, the EEG becomes very active.This stage is known as:

A)nonrapid eye movement (NREM).
B)spindle.
C)rapid eye movement (REM)sleep.
D)slumber.