Deck 15: The Innate Immune Response

Question 1

Which of the following is a mismatched pair?

A)Microglial cells: spleen
B)Liver: Kupffer cells
C)Epidermis: dendritic cells
D)Blood: monocytes
E)Lung: alveolar macrophages

Answer 1

Lung: alveolar macrophages

Question 2

The interaction between natural killer (NK)cells and macrophages amplifies the innate immune response.Rearrange the following into the order of events during this amplification.Which is the first event?

A)Macrophage production of cytokines TNF and IL-12 increases
B)Increased production of IL-2 by NK cells
C)NK cells produce gamma interferon (IFN-?)
D)Proliferation of NK cells

Answer 2

NK cells produce gamma interferon (IFN-?)

Question 3

Low pH is associated with all of the following except

A)Stomach acid
B)Tears
C)Sebum
D)Urine

Answer 3

Tears

Question 4

Dendritic cells located in the skin are referred to as

A)Kupffer cells
B)M cells
C)Natural killer (NK) cells
D)Langerhans cells
E)Mast cells

Question 5

Tears consist of all of the following except

A)Sebum
B)Lipocalin
C)Lysozyme
D)IgA

Question 6

Which of the following is incorrect regarding natural killer (NK)cells?

A)Induce apoptosis in target cells
B)Recognize target cells using Toll-like receptors
C)Kill tumor cells
D)Produce gamma interferon

Question 7

Which of the following cell types produce mucus in the lower respiratory tract?

A)M cell
B)Alveolar macrophage
C)Goblet cell
D)Mast cell
E)Basophil

Question 8

Pathogens are internalized by phagocytes through the formation of

A)Residual bodies
B)Acute-phase vesicles
C)Membrane attack complexes
D)Pseudopodia

Question 9

All of the following contain lysozyme except

A)Tears
B)Perspiration
C)Urine
D)Stomach acid
E)Saliva

Question 10

All of the following describe the activity of mast cells except

A)Increase effector cell recruitment to sites of infection
B)Proliferate in tissues as part of a replacement process
C)Rapidly release inflammatory mediators including histamine and chemokines
D)Release perforin and granzyme to kill target cells
E)Influence adaptive immune responses

Question 11

The cells of the epidermis contain _____,a protein that provides strength and partial waterproofing to the outer layer of skin.

A)Lysozyme
B)Sebum
C)Transferrin
D)Prostaglandin
E)Keratin

Question 12

The interaction between natural killer (NK)cells and macrophages amplifies the innate immune response.Rearrange the following into the order of events during this amplification.Which is the second event?

A)Macrophage production of cytokines TNF and IL-12 increases
B)Increased production of IL-2 by NK cells
C)NK cells produce gamma interferon (IFN-?)
D)Proliferation of NK cells

Question 13

All of the following are examples of granulocytes except

A)B lymphocytes
B)Basophils
C)Neutrophils
D)Eosinophils

Question 14

What differentiate into macrophages at sites of infection?

A)Mast cells
B)Monocytes
C)M cells
D)Neutrophils
E)Lymphocytes

Question 15

Which of the following is a mismatched pair?

A)Perspiration: lysozyme
B)Urine: alkaline
C)Eye: immunologically protected site
D)Sebum: unsaturated fatty acids
E)Lysozyme: cell wall degradation

Question 16

All of the following are characteristics or components of innate immunity except

A)Non-specificity
B)Mechanical barriers
C)Mucociliary escalator
D)Memory cells
E)Toll-like receptors

Question 17

Neutrophils are tightly controlled to prevent damage to host cells for all the following reasons except that they

A)Produce perforins that produce pores in plasma membranes
B)Are programmed for apoptosis
C)Produce granzymes which enter the pores and induce apoptosis in target cells
D)Can release toxic substances into extracellular fluids

Question 18

What are released from injured tissues and recruit responding leukocytes to damaged sites?

A)Pyrogens
B)Chemotactic factors
C)Transferrins
D)Interferons
E)Lectins

Question 19

What happens if the bone marrow reserve of neutrophils is depleted during a long-lasting infection?

A)Immature neutrophils are exported from the bone marrow, but they are not as effective as mature neutrophils
B)Tissue macrophages replicate at sites of infection to make up for the numbers needed
C)The adaptive immune response must compensate for the loss
D)The lifespan of previously exported neutrophils is extended

Question 20

During parasitic infections and allergy,the number of circulating _____ increases significantly.

A)Neutrophils
B)Monocytes
C)Basophils
D)Lymphocytes
E)Eosinophils

Question 21

Which of the following is an effect of proteins C3a and C5a?

A)Activation of the classical pathway
B)Histamine release
C)Opsonization

Question 22

Which of the following are acute-phase proteins?

A)Mannose-binding protein
B)Leukotrienes
C)C-reactive protein
D)Mannose-binding protein and C-reactive protein
E)Mannose-binging protein, leukotrienes, and C-reactive protein

Question 23

Answer true or false to the following statement: Yersinia pestis resists digestion in the phagolysosome.

Question 24

Which of the following are low-molecular-weight proteins?

A)Hematopoietins
B)Chemokines
C)Both hematopoietins and chemokines
D)None of the choices

Question 25

Answer true or false to the following statement: Endogenous pyrogens are pathogen-specific inducers of fever.

Question 26

Body temperature is regulated by the

A)Liver
B)Hypothalamus
C)Bone marrow
D)Thyroid
E)Thymus

Question 27

Which of the following is not an outcome of complement activation?

A)Membrane attack complex
B)Fever
C)Opsonization
D)Inflammation

Question 28

Which of the following includes histamine?

A)Hematopoietins
B)Chemokines
C)Both hematopoietins and chemokines
D)None of the choices

Question 29

Which of the following includes growth hormones?

A)Hematopoietins
B)Chemokines
C)Both hematopoietins and chemokines
D)None of the choices

Question 30

The interaction between natural killer (NK)cells and macrophages amplifies the innate immune response.Rearrange the following into the order of events during this amplification.Which is the third event?

A)Macrophage production of cytokines TNF and IL-12 increases
B)Increased production of IL-2 by NK cells
C)NK cells produce gamma interferon (IFN-?)
D)Proliferation of NK cells

Question 31

Which of the following is a mismatched pair?

A)Interleukin-1: endogenous pyrogen
B)Membrane attack complex: lysis of bacterial cells
C)Acute phase proteins: enhancement of phagocytosis
D)Leukocyte endogenous mediator: iron depletion
E)Alternative pathway of complement: mannose-binding protein

Question 32

Which of the following include chemo-attractive factors?

A)Hematopoietins
B)Chemokines
C)Both hematopoietins and chemokines
D)None of the choices

Question 33

Which of the following is an effect of protein C1?

A)Activation of the classical pathway
B)Histamine release
C)Opsonization

Question 34

The interaction between natural killer (NK)cells and macrophages amplifies the innate immune response.Rearrange the following into the order of events during this amplification.Which is the last event?

A)Macrophage production of cytokines TNF and IL-12 increases
B)Increased production of IL-2 by NK cells
C)NK cells produce gamma interferon (IFN-?)
D)Proliferation of NK cells

Question 35

All three complement pathways follow the same sequence once _____ participates in the cascade.

A)C1
B)C2
C)C3
D)C4
E)C5

Question 36

Which of the following is a trigger of vasodilation?

A)Histamine
B)Kinins
C)Prostaglandins
D)Leukotrienes
E)All of the choices

Question 37

Antiviral proteins (AVPs)that are synthesized when interferon molecules bind with surface receptors on neighboring cells require _____ for activation.

A)Single-stranded RNA
B)Double-stranded DNA
C)Double-stranded RNA
D)Single-stranded DNA

Question 38

Which of the following is an effect of protein C3b?

A)Activation of the classical pathway
B)Histamine release
C)Opsonization

Question 39

Answer true or false to the following statement: Vasodilation is a systemic reaction.

Question 40

Answer true or false to the following statement: Interleukin-6 is a cytokine that induces acute-phase protein production in the liver.

Question 41

What is the purpose of the mucociliary escalator? Explain the mechanism by which it functions.

Question 42

Answer true or false to the following statement: The skin is free of microorganism.

Question 43

Answer true or false to the following statement: Tears contain IgG,which provides protection for the conjunctiva.

Question 44

Identify three types of resident macrophage.What are the different functions of macrophages during immune responses?

Question 45

What are cytokines and what is their function? What are the two main families of cytokines?

Question 46

Identify the two ways barrier defenses contribute to the first line of defense in innate immunity.Provide two examples of each and an example of a barrier that functions in both ways.

Question 47

Answer true or false to the following statement: Bacteria buried in food particles are protected from stomach acids.

Question 48

Answer true or false to the following statement: The lachrymal apparatus produces tears continuously,with increased production in times of irritation.

Question 49

Answer true or false to the following statement: Lipocalin and transferrin decrease the availability of iron in the host during infection.

Question 50

Answer true or false to the following statement: Inflammation is a part of wound healing.

Question 51

Answer true or false to the following statement: TLR-5 binds to LPS.

Question 52

Answer true or false to the following statement: The epidermis is impenetrable to most microorganisms.

Question 53

Explain how neutrophils migrate to sites of infection.Incorporate the following terms into your description:

blood vessel wall , diapedesis , selectin, margination, chemotactic

Question 54

Answer true or false to the following statement: Ciliated cells rhythmically move mucus down to the bronchioles.

Question 55

Answer true or false to the following statement: Sebum and perspiration act as chemical barriers to infection.

Question 56

Answer true or false to the following statement: The adaptive immune response is nonspecific and lacks memory.

Question 57

What are Toll-like receptors (TLRs)? Provide three specific examples of ligands to which TLRs bind.What is the outcome of a TLR binding to its ligand?

Question 58

Answer true or false to the following statement: Chemokines attract defensive cells to the site of an infection.

Question 59

Answer true or false to the following statement: Prolonged high fever in the host can cause deleterious effects.

Question 60

Explain the difference between a complete blood count (CBC)and a differential analysis.Why would it be helpful to carry out these tests during the course of an infection?

Question 61

Name the four phases of phagocytosis.Provide a brief explanation of what takes place during each phase.

Question 62

Explain how natural killer (NK)cells discriminate healthy cells from target cells.How do NK cells mediate target-cell killing?

Question 63

Why is it problematic for the host if a pathogen is able to resist phagocytosis? Provide an example of a pathogen that can resist phagocytosis and explain how this is achieved.