Deck 23: Systematics,phylogenies,and Comparative Biology

Question 1

Choose the true statement about the morphological data in the chart shown below.The "1" in the box means the trait is present and the "0" indicates that the trait is absent.(Note: All of the characteristics across the top of the columns are considered "TRAITS" for purposes of reading the chart.).

A)All organisms in this chart share all of the derived characteristics.
B)Only the gorilla and humans share all of the derived characteristics.
C)The lamprey is the only outgroup since it has none of the derived characteristics.
D)The salamander and the tiger together are the outgroup because they only share two of the derived characteristics (jaws and lungs).
E)The shark is the outgroup since it only has one of the derived characteristics (jaws).

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The biological specialty that deals with the reconstruction and study of phylogenies is called ________.

Answer 2

systematics

Question 3

The evolutionary sequence in the development of a complex character can be best analyzed through

A)homoplasies.
B)phylogenetics.
C)taxonomy.
D)classification.
E)synapomorphies.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Based on the phylogeny shown,we can conclude that species 2 is most closely related to species

A)1)
B)3)
C)4)
D)5)
E)1 or 3 (can't tell).

Question 5

Based on the phylogeny shown,the outgroup would be species

A)1)
B)2)
C)3)
D)4)
E)5)

Question 6

A ________ group consists of the most recent common ancestor and some of its descendants.

Question 7

A ________ group consists of the most recent common ancestor and all of its descendants.

Question 8

The behavior of parental care exhibited by dinosaurs is thought to be ________ to this behavior in crocodiles and birds because phylogeny shows that these three groups share a common ancestor.

Question 9

Saber teeth found in different groups of extinct carnivorous mammals are considered ________ structures,as the fossil record shows that saber teeth evolved independently among the groups.

Question 10

A ________ group does not contain the most recent common ancestor.

Question 11

Systematists often use DNA sequencing in ________,the study of the order of evolutionary events within a group sharing derived characters.

Question 12

Based on the phylogeny shown,the group of species including (2-5)can best be described as a

A)clade.
B)paraphyletic group.
C)polyphyletic group.
D)cladogram.
E)synapomorphy

Question 13

The principle of ________ favors the hypothesis that requires the fewest assumptions.

Question 14

The study and reconstruction of phylogenies is

A)evolution.
B)systematics.
C)taxonomy.
D)taxidermy.
E)cladistics.

Question 15

A derived character that is shared by all members of a clade is called a ________ of that clade.

Question 16

One day after a biology class four of your friends argue about the difference between phylogeny and systematics.Which friend is right?

A)Friend A states that systematics and phylogenies are really the same,one is more recent than the other,but basically they are the same.
B)Friend B says that systematics is the same as cladistics and cladistics is reconstructing clades,which ultimately lead to the development of phylogenies.
C)Friend C argues that systematics is the actual collecting and cataloguing of specimens into museums that can be used later by scientists to construct clades and phylogenies.
D)Friend D says that the way she remembers is that systematics is the reconstruction and study of phylogenies.

Question 17

Characteristics that have arisen in organisms as a result of common evolutionary descent are said to be ________ characteristics.

A)homologous
B)homoplastic
C)adaptive
D)derived
E)ancestral

Question 18

The biological specialty that deals with the grouping and naming of organisms is called taxonomy or ________.

Question 19

A phylogenetically-based taxonomy is important not only in creating a logical way to name organisms,but also in learning about ________ of organisms using information in related species.Check all that apply.

A)physiology
B)behavior
C)development
D)morphology

Question 20

Characteristics between the branch points of a cladogram that are shared by all organisms above the branch point and are not present in any below it are called

A)homologous characters.
B)homoplastic characters.
C)ancestral characters.
D)derived characters.
E)novel characters.

Question 21

The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E)in six extant species (1-6).A "0" indicates the ancestral condition,and a "1" indicates the derived condition.Which trait is least informative of phylogenetic relationships within the group?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 22

The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E)in six extant species (1-6).A "0" indicates the ancestral condition,while "1" indicates the derived condition.Which trait is least informative of phylogenetic relationships within the group?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 23

Consider the cladogram shown.Based on this cladogram,which species has the greatest number of ancestral character states?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)5

Question 24

Select the true statements describing why cladistics may not always be the best method for reconstructing phylogenies based on data from the DNA genome.

A)The rate of evolution of the DNA genome is rapid.
B)The assumptions of the principle of parsimony are not always met.
C)Homoplasy often dominates the data sets.
D)The number of character states for DNA is large.

Question 25

Character states shared by the ancestor or outgroup of a clade are called

A)derived traits.
B)homoplasies.
C)synapomorphies.
D)plesiomorphies.
E)symplesiomorphies.

Question 26

The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E)in six extant species (1-6).A "0" indicates the ancestral condition,while a "1" indicates the derived condition.Which trait is represented by the greatest number of plesiomorphies?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 27

Consider the cladogram shown.Which pair of species shares the greatest number of derived characters (synapomorphies)?

A)1 and 4
B)2 and 3
C)2 and 4
D)6 and 4
E)6 and 5

Question 28

Consider the cladogram shown.If we designate species 1 as the outgroup,which species has the greatest number of ancestral character states (pleisiomorphies)?

A)2
B)3
C)4
D)5
E)6

Question 29

The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E)in six extant species (1-6).A "0" indicates the ancestral condition,and a "1" indicates the derived condition.Which trait is least informative of phylogenetic relationships within the group?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 30

Consider the cladogram shown.Which pair of species shares the greatest number of derived characters (synapomorphies)?

A)4 and 2
B)5 and 4
C)6 and 1
D)6 and 2
E)5 and 2

Question 31

Birds,snakes,lizards,turtles,and crocodiles are all thought to share a common ancestor and several homologous traits.Assuming that this is true,these groups of animals and their common ancestor would represent

A)a polyphyletic group.
B)a monophyletic group.
C)homoplastic convergence.
D)an outgroup.
E)a species cluster.

Question 32

Derived character states shared by clade members are called

A)ancestral traits.
B)homoplasies.
C)synapomorphies.
D)plesiomorphies.
E)symplesiomorphies.

Question 33

The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E)in six extant species (1-6).A "0" indicates the ancestral condition,while "1" indicates the derived condition.Based on this data,which species would be considered the outgroup?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)5

Question 34

The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E)in six extant species (1-6).A "0" indicates the ancestral condition,while a "1" indicates the derived condition.Based on this data,which pair of species diverged most recently?

A)1 and 4
B)2 and 3
C)2 and 4
D)6 and 4
E)6 and 5

Question 35

The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E)in six extant species (1-6).A "0" indicates the ancestral condition,and a "1" indicates the derived condition.Which pair of species shares the greatest number of derived characters (synapomorphies)?

A)1 and 4
B)6 and 3
C)6 and 1
D)5 and 6
E)5 and 1

Question 36

The following are steps used to construct a cladogram that best reflects the evolutionary relationships of a group of species.Which step involves deciding which tree is most likely to have occurred,based on the fewest character state changes?

A)Polarize the characters.
B)Establish the character states.
C)Gather data on characters to be used.
D)Apply the principle of parsimony.
E)Select an outgroup.

Question 37

The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E)in six extant species (1-6).A "0" indicates the ancestral condition,and a "1" indicates the derived condition.Which species has the greatest number of ancestral character states (pleisiomorphies)?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)5

Question 38

Evidence suggests that the crocodiles are more closely related to the birds than the turtles and snakes.If so,then including crocodiles,but not birds,in the Class Reptilia would make the Class Reptilia

A)a monophyletic group.
B)a paraphyletic group.
C)a polyphyletic group.
D)parsimonious.
E)not homologous.

Question 39

Select all of the following that can result in homoplasies.

A)convergent evolution
B)evolutionary reversals
C)divergent evolution
D)shared ancestry

Question 40

The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E)in six extant species (1-6).A "0" indicates the ancestral condition,and a "1" indicates the derived condition.Which species would you designate as the outgroup?

A)1
B)4
C)2
D)3
E)5

Question 41

The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E)in six extant species (1-6).A "0" indicates the ancestral condition,and a "1" indicates the derived condition.Which pair of species shares the fewest number of derived characters (synapomorphies)?

A)1 and 6
B)1 and 4
C)4 and 6
D)2 and 3
E)6 and 3

Question 42

The figure shows the evolutionary diversification of the largest clade of herbivorous beetles with the group of plants on which they specialize.Choose the true statements about the evolution of species richness in herbivorous beetles.

A)Feeding on conifers evolved earlier than feeding on angiosperms.
B)Feeding on cycads evolved earlier than feeding on angiosperms.
C)Diversification of the angiosperms may have led to diversification of herbivorous beetles.
D)The multiple,independent evolution of herbivory in beetles is closely linked to their great species richness.

Question 43

A group is considered monophyletic if

A)all members of the group share a common ancestor that is included in the group.
B)not all descendants of the common ancestor are included.
C)all members share homoplastic traits.
D)the group does not contain the most recent common ancestor.
E)it is the most parsimonious grouping.

Question 44

Consider the cladogram shown.Which pair of species shares the greatest number of derived characters (synapomorphies)?

A)1 and 3
B)6 and 4
C)6 and 5
D)2 and 3
E)6 and 3

Question 45

Choose the true statements about the evolution of larval dispersal in marine snails.

A)The evolution of non-dispersing snails is likely to hinder speciation.
B)Clades of non-dispersing snails are less species rich than those of dispersing snails.
C)Loss of structures in the transition from dispersing to non-dispersing may inhibit evolutionary reversal.
D)Possession of dispersing larvae is the ancestral state in snails.
E)Cladistics shows that there are more instances of the transition from dispersing to non-dispersing larvae than the reverse.

Question 46

A group is considered polyphyletic if

A)all members of the group share a common ancestor.
B)not all descendants of the common ancestor are included.
C)all members share homoplastic traits.
D)the group does not contain the most recent common ancestor.
E)it is the most parsimonious grouping.

Question 47

A group is considered paraphyletic if

A)all members of the group share a common ancestor.
B)not all descendants of the common ancestor are included.
C)the common ancestor of the group is not included in the group.
D)the group does not contain the most recent common ancestor.
E)it is the most parsimonious grouping.

Question 48

The phylogenetic species concept (PSC)declares that a group is a species if it

A)is reproductively isolated from other species.
B)has evolved one or more of its own derived characters.
C)looks different than other species.
D)is allopatric.
E)has no synapomorphies.

Question 49

The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E)in six extant species (1-6).A "0" indicates the ancestral condition,and a "1" indicates the derived condition.Which trait is least informative of phylogenetic relationships within the group?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 50

Assume that the ancestor of this phylogeny had vascular tissue and chlorophyll.If this is true,which answer lists all key traits of a ginkgo?

A)vascular tissue,needles,tree,and chlorophyll
B)tree and seeds
C)seeds,tree,vascular tissue,and chlorophyll
D)needles,tree,and seeds

Question 51

Consider the cladogram shown.Based on this cladogram,which species has the greatest number of ancestral character states (pleisiomorphies)?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)5

Question 52

The figure shows the evolution of HIV and SIV.Choose the true statements about the evolution of HIV (Select all that apply).

A)All strains of HIV are included within clades with SIV strains.
B)A strain of HIV is never more closely related to another strain of HIV than it is to a SIV strain.
C)Humans acquired different subtypes of HIV from different primate hosts.
D)HIV-1 group O is more closely related to SIV-chimpanzee than SIV-gorilla.
E)All strains of SIV are included within clades with HIV strains.

Question 53

Choose the true statements about the evolution of complex characters,such as powered flight.

A)Phylogenetic analysis using cladistics can help reveal the sequence leading to the evolution of a complex character.
B)Usually a single mutation in one gene leads to the simultaneous appearance of the complex character.
C)Often the initial stage in the evolution of a complex character was an adaptation to some unrelated selection pressure.
D)The intermediate stages in the evolution of a complex character had no fitness advantage.

Question 54

The evolution of conducting tubes (sieve tubes)in land plants and brown algae is an example of

A)homoplasy caused by convergence.
B)homoplasy caused by common descent.
C)homoplasy caused by evolutionary reversal.
D)homology caused by convergence.
E)homology caused by common descent.

Question 55

The evolution of saber teeth in a number of groups of extinct carnivorous mammals is an example of

A)homoplasy caused by convergence.
B)homoplasy caused by common descent.
C)homoplasy caused by evolutionary reversal.
D)homology caused by convergence.
E)homology caused by common descent.

Question 56

The figure shows a cladogram of direct development versus development of a larval stage.Choose the true statements about the evolution of development in limpets.

A)Loss of structures in the transition from a larval stage to direct development prohibits evolutionary reversal.
B)Direct development has evolved multiple times.
C)Evolution always proceeds parsimoniously.
D)Possession of a larval stage is the ancestral state in limpets.

Question 57

The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E)in six extant species (1-6).A "0" indicates the ancestral condition,and a "1" indicates the derived condition.Which pair of species shares the greatest number of derived characters (synapomorphies)?

A)4 and 5
B)2 and 4
C)1 and 4
D)3 and 4
E)2 and 5

Question 58

Based on the phylogeny shown,which characteristic is homoplastic?

A)tree
B)needles
C)flowers
D)seeds

Question 59

Parental care in dinosaurs,crocodiles,and birds is an example of

A)homoplasy caused by convergence.
B)homoplasy caused by common descent.
C)homoplasy caused by evolutionary reversal.
D)homology caused by convergence.
E)homology caused by common descent.

Question 60

Choose the true statements about molecular clocks.

A)All molecular clocks tick at the same rate.
B)Molecular clocks can be calibrated using fossil evidence.
C)The rate of a molecular clock for a given DNA character might vary depending on how constrained the character is by natural selection.
D)Ultimately,all molecular clocks depend on the rate of DNA mutation and DNA repair mechanisms.

Question 61

Based on the phylogeny shown,choose the true statements about evolutionary relationships (Select all that apply).

A)A snake is more closely related to a newt than to a mouse.
B)A newt is equally related to a snake and a chimp.
C)A mouse is more closely related to a chimp than to a snake.
D)A salamander is more closely related to a mouse than to a chimp.

Question 62

The common ancestor shared by mouse and gorilla is at point ________ on the phylogeny shown.

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 63

Based on the phylogeny shown,choose the true statement about evolutionary relationships.

A)Ginkgo is more closely related to oak than rose.
B)Oak is equally related to rose and pine.
C)Fern is more closely related to pine than to rose.
D)Fern is equally related to ginkgo and oak.

Question 64

A frog should be added to the phylogeny above at point

A)A)
B)B)
C)C)
D)D)
E)E)

Question 65

Phenotypic similarity does not always reflect evolutionary relationships due to

A)variation in rates of evolutionary change among species.
B)homoplasy.
C)convergent evolution.
D)outgrouping.

Question 66

Based on the phylogeny shown,indicate the groups that are monophyletic (Select all that apply).

A)rose and oak
B)pine,ginkgo,oak,and rose
C)fern,pine,and ginkgo
D)Psaronius,fern,pine,ginkgo,oak,and rose

Question 67

Indicate the phylogenies that show the same relationship as the phylogeny above (Select all that apply).

A)

B)

C)

D)