Deck 49: Osmotic Regulation and the Urinary System

Question 1

All of the following are animal mechanisms to cope with the problem of water balance EXCEPT

A)coupling of water/salt removal with metabolic waste removal.
B)contractile vacuoles.
C)passage of water and waste of the body across a layer of cells into a tubular structure.
D)kidneys used as filtering organs.
E)secretion of regulatory hormones into the tubule.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

You put a solution of sucrose into a bag of dialysis tubing,which is permeable to water but not to sucrose.You then put this bag into a beaker of water.An hour later,you observe that the bag has swelled due to

A)active transport of water molecules.
B)the osmotic pressure of the sucrose solution.
C)the pressure exerted on the bag by the surrounding water.
D)passive transport of sucrose molecules.
E)the high osmolarity of the surrounding water.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

In vertebrates,most of the fluid that ultimately exits the body as urine first enters the nephron tubules by the process of ________.

A)reabsorption
B)absorption
C)secretion
D)filtration
E)excretion

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Marine reptiles eliminate excess NaCl by means of ________ located near the nose or the eye.

A)Malpighian tubules
B)antennal glands
C)salt glands
D)protonephridia
E)nephrons

Question 5

In mammalian kidneys,blood in the vasa recta and fluid in the loop of Henle flow in opposite directions to create a ________ multiplier system.

A)homeostatic
B)reversible
C)countercurrent
D)stepped
E)exponential

Question 6

Jill is lost in the desert and ran out of water six hours ago.What physiological effect or response would most likely occur in this situation?

A)decreased release of ADH from the posterior pituitary
B)decrease in blood osmolarity
C)increased permeability of the collecting ducts in the kidney
D)decreased thirst sensation
E)increased release of atrial natriuretic hormone

Question 7

The organ that performs filtration of blood,reabsorption,and secretion in vertebrates is the ________.

A)kidney
B)liver
C)pancreas
D)small intestine
E)large intestine

Question 8

Mike has just returned home from college for the summer and notices that his 8-year-old Dalmatian dog Patches is limping and has difficulty walking up and down stairs.When Mike takes Patches to the vet,the vet recommends that Mike put him on a low-purine diet.This dietary change will lessen the formation of painful precipitates of ________ in Patches' joints.

A)adenine and guanine
B)ammonia
C)uric acid
D)urea
E)NaCl

Question 9

Release of what protein is directly subject to negative feedback inhibition when blood volume rises?

A)renin
B)aldosterone
C)angiotensin II
D)angiotensinogen
E)atrial natriuretic hormone

Question 10

The presence of a loop of Henle in nephrons is an evolutionary adaptation that enables mammals and birds to reabsorb water efficiently and produce a(n)________ urine.

A)hypertonic
B)hypotonic
C)osmolar
D)isotonic

Question 11

Each human kidney contains about a million ________,which are the tubular functional units of the kidney.

A)ureters
B)nephrons
C)renal medullae
D)nephridia
E)flame cells

Question 12

A doctor suspects his patient has diabetes insipidus.What is the most likely match to the blood and urine profile of this patient?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D

Question 13

What is true of normal human urine production? I-Blood pressure is used to push nitrogenous waste,water,and small molecules through a filter,forming the filtrate,while cells and most proteins are retained in the blood.
II-Most water is reabsorbed as the filtrate is passing through a long tube.
III-Ammonia is produced as the metabolic breakdown is excreted.

A)just I
B)just II
C)II and III
D)I,II,and III
E)I and II

Question 14

Which solute must be administered in high amounts because of its very efficient secretion and removal by the kidney tubules?

A)penicillin
B)HCO₃^- ions
C)amino acids
D)glucose
E)vitamin K

Question 15

One of the key factors in vertebrate colonization of many diverse environments is

A)the flexibility provided by selective reabsorption of different solutes.
B)not requiring a lot of water due to their closed systems.
C)the ability to eat foods with lots of water.
D)the ability to control water loss by controlling perspiration.
E)the ability to decrease metabolic needs.

Question 16

Nearly two-thirds of every vertebrate's body is composed of ________.

A)water
B)carbon
C)bones
D)muscle

Question 17

Kidneys are thought to have evolved first among the ________.

A)amphibians
B)freshwater bony fishes
C)saltwater bony fishes
D)reptiles
E)mammals

Question 18

The diffusion of water across a plasma membrane is referred to as

A)osmosis.
B)active transport.
C)facilitated diffusion.
D)countercurrent flow.
E)bulk flow.

Question 19

The regulatory systems of the animal body maintain a relatively stable internal condition through a process called ________.

A)homeostasis
B)equilibrium
C)osmoreception
D)countercurrent exchange
E)absorption

Question 20

Water and small solutes are filtered under pressure out of the blood plasma into nephrons through the porous walls of ________,tufts of capillaries in the renal cortex.

A)vasa rectae
B)Loops of Henle
C)glomeruli
D)collecting ducts
E)juxtaglomerular apparati

Question 21

Roger,who has Type I diabetes mellitus,forgot to take along his insulin on a fishing trip to a remote part of Alaska.It takes him three days to make it out of the wilderness to a hospital.What would be the most likely match to Roger's blood and urine profile once he reaches the hospital?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D

Question 22

Where are the receptors that respond to elevated blood osmolarity?

A)in the adrenal cortex
B)in the adrenal medulla
C)in the hypothalamus
D)in the kidneys
E)in the heart

Question 23

Select the incorrectly-matched osmoregulatory organ and the organism that uses it.

A)nephridia-annelids
B)protonephridia-flatworms
C)Malpighian tubules-insects
D)kidney-fish
E)antennal glands-mollusks

Question 24

If uric acid accumulates in joints of humans the condition is referred to as

A)atherosclerosis.
B)gout.
C)hypertension.
D)distal convoluted tubule dysfunction.
E)diabetes insipidus.

Question 25

Freshwater fish are ________ with respect to osmoregulation.

A)hypotonic regulators
B)hypotonic conformers
C)hypertonic regulators
D)hypertonic conformers
E)isotonic conformers

Question 26

The adrenal hormone,aldosterone,regulates kidney function by

A)reducing the blood flow to the kidney.
B)stimulating active reabsorption of sodium,decreasing its excretion.
C)increasing the permeability of the collecting duct to urea.
D)increasing the permeability of the collecting duct to salt.
E)triggering a sensation of thirst.

Question 27

Select the incorrectly-matched organism and its primary nitrogenous waste product.

A)most fish-ammonia
B)mammals-urea
C)reptiles-uric acid
D)birds-uric acid
E)insects-ammonia

Question 28

Most vertebrates maintain homeostasis in regard to the total solute concentrations of their extracellular fluids and the concentrations of specific inorganic ions.The kidneys participate in regulating the extracellular fluid concentration of all ions below EXCEPT

A)Fe²⁺ ions.
B)Ca²⁺ ions.
C)K⁺ ions.
D)Na⁺ ions.
E)Cl^- ions.

Question 29

What animals could drink seawater and not get dehydrated?

A)sea gull
B)human
C)garter snake
D)bullfrog
E)freshwater perch

Question 30

What animal has kidneys that are so efficient that it never has to drink water and can obtain all of its water from its food?

A)camel
B)gerbil
C)kangaroo rat
D)pocket mouse
E)desert lizard

Question 31

An increase in the production of ADH affects the kidney tubules by

A)inhibiting reabsorption of sodium ion in the collecting duct.
B)decreasing the permeability of the glomerulus to water.
C)causing the walls of the collecting duct to become more permeable to water.
D)inhibiting the reabsorption of water in the glomerulus.
E)decreasing the insertion of aquaporins into the membranes of cells that line the collecting ducts.

Question 32

Select the incorrectly-matched vertebrate and its urine concentration relative to its blood.

A)amphibians-isotonic
B)marine reptiles-isotonic
C)desert mammals-strongly hypertonic
D)marine mammals-strongly hypertonic
E)terrestrial birds-weakly hypertonic

Question 33

Each nephron of the kidney consists of a long tubule and associated small blood vessels.Blood cells and plasma proteins are too large to enter with the glomerular filtrate.What is the correct path for the filtrate to follow through the nephron in the production of urine?

A)Bowman's capsule → distal convoluted tubule → loop of Henle → proximal convoluted tubule → collecting duct
B)Bowman's capsule → proximal convoluted tubule → loop of Henle → distal convoluted tubule → collecting duct
C)Bowman's capsule → loop of Henle → proximal convoluted tubule → distal convoluted tubule → collecting duct
D)Bowman's capsule → collecting duct → proximal convoluted tubule → loop of Henle → distal convoluted tubule
E)collecting duct → proximal convoluted tubule → loop of Henle → distal convoluted tubule→ Bowman's capsule

Question 34

What response would correct for a drop in glomerular blood pressure?

A)angiotensin II-mediated inhibition of the adrenal cortex
B)inhibition of osmoreceptors in the brain,leading to decreased thirst
C)dilation of the afferent renal arterioles by angiotensin II
D)inhibition of antidiuretic hormone release by the posterior pituitary gland
E)stimulation of sodium secretion by the distal convoluted tubules

Question 35

No matter how much water a human drinks,the kidneys are always regulating various aspects of the blood,including ________. I-the pH of the blood
II-the plasma concentration of iron ions
III-the plasma concentration of sodium ions
IV-the plasma concentration of potassium ions
V-the temperature of the blood

A)I,II,and III
B)I,II,III,and IV
C)I,III,and IV
D)I,III,IV,and V
E)I,II,III,IV,and V

Question 36

How does the loop of Henle enable the mammalian kidney to produce hypertonic urine? I-The ascending limb of the loop actively extrudes Na+.
II-The descending limb interacts with the ascending limb to raise the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid in the renal medulla.
III-The concentration is further enhanced by the presence of urea,which draws water out of the collecting ducts by osmosis.

A)just I
B)II and III
C)just III
D)I and II
E)I,II,and III

Question 37

Gary has a kidney stone lodged in his ureter.Where will the radiologist find the kidney stone on an x-ray?

A)between the end of a nephron and the renal pelvis
B)between the bladder and the outside of the body
C)between a kidney and the bladder
D)between a Bowman's capsule and a loop of Henle

Question 38

Most marine invertebrates are osmoconformers.This means that

A)that their body fluids contain the exact same solutes in the same concentration as their cells.
B)the osmolarity of their body fluids is the same as their seawater environment.
C)that their body fluids contain the exact same solutes in the same concentration as their surroundings.
D)the osmolarity of their body fluids is equal to that of the osmoregulators who inhabit the same environments.
E)the osmolarity of their body fluids fluctuates between hypertonic to hypotonic depending on the season and the tides.

Question 39

Substances NOT usually found in normal human urine are

A)urea and uric acid.
B)glucose molecules.
C)water molecules.
D)K⁺,H⁺,and other ions.
E)certain drugs.

Question 40

The kidneys are important homeostatic organs,contributing to maintenance of all of the following EXCEPT

A)blood volume.
B)destruction of worn-out red blood cells.
C)blood pressure.
D)ion concentration of extracellular fluids.
E)blood pH.

Question 41

According to the above figure,which letter corresponds to the area where amino acids are most likely to be reabsorbed?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 42

According to the above figure,which letter corresponds to the lowest tubular fluid osmolarity under normal conditions?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 43

The kidneys are both protected and held in place by cushions of fat.In cases of rapid weight loss,the kidneys may drop to a lower position,possibly causing kinks in a nearby tubular organ.If this happens,urine will back up into the kidneys,severely damaging them.What organ(s)is/are most-likely kinked in this situation?

A)urethra
B)ureters
C)renal arteries
D)nephrons
E)renal veins

Question 44

What animal cannot make hypertonic urine?

A)blue jay
B)dog
C)human
D)grasshopper
E)American toad

Question 45

Connor decides to celebrate his 21st birthday by drinking a few beers at a local sports bar.After a while,Connor notices that he is making many more trips to the men's room than the week before,when he drank similar amounts of carbonated water.Why is that?

A)Alcohol stimulates filtration of the blood plasma by the glomeruli.
B)Alcohol stimulates secretion of ions into the nephron and water follows by osmosis.
C)Alcohol inhibits reabsorption of sugars,amino acids and other small metabolites,which decreases reabsorption of water.
D)Alcohol inhibits the secretion of ADH by the posterior pituitary gland,thereby decreasing water reabsorption.
E)Alcohol stimulates the insertion of aquaporins into the plasma membranes of cells that line the collecting ducts,thereby decreasing water reabsorption.

Question 46

According to the above figure,which letter corresponds to the area where water is absolutely not reabsorbed?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E