Deck 4: States of Consciousness

Question 1

Approximately ________ percent of children experience at least one episode of either sleepwalking or sleep talking.

A) 40
B) 20
C) 80
D) 60

Answer 1

20

Question 2

Hospital residents working heavy schedules perform similarly on cognitive tasks to people with ________.

A) no alcohol in their systems
B) blood alcohol levels between .04 and .05
C) blood alcohol levels between .07 and .08
D) blood alcohol levels between .01 and .02

Answer 2

blood alcohol levels between .04 and .05

Question 3

Which of the following children would be most likely to suffer night terrors?

A) a child who is under a lot of stress
B) a child who had nightmares last night
C) a child who slept much later than normal this morning
D) a child who is very young

Answer 3

a child who is under a lot of stress

Question 4

Research evidence indicates that sleep plays an important restorative function ________.

A) both mentally and physically
B) mentally, but not physically
C) physically, but not mentally
D) neither physically nor mentally

Question 5

Our awareness of various mental processes such as making decisions, daydreaming, reflecting, and concentrating is called ________.

A) self-awareness
B) creativity
C) consciousness
D) intelligence

Question 6

Night terrors usually occur in ________ sleep.

A) non-REM
B) irregular
C) REM
D) daytime

Question 7

A recent study found that women who sleep ________ have an increased risk of heart disease.

A) too little, but not too much
B) a normal number of hours
C) too much, but not too little
D) either too much or too little

Question 8

There is a link between sleep deprivation and ________.

A) neither asthma nor stroke
B) asthma but not stroke
C) both asthma and stroke
D) stroke but not asthma

Question 9

A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty in falling asleep or remaining asleep throughout the night is ________.

A) apnea
B) cataplexy
C) insomnia
D) narcolepsy

Question 10

When we are awake and alert, we are usually conscious of ________ around us.

A) about half of what is going on
B) virtually everything going on
C) most of what is going on
D) a small portion of what is going on

Question 11

Which of the following chemicals has been found to play a crucial role in our need for sleep?

A) atropine
B) adenosine
C) prednisone
D) thyroxin

Question 12

At any given time, about ________ million Americans suffer from chronic, long-term sleep disorders.

A) 70
B) 90
C) 50
D) 20

Question 13

During sleep the brain ________.

A) acts the same as it would in a waking state
B) experiences a higher sense of awareness to sounds
C) moves through several unique stages of sleep
D) will respond to stimulus that produces responses in the waking state

Question 14

The human biological clock is governed by a cluster of cells known as the ________ of the hypothalamus.

A) basal ganglia
B) reticular activating system
C) suprachiasmatic nucleus
D) substantia nigra

Question 15

All of the thoughts and feelings we have when we are awake and reasonably alert are called ________.

A) intelligence
B) waking consciousness
C) altered states of consciousness
D) self-awareness

Question 16

We spend about one-________ of our lives sleeping.

A) fifth
B) third
C) half
D) fourth

Question 17

Most episodes of sleepwalking and sleep talking occur during ________ sleep.

A) N1
B) N2
C) N3
D) REM

Question 18

The hallmark of normal waking consciousness is ________.

A) the highly generalized nature of attentive processes
B) the highly selective nature of attention
C) the short duration of attention-span
D) the ability to intensely focus on multiple tasks at once

Question 19

A circadian cycle is about ________ hours long.

A) 1.5
B) 6
C) 24
D) 12

Question 20

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Nightmares, but not night terrors, suggest some psychological problems.
B) Night terrors, but not nightmares, suggest some psychological problems.
C) Neither nightmares nor night terrors are evidence of psychological problems.
D) Both nightmares and night terrors suggest psychological problems.

Question 21

According to Freud, the hidden, unconscious desires expressed indirectly in a dream's symbolic content are its ________ content.

A) secondary
B) manifest
C) primary
D) latent

Question 22

People awakened during REM sleep report vivid, graphic dreams ________ percent of the time.

A) 80 to 85
B) 40 to 45
C) 60 to 65
D) 20 to 25

Question 23

Vivid visual and auditory experiences that our minds create primarily during REM periods of sleep are called ________.

A) dreams
B) hallucinations
C) night terrors
D) delusions

Question 24

The dream theory claiming that dreams are a means of strengthening memories crucial to our survival is ________ theory.

A) problem-solving
B) information processing
C) psychodynamic
D) cognitive

Question 25

________ the most common alteration of normal consciousness.

A) Dreams are
B) Drug intoxication is
C) Meditation is
D) Hypnosis is

Question 26

Research has shown that the _____ is very active during dreams.

A) limbic system
B) prefrontal cortex
C) primary visual cortex
D) primary motor cortex

Question 27

Freud believed that dreams represent ________.

A) unfulfilled wishes
B) attempts to solve waking problems while asleep
C) hidden, deep-seated psychological problems
D) the brain's attempt to make sense of random neural activity

Question 28

Amanda told her therapist that she had a dream about being in a shopping mall, and not being able to find the exit. The content of this dream, as related by Amanda to her therapist, is what Freud called its ________ content.

A) latent
B) primary
C) manifest
D) secondary

Question 29

If you study hard during the week and then stay up all night on Friday and Saturday, you are likely to ________.

A) remember more of the material than if you had spent a more restful weekend
B) remember much less of the material than if you had spent a more restful weekend
C) remember just as much of the material as if you had spent a more restful weekend
D) remember none of the material that you would have remembered had you spent a more restful weekend

Question 30

Sleep apnea, if severe, ________ a person's risk of having a stroke or dying.

A) slightly lowers
B) significantly lowers
C) slightly increases
D) can double or triple

Question 31

Diego suffers from narcolepsy. Which of the following symptoms is he likely to have?

A) temporary paralysis of the voluntary muscles while awakening from deep sleep
B) lack of REM sleep at night
C) breathing difficulties at night
D) falling asleep without warning during alert activities during the day

Question 32

On the average, people dream ________.

A) once every five or six days
B) once a night
C) several times a night
D) once every two or three days

Question 33

________ called dreams the "royal road to the unconscious."

A) Freud
B) Adler
C) Jung
D) Hobson and McCarley

Question 34

Chemical substances that change people's moods, perceptions, and mental functioning are known as ________ drugs.

A) psychoreactive
B) analgesic
C) psychomotor
D) psychoactive

Question 35

A sleep disorder characterized by sudden nodding off during the day and loss of muscle tone following moments of emotional excitement is ________.

A) cataplexy
B) narcolepsy
C) apnea
D) insomnia

Question 36

Of all psychoactive substances, ________ has the longest history of widespread use.

A) marijuana
B) nicotine
C) opium
D) alcohol

Question 37

People with narcolepsy fall immediately into ________ sleep during a narcoleptic episode.

A) Stage 2
B) Stage 1
C) REM
D) Stage 4

Question 38

Most episodes of insomnia are ________ and stem from ________.

A) temporary; stressful events
B) chronic; stressful events
C) chronic; underlying psychological problems
D) temporary; underlying psychological problems

Question 39

Sleep apnea affects ________ million Americans.

A) 1 to 2
B) 30 to 32
C) 10 to 12
D) 20 to 22

Question 40

A sleep disorder characterized by difficulties in breathing while asleep is ________.

A) cataplexy
B) insomnia
C) narcolepsy
D) apnea

Question 41

Alcohol is implicated in more than ________ percent of violent child abuse.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 50
D) 90

Question 42

Smith is a heavy drinker in his 40s. Last night, he went to a bar, and when he woke up this morning, he did not remember how he got home, or much past his fourth drink. Because he does not remember what happened when he was drinking, we would say he experienced a(n) _________.

A) episode of alcoholic myopia
B) blackout
C) instance of withdrawal
D) instance of alcohol poisoning

Question 43

________ times as many men as women are problem drinkers.

A) Two
B) Three
C) Four
D) Five

Question 44

The phenomenon whereby higher doses of a drug are required to produce its original effects is ________.

A) withdrawal
B) a craving
C) potentiation
D) tolerance

Question 45

Because it depresses or inhibits the centers in the brain that are used for critical judgment and inhibition of impulsive behavior, alcohol is subjectively experienced as a(n) ________.

A) hallucinogenic
B) depressant
C) stimulant
D) antigen

Question 46

Alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates all have ________ effects.

A) depressant
B) antigenic
C) hallucinogenic
D) stimulant

Question 47

________ are chemicals that retard behavior and thinking by either speeding up or slowing down nerve impulses.

A) Hallucinogens
B) Depressants
C) Stimulants
D) Opiates

Question 48

In an experiment, some people receive an active drug while others receive a placebo. Neither the subjects nor the people administering the drug know which people got the drug and which got the placebo. This is an example of a(n) ________ procedure.

A) double-blind
B) alternative hypothesis
C) placebo
D) single-blind

Question 49

Barbiturates have potentially deadly effects when combined with ________.

A) marijuana
B) cocaine
C) alcohol
D) amphetamines

Question 50

________ are commonly known as "downers."

A) Amphetamines
B) Opiates
C) Barbiturates
D) Hallucinogens

Question 51

The total economic cost of alcohol abuse in America is estimated to be about ________ annually.

A) $200 billion
B) $1 billion
C) $100 million
D) $10 billion

Question 52

A large scale survey of adults in the United States found that nearly ________ percent of those surveyed reported alcohol dependence in the last 12 months.

A) 9
B) 14
C) 30
D) 5

Question 53

Potentially deadly depressants, first used for their sedative and anticonvulsant effects, now used only to treat such conditions as insomnia are ________.

A) amphetamines
B) hallucinogens
C) opiates
D) barbiturates

Question 54

In a study on how marijuana affects creativity, the people who took the marijuana performed no more creatively than those who took a placebo. Both groups performed more creatively than a group that received no drugs at all. What conclusions can best be drawn from these findings?

A) The group receiving the placebo was more creative to begin with than the group receiving the marijuana.
B) The creative effects of marijuana are probably due to people's beliefs that it will increase their creativity.
C) Neither marijuana nor a placebo seems to have any effect on creativity.
D) Marijuana enhances creativity.

Question 55

The most frequently used psychoactive drug in Western societies is ________.

A) nicotine
B) marijuana
C) cocaine
D) alcohol

Question 56

Jacob is at a bar with his friends, and has had too much to drink. He sees a student he got in an argument with in class last week, and loudly yells at him and pushes him into a table. After this, Jacob is escorted out and told not return. Jacob normally would not have behaved this way, but ________.

A) bars are places where employees are supposed to be able to "loosen up"
B) alcohol inhibits brain centers that control the perception of loudness
C) alcohol makes people less concerned with the negative consequences of their behavior
D) alcohol is a stimulant

Question 57

Unpleasant physical or psychological effects that follow the discontinuance of a dependence-producing substance are ________.

A) addiction
B) a craving
C) tolerance
D) withdrawal

Question 58

The first centers of the brain to be affected by alcohol are the ________.

A) midbrain and hypothalamus
B) medulla and spinal cord
C) frontal lobes
D) cerebellum

Question 59

For women, "binge drinking" is defined as ________ or more drinks in a row.

A) four
B) eight
C) two
D) five

Question 60

Researchers have found that every addictive drug causes ________ levels in the brain to increase.

A) serotonin
B) dopamine
C) norepinephrine
D) acetylcholine

Question 61

Youth aged 12 to 17 who smoke are ________ times more likely than their nonsmoking peers to use illicit drugs.

A) 2
B) 4
C) 16
D) 12

Question 62

Mescaline, peyote, and psilocybin are all ________.

A) opiates
B) hallucinogens
C) stimulants
D) barbiturates

Question 63

The most addictive and dangerous stimulant in use today is ________.

A) cocaine
B) nicotine
C) alcohol
D) amphetamine

Question 64

One of the most famous users of cocaine was ________.

A) Freud
B) Poe
C) Lincoln
D) Jung

Question 65

Amphetamines are chemically similar to ________.

A) thyroxin
B) epinephrine
C) serotonin
D) oxytocin

Question 66

"Crack" is the crystalline form of ________.

A) mescaline
B) cocaine
C) marijuana
D) heroin

Question 67

Todd has just quit smoking after being a smoker for five years. He is most likely to experience ________.

A) headaches, irritability, insomnia, and drowsiness
B) nausea, anxiety, and temporary heart "flutter"
C) apathy, loss of energy, and excess sleep
D) excess hunger, sweatiness, and the "shakes"

Question 68

Addictive drugs, such as heroin, that dull the senses and induce feelings of euphoria are ________.

A) anti-psychotic drugs
B) opiates
C) hallucinogens
D) barbiturates

Question 69

Amphetamine psychosis is similar to ________.

A) an epileptic seizure
B) paranoid schizophrenia
C) catatonic schizophrenia
D) a drunken stupor

Question 70

Reed has undergone profound behavior changes recently. He has been aggressive and violent, eats very little, and has acted paranoid. These marked changes in his behavior are probably the result of ________ abuse.

A) amphetamine
B) barbiturate
C) alcohol
D) LSD

Question 71

At the turn of the century, many physicians promoted ________ as a cure for morphine and alcohol addiction.

A) opium
B) cocaine
C) heroin
D) marijuana

Question 72

On a biochemical level, cocaine blocks the reabsorption of the neurotransmitter ________.

A) acetylcholine
B) serotonin
C) dopamine
D) epinephrine

Question 73

Which of the following drugs, with chronic use, can lead to psychosis?

A) nicotine
B) amphetamines
C) marijuana
D) heroin

Question 74

In recent years, the number of teenagers who start smoking each year has ________.

A) increased dramatically
B) slightly decreased
C) dramatically decreased
D) hardly changed

Question 75

Caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine are members of a class of drugs known as ________.

A) analgesics
B) stimulants
C) hallucinogens
D) depressants

Question 76

The effects of barbiturates are similar to those of ________.

A) heroin
B) alcohol
C) LSD
D) cocaine

Question 77

The only legitimate medical use for cocaine is its use as a(n) ________.

A) treatment for glaucoma
B) muscle relaxant
C) anxiety reducer
D) topical anesthetic

Question 78

Cocaine is a(n) ________.

A) opiate
B) barbiturate
C) hallucinogen
D) stimulant

Question 79

The drug "Ecstasy" is technically a(n) ________.

A) barbiturate
B) hallucinogen
C) opiate
D) amphetamine

Question 80

Caffeine will interfere with ________.

A) the digestion of foods and liquids
B) normal cardiovascular functioning when resting
C) prescribed medications like tranquilizers and sedatives
D) processing of information by the cerebral cortex