Deck 9: Major Minerals and Water

Question 1

The three major minerals involved in bone maintenance are:

A) calcium, potassium, and phosphorus.
B) calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus.
C) calcium, magnesium, and potassium.
D) magnesium, phosphorus, and potassium.
E) calcium, sulfur, and potassium.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

What is the process of continuous calcium release from the bones and the deposition of calcium back into the bones called?

A) osteopenia
B) bone resorption
C) homeostasis
D) bone remodeling
E) osteoporosis

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which type of bread would have the most minerals?

A) bread made from whole grains
B) bread made from enriched flour
C) bread made from white flour
D) bread made from enriched cornmeal
E) bread made from refined rice flour

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following statements about minerals is FALSE?

A) They can be destroyed by cooking.
B) It is possible to consume toxic amounts.
C) They often work with enzymes as cofactors.
D) They cannot be broken down by digestion.
E) They make up 4% of our body weight.

Question 5

Which of the following is an excellent source of potassium?

A) vanilla cake frosting
B) baked potato
C) grits
D) cream cheese
E) whole wheat bread

Question 6

Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning dehydration?

A) Dehydration is a water deficiency in the body.
B) Concentrated urine is an indicator of dehydration.
C) Dehydration is an issue in developing countries where safe drinking water is scarce.
D) Dehydration can be a result of excess vomiting and/or diarrhea.
E) All of these are true.

Question 7

Sodium in U.S. diets primarily comes from:

A) home cooking.
B) naturally occurring salt.
C) salt added before eating.
D) processed and restaurant foods.
E) beverages.

Question 8

The Health and Medicine Division of the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine indicates sodium needs may be increased in:

A) endurance athletes and people who work in hot and humid conditions.
B) older adults.
C) people who consume primarily processed foods.
D) people with diabetes.
E) All of these are correct.

Question 9

Why might a person have a low intake of dietary calcium?

A) They do not like dairy products and avoid leafy green vegetables.
B) They use calcium supplements.
C) They prefer cheese and yogurt to milk.
D) They regularly eat canned sardines and broccoli.
E) They prefer nonfat milk to 2% milk.

Question 10

How much of the human body is made up of water?

A) 20% to 30%
B) 30% to 40%
C) 60% to 70%
D) 80% to 90%
E) more than 90%

Question 11

Where do humans absorb most minerals?

A) large intestine
B) small intestine
C) kidney
D) gallbladder
E) stomach

Question 12

A 60-year-old man has been diagnosed with osteopenia. Which of the following is most likely to have contributed to this condition?

A) age and inadequate phosphorus intake
B) gender and inadequate phosphorus intake
C) age, inactivity, and inadequate intake of calcium and vitamin D
D) inactivity and gender
E) inactivity and inadequate intake of calcium and vitamin D

Question 13

The DASH diet is designed to _____ and includes many foods that are high in _____.

A) lower blood pressure; sodium
B) promote weight loss; calcium
C) lower blood pressure; potassium
D) boost immunity; magnesium
E) promote weight loss; potassium

Question 14

In 2017, the American Heart Association redefined hypertension as having a blood pressure of at least _____ mm Hg most of the time.

A) 140/90
B) 130/80
C) 120/80
D) 120/70
E) 110/70

Question 15

Reducing sodium intake while increasing intake of _____ may reduce risk for hypertension and cardiovascular disease.

A) chromium
B) iron
C) potassium
D) sulfur
E) phosphorus

Question 16

If a woman is trying to lose weight by taking diuretics and exercising for 90 minutes daily, what could be an immediate consequence?

A) severe dehydration
B) losing too much weight
C) increased blood pressure
D) excess water storage in the muscles
E) loss of period (amenorrhea)

Question 17

Excess fluid consumption results in water being:

A) stored in the kidneys.
B) stored in the stomach.
C) excreted through feces.
D) excreted through urine.
E) excreted through sweat.

Question 18

Why does the DASH diet support consumption of an abundance of foods with potassium?

A) Potassium increases blood pressure.
B) Potassium can lower blood pressure.
C) Potassium enhances taste.
D) Potassium lowers stress.
E) Potassium increases muscle mass.

Question 19

Which of the following is TRUE about the world's water supply?

A) About 90% of Earth is composed of water.
B) Less than 3% of the water on Earth is fresh and potentially drinkable.
C) Approximately 1 in 10 people worldwide lacks safe, readily available water at home.
D) Approximately 3 in 10 people worldwide lack safely managed sanitation.
E) All of these are true.

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a good source of magnesium?

A) brown rice
B) spinach
C) almonds
D) bacon
E) cashews

Question 21

Why can diarrhea lead to death, especially among children?

A) It is contagious.
B) It affects hunger.
C) It causes dehydration.
D) It causes drowsiness.
E) It limits vision and hearing.

Question 22

When more water is needed in the bloodstream, the _____ releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

A) thyroid
B) kidney
C) pituitary gland
D) tongue
E) stomach

Question 23

The adequate daily intake (AI) of fluids comes from:

A) intake of food.
B) intake of beverages.
C) intake of beverages and water.
D) intake of water via respiration.
E) intake of beverages, food, and water.

Question 24

All of the following are controllable risk factors for osteoporosis EXCEPT:

A) advanced age.
B) physical inactivity.
C) smoking.
D) excess consumption of alcohol.
E) low intake of calcium and vitamin D.

Question 25

Why does water move through cell membranes via osmosis?

A) to hydrate cells
B) to improve cell immunity
C) to equalize the concentration of solutes inside of and outside of the cell
D) to increase cell division
E) to increase urine flow

Question 26

Hypokalemia is a deficiency of which mineral?

A) calcium
B) iron
C) magnesium
D) potassium
E) sulfur

Question 27

Which body type generally would have the highest ratio of water content to total body mass?

A) thin female
B) thin male
C) muscular female
D) muscular male
E) Neither body type nor gender affects the ratio of water content to total body mass.

Question 28

How does an increase in dietary sodium affect health?

A) It increases immune function.
B) It builds bone strength.
C) It affects appetite.
D) It releases urine.
E) It increases the risk of high blood pressure.

Question 29

Which is the most abundant mineral in the body?

A) calcium
B) iron
C) magnesium
D) sodium
E) potassium

Question 30

Food sources of calcium include all of the following EXCEPT:

A) cheese.
B) eggs.
C) milk.
D) Chinese cabbage.
E) kale.

Question 31

A state of calcium deficiency in the blood stimulates:

A) increased absorption of calcium in the small intestines.
B) increased production of the active form of vitamin D.
C) decreased mobilization of calcium from bones.
D) increased calcium excretion from the kidneys.
E) increased absorption of calcium in the small intestines and increased production of the active form of vitamin D.

Question 32

All of the following are symptoms of potassium deficiency EXCEPT:

A) fatigue.
B) skin rash.
C) abnormal heart rhythms.
D) increased calcium excretion.
E) muscle weakness.

Question 33

Since peak bone mass is achieved around age 30, what should be consumed regularly prior to that time to maximize bone mass?

A) foods with calcium
B) foods with vitamin D
C) foods with potassium
D) foods with calcium and vitamin D
E) foods with calcium and potassium

Question 34

Electrolytes are used in the body for all of the following purposes EXCEPT:

A) transporting nutrients.
B) contracting muscles.
C) balancing movement of fluid into and out of cells.
D) transmitting nerve impulses.
E) maintaining bone structure.

Question 35

In the body, the function of water is to:

A) transport nutrients and oxygen to tissues.
B) lubricate joints.
C) protect the brain and spinal cord.
D) remove waste.
E) All of these are correct.

Question 36

Hyponatremia is the result of:

A) overhydration.
B) dehydration.
C) excessive calcium consumption.
D) inadequate potassium consumption.
E) excessive potassium consumption.

Question 37

Which mineral is essential for the absorption of calcium and critical for bone strength?

A) potassium
B) phosphorus
C) sodium
D) magnesium
E) sulfur

Question 38

Which agency regulates bottled water in the United States?

A) EPA
B) FDA
C) USDA
D) CDC
E) No agency regulates bottled water.

Question 39

Which electrolytes are involved in maintaining fluid balance in the body?

A) sodium, potassium, and magnesium
B) sodium, potassium, and chloride
C) potassium, magnesium, and chloride
D) copper, sodium, and potassium
E) sulfur, sodium, and chloride

Question 40

All of the following increase water needs EXCEPT:

A) having a fever.
B) vomiting.
C) consuming a high-fat diet.
D) consuming a high-protein diet.
E) consuming a high-fiber diet.

Question 41

Approximately 50% of the U.S. population is identified as having hypertension using the 2017 American Heart Association guideline for identifying hypertension. What is the recommended sodium level for adults who would benefit from lowering blood pressure? What diet do experts recommend for this group? List three characteristics of the diet.

Question 42

List three of the four ways water is lost from the body.

Question 43

Why do high-fiber diets increase the need for water consumption?

Question 44

Describe at least three factors that affect mineral bioavailability.

Question 45

List at least three major functions of minerals in the body.

Question 46

Explain why the new Nutrition Facts label format requires information on potassium content to be listed. What guidance may the public need to use this new information?

Question 47

Why might ingestion of tap water affect mineral intake?

Question 48

Develop a one-day meal plan that follows guidelines of the DASH diet.

Question 49

Why is water an essential nutrient?

Question 50

Identify five risk factors for osteoporosis. Then list three preventive measures to reduce risk for osteoporosis.