Deck 7: Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Question 1

Which vitamin can be synthesized in significant amounts by humans?

A) vitamin D
B) vitamin E
C) ascorbic acid
D) retinoic acid
E) carotenoids

Answer 1

A

Question 2

For adults age 19 to 50, the RDA for vitamin D is:

A) 400 IU.
B) 600 IU.
C) 900 IU.
D) 1000 IU.
E) 4000 IU.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

For absorption, fat-soluble vitamins are packed into _____ and transported into the _____.

A) chylomicrons; blood vessels
B) LDLs; blood vessels
C) chylomicrons; lymph
D) LDLs; lymph
E) VLDLs; lymph

Answer 3

C

Question 4

In order to reduce risk of vitamin D toxicity, one should avoid:

A) consuming too much salmon.
B) too much exposure to sunlight.
C) consuming too much fortified milk and dairy products.
D) consuming vitamin D fortified juices.
E) high-dose vitamin D supplements.

Question 5

Which food provides the greatest amount of vitamin E?

A) spinach (1 cup)
B) hard-boiled egg
C) almonds (2 ounces)
D) olive oil (1 tbsp)
E) blackberries (1/2 cup)

Question 6

Which can be produced by intestinal bacteria?

A) vitamin A
B) vitamin D
C) vitamin K
D) vitamin E
E) tocopherol

Question 7

When light strikes rhodopsin, retinal changes its shape from:

A) cis-retinal to retinoic acid.
B) cis-retinal to trans-retinal.
C) trans-retinal to cis-retinal.
D) cis-retinoic acid to cis-retinal.
E) trans-retinoic acid to cis-retinal.

Question 8

Which foods are the richest source of beta-carotene?

A) beef liver and tuna
B) skim milk and other low-fat dairy products
C) dark, leafy, green vegetables
D) carrots and sweet potatoes
E) mango and pink grapefruit

Question 9

Which is an example of provitamin A?

A) retinoic acid
B) retinol
C) retinal
D) tocopherol
E) beta-carotene

Question 10

Too much of which vitamin can result in birth defects?

A) vitamin A
B) carotenoids
C) vitamin K
D) vitamin D
E) vitamin E

Question 11

Calcification of soft tissues is a symptom of:

A) vitamin A excess.
B) vitamin A deficiency.
C) vitamin D excess.
D) vitamin D deficiency.
E) vitamin K excess.

Question 12

Which does NOT play a role in maintaining blood concentrations when calcium levels are low?

A) parathyroid hormone increasing kidney production of active vitamin D
B) parathyroid hormone increasing intestinal production of active vitamin D
C) activated vitamin D increasing intestinal absorption calcium
D) activated vitamin D decreasing kidney excretion of calcium
E) activated vitamin D increasing release of calcium from the bone

Question 13

Which vitamin functions as a hormone?

A) vitamin A
B) vitamin D
C) vitamin K
D) both vitamins K and E
E) both vitamins A and D

Question 14

Which of the following may protect against free radicals?

A) sedentary lifestyle
B) exposure to UV radiation
C) compromised immune function
D) vitamin E supplementation
E) cigarette smoking

Question 15

Antibiotic use can result in reduced synthesis of:

A) vitamin A.
B) vitamin D.
C) vitamin E.
D) vitamin K.
E) carotenoids.

Question 16

Which vitamins play a role in bone health?

A) vitamin E and vitamin K
B) vitamin E and carotenoids
C) vitamin D and vitamin E
D) vitamin D and vitamin K
E) vitamin D and carotenoids

Question 17

Which of the following is true about vitamin D?

A) Meeting vitamin D requirements via food is easy since there are many excellent natural food sources.
B) In the United States, a small fraction of the milk supply is vitamin D fortified.
C) Some scientists question whether the vitamin D recommendations are high enough to promote optimal health.
D) The RDAs for vitamin D assume most people are getting at least 20 minutes of sun exposure per day.
E) All of these are true.

Question 18

Which is the richest food source of vitamin D?

A) salmon (3 oz)
B) milk (1 cup)
C) fortified orange juice (1 cup)
D) cheese (1 slice)
E) egg (1 large)

Question 19

Which of the following is a measure used to reduce vitamin A deficiency?

A) vitamin A supplementation
B) adding vitamin A to enriched grains
C) adding vitamin A to water supplies
D) biofortification with vitamin A
E) vitamin A supplementation and biofortification with vitamin A

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT true regarding forms of vitamin A compounds?

A) Retinol is stored in the liver.
B) Retinal is used in processing visual signals.
C) Retinoic acid is the hormone form.
D) Carotenoids are vitamin A precursors found in plant foods.
E) Only plant foods are preformed vitamin A sources.

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT a function of vitamin E?

A) Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant.
B) Vitamin E prevents oxidative changes in low-density lipoproteins.
C) Vitamin E protects white blood cells from damage.
D) Vitamin E prevents damage to nervous tissue.
E) Vitamin E supplements are effective in treating heart disease.

Question 22

Approximately __% of preschool-aged children in middle- and low-income countries are vitamin A deficient.

A) 20
B) 33
C) 45
D) 58
E) 73

Question 23

Which fat-soluble vitamin has no established Upper Tolerable Intake Level (UL)?

A) vitamin A
B) vitamin K
C) vitamin D
D) vitamin E
E) both vitamins A and K

Question 24

Which vitamin is given to infants soon after birth to reduce the risk of hemorrhage?

A) vitamin A
B) vitamin D
C) vitamin K
D) vitamin E
E) tocopherol

Question 25

An early sign of vitamin A deficiency is:

A) carotenemia.
B) hypervitaminosis A.
C) night blindness.
D) infectious diseases.
E) keratinization.

Question 26

Which vitamins are associated with cell differentiation and cell development?

A) vitamins A and K
B) vitamins A and E
C) vitamins A and D
D) vitamins E and K
E) vitamins E and D

Question 27

_____is used to synthesize vitamin D when human skin is exposed to UV radiation.

A) Calcitriol
B) Melanin
C) Cortisol
D) Tocopherol
E) Cholesterol

Question 28

Vitamin A deficiency delays reformation of:

A) rhodopsin from cis-retinal and opsin.
B) rhodopsin from trans-retinal and opsin.
C) rhodopsin from trans-retinol and opsin.
D) rhodopsin from cis-retinoic acid and opsin.
E) rhodopsin from trans-retinoic acid and opsin.

Question 29

Which is not a fat-soluble vitamin?

A) tocopherol
B) vitamin D
C) ascorbic acid
D) retinoic acid
E) vitamin K

Question 30

Which is NOT a function of vitamin D?

A) blood calcium regulation
B) bone growth and maintenance
C) immunity
D) antioxidant
E) cell development

Question 31

The active form of vitamin D is known as:

A) cholesterol.
B) provitamin D.
C) calcitriol.
D) tocopherol.
E) rickets.

Question 32

Which of these conditions can increase the tendency to bleed?

A) vitamin A toxicity
B) vitamin D deficiency
C) vitamin E deficiency
D) vitamin K deficiency
E) vitamin D and vitamin K deficiencies

Question 33

The visual pigment rhodopsin is made of _____ and _____.

A) opsin; beta-carotene
B) opsin; retinol
C) opsin; retinal
D) opsin; retinoic acid
E) opsin; xanthophyll

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT a source of free radicals?

A) air pollution
B) cigarette smoking
C) LDL cholesterol
D) UV light
E) Immune responses

Question 35

Which is NOT a good food source of vitamin E?

A) nuts
B) seeds
C) vegetable oil
D) milk
E) canola oil

Question 36

Fat-soluble vitamins are mainly stored in:

A) the gallbladder.
B) the gallbladder and liver.
C) skeletal muscles and liver.
D) skeletal muscles and fatty tissues.
E) fatty tissues and liver.

Question 37

Which must be present for fat-soluble vitamins to be absorbed?

A) calcium and intrinsic factor
B) calcium and LDL
C) dietary lipids and bile
D) dietary lipids and LDL
E) dietary lipids and insulin

Question 38

Vitamin D deficiency in adults results in:

A) rickets.
B) osteomalacia.
C) hypervitaminosis D.
D) oxidative damage.
E) cancer.

Question 39

Which deficiency condition is related to vitamin A's role in maintaining epithelial tissue?

A) hypervitaminosis A
B) osteomalacia
C) reduced immune function
D) keratinization
E) skin cancer

Question 40

Vitamin D is converted to its active form by the:

A) skin and small intestine.
B) skin and liver.
C) fat tissue and liver.
D) small intestines and kidneys.
E) kidneys and liver.

Question 41

Compare and contrast fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins.

Question 42

Why are Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) values for vitamin A expressed as retinol activity equivalents?

Question 43

Describe the digestion, absorption, transport, and storage of fat-soluble vitamins.

Question 44

Why does toxicity occur more often from fat-soluble vitamins than from water-soluble vitamins?

Question 45

How many micrograms of beta-carotene would you need to consume from supplements to provide 10 micrograms of retinol?

Question 46

Name characteristics (not including low-dietary intake) that place certain individuals at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency and explain why they may be deficient.

Question 47

How many micrograms of beta-carotene would you need to consume from food to provide 10 micrograms of retinol?

Question 48

Describe the roles of vitamin A in vision. Then give at least one example of a strategy to improve vitamin A status in countries where deficiency is prevalent.

Question 49

Orange juice is often fortified with both calcium and vitamin D. How does vitamin D help maintain calcium levels in the blood?

Question 50

Describe the potential toxic effects of fat-soluble vitamins. To avoid toxicity due to dietary supplements, list rich food sources for each of these vitamins.