Deck 5: The Lipids

Question 1

Which list contains only omega-6 fatty acids?

A) EPA, DHA, linoleic acid
B) EPA, DHA, alpha-linolenic acid
C) linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid
D) EPA, DHA, arachidonic acid
E) arachidonic acid and linoleic acid

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Which oil provides the most saturated fatty acids?

A) fish oil
B) corn oil
C) olive oil
D) flaxseed oil
E) coconut oil

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Burgers and sandwiches account for _____ of saturated fats in the diets of people aged 2 and older in the United States.

A) 10%
B) 14%
C) 19%
D) 25%
E) 31%

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT regulated by eicosanoids?

A) inflammation
B) lipid digestion
C) blood pressure
D) pain
E) blood clotting

Question 5

Which of the following food lists would you expect to contain the most phospholipids?

A) milk and cereal
B) bread and lunch meats
C) cakes and frozen fries
D) salad dressing and mayonnaise
E) olive oil and avocados

Question 6

Which lipoprotein(s) transport(s) dietary lipids from the intestine into the blood?

A) HDL and LDL
B) LDL
C) HDL
D) chylomicrons
E) micelles

Question 7

An omega-3 fatty acid has

A) three double bonds.
B) a chain length of three carbons.
C) the first double bond at the third carbon from the methyl group.
D) the first double bond at the third carbon from the carboxyl group.
E) a total of 3 methyl groups.

Question 8

Which of these food lists would you expect to contain the most trans fatty acids?

A) crackers with corn oil as an ingredient
B) dip made with avocado
C) margarine with partially hydrogenated soybean oil as an ingredient
D) French fries with peanut oil as an ingredient
E) salad dressing with olive oil as an ingredient

Question 9

Which of the following transports digested lipids and bile across digestive fluids to the surface of mucosal cells?

A) VLDLs
B) LDLs
C) HDLs
D) micelles
E) chylomicrons

Question 10

Which list contains only omega-3 fatty acids?

A) EPA, DHA, linoleic acid
B) EPA, DHA, alpha-linolenic acid
C) linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid
D) EPA, DHA, arachidonic acid
E) arachidonic acid and linoleic acid

Question 11

Which of the following choices does NOT represent a primary source or sources of linoleic acid in the U.S. diet?

A) cooking oils
B) fish and other seafood
C) salad dressing
D) nuts
E) seeds

Question 12

_____ are important components of cell membranes because they are both hydrophobic and hydrophilic.

A) Fatty acids
B) Phospholipids
C) Sterols
D) Triglycerides
E) Amino acids

Question 13

Regular consumption of _____ is a strategy for increasing EPA and DHA concentrations in the body.

A) salmon
B) avocados
C) olive oil
D) flaxseeds
E) coconut oil

Question 14

According to the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs), how many calories should come from lipids for a person on a 2,000 kcal a day diet?

A) 100-200 kcal
B) 200-400 kcal
C) 400-600 kcal
D) 400-700 kcal
E) 600-800 kcal

Question 15

Linoleic acid can be metabolized in the body

A) into EPA, DHA, and eicosanoids.
B) to be stored as cholesterol.
C) into arachidonic acid and eicosanoids.
D) into long-chain omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids.
E) into bile acids to be stored in the gallbladder.

Question 16

Which fatty acid would be the most solid at room temperature?

A) olive oil
B) coconut oil
C) canola oil
D) soybean oil
E) fish oil

Question 17

Which of the following fatty acids are direct precursors of eicosanoids?

A) alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid
B) arachidonic acid and EPA
C) arachidonic acid and DHA
D) linoleic acid and arachidonic acid
E) EPA and DHA

Question 18

In 2018, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration banned added _____ fats in most foods.

A) trans
B) saturated
C) polyunsaturated
D) monounsaturated
E) essential

Question 19

Which food combination contains cholesterol?

A) avocado and toast
B) rice and beans
C) French fries and garlic bread
D) turkey and salad
E) peanut butter and jelly sandwich

Question 20

Which is the most consumed polyunsaturated fatty acid in the American diet?

A) linoleic acid
B) alpha-linolenic acid
C) DHA
D) arachidonic acid
E) trans fatty acids

Question 21

Which of the following is true about lipid digestion?

A) Lipase produced in the mouth emulsifies lipids.
B) Lipase produced in the stomach emulsifies lipids.
C) Acidity in the stomach emulsifies lipids.
D) Pancreatic lipase emulsifies lipids.
E) Bile acids emulsify lipids.

Question 22

Which does not play a role in transporting lipids in the body?

A) micelle
B) lipase
C) chylomicron
D) LDL
E) VLDL

Question 23

Alpha-linolenic acid can be metabolized in the body

A) into EPA, DHA, and eicosanoids.
B) to be stored as cholesterol.
C) into arachidonic acid and eicosanoids.
D) into long-chain omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids.
E) into bile acids to be stored in the gallbladder.

Question 24

Which food contains the highest amount of lipids per gram?

A) fatty fish
B) red meat
C) nuts and seeds
D) vegetable oil
E) peanut butter

Question 25

Which of the following lipoproteins are made in the liver? chylomicrons, VLDL, and HDL

A) chylomicrons, VLDL, HDL
B) VLDL and HDL
C) LDL and HDL
D) chylomicrons and LDL
E) chylomicrons and HDL

Question 26

Which oil provides the most alpha-linolenic acid?

A) soybean oil
B) corn oil
C) olive oil
D) flaxseed oil
E) coconut oil

Question 27

You are using food labels to avoid purchasing products with trans fatty acids. Which of the following would you avoid, since it is the most likely to contain trans fatty acids?

A) mayonnaise
B) avocadoes
C) fully hydrogenated vegetable oil
D) margarine with partially hydrogenated vegetable oil as an ingredient
E) olive oil

Question 28

Which are the essential fatty acids?

A) alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid
B) arachidonic acid and EPA
C) arachidonic acid and DHA
D) linoleic acid and arachidonic acid
E) EPA and DHA

Question 29

Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down triglycerides in chylomicrons as they travel through the blood?

A) chylomicron lipase
B) lipoprotein lipase
C) pancreatic lipase
D) gastric lipase
E) cholecystokinin

Question 30

Which does not contribute to triglyceride digestion?

A) lipase activity in the mouth
B) lipase activity in the stomach
C) pancreatic lipase activity in the small intestine
D) bile acids
E) lipase activity in the large intestine

Question 31

Which lipoprotein has the highest protein content?

A) VLDL
B) LDL
C) HDL
D) micelle
E) chylomicron

Question 32

What would you suggest to an individual who has had their gallbladder removed?

A) reduced intake of dairy
B) reduced intake of omega-3 fatty acids
C) reduced protein intake
D) reduced total fat intake
E) all of the above

Question 33

Which oil provides the most monounsaturated fatty acids?

A) fish oil
B) corn oil
C) olive oil
D) flaxseed oil
E) coconut oil

Question 34

Which fatty acid would be the most unstable and most prone to rancidity?

A) butter
B) coconut oil
C) fully hydrogenated soybean oil
D) partially hydrogenated soybean oil
E) fish oil

Question 35

Which is a precursor of bile acids?

A) triglycerides
B) cholesterol
C) HDL
D) pancreatic lipase
E) LDL

Question 36

Research studies suggest that low levels of DHA in adults may be associated with

A) increased risk of kidney failure.
B) reduced cognitive function.
C) increased diabetes risk.
D) increased risk of heart disease.
E) all of the above.

Question 37

Research suggests an association between high intake of _____ and increased cognitive decline.

A) EPA
B) saturated fat
C) monounsaturated fat
D) DHA
E) omega-3 fats

Question 38

Which correctly lists the lipoproteins from the least to most dense?

A) HDL, LDL, VLDL, chylomicron
B) chylomicron, VLDL, LDL, HDL
C) VLDL, LDL, chylomicron, HDL
D) VLDL, LDL, HDL, chylomicron
E) HDL, chylomicron, VLDL, LDL

Question 39

Which of the following two functions are primary roles of phospholipids in the body?

A) cell membrane component, lipid transport
B) vision, lipid transport
C) cell membrane component, cholesterol synthesis
D) vision, blood clotting
E) blood clotting, lipid transport

Question 40

Which oil provides the most linoleic acid?

A) fish oil
B) sunflower oil
C) olive oil
D) flaxseed oil
E) coconut oil

Question 41

Describe the structural difference between triglycerides and phospholipids.

Question 42

What is the minimum amount of fat (in grams) needed in a 2,000-calorie diet to meet the AMDR recommendations for fat intake?

Question 43

Describe how intakes of DHA in early life may impact health.

Question 44

What advantages does hydrogenation of oils offer to manufacturers? Why has the FDA issued a ban on adding industrial trans fats to foods in the U.S. food supply?

Question 45

According to the AMDR, what is the maximum amount of fat (in grams) recommended for a 2,000-calorie diet?

Question 46

Cod liver supplements commonly given to children in the 1930s to prevent a bone disorder are a good source of

A) DHA.
B) vitamin B₁₂.
C) saturated fat.
D) magnesium.
E) iron.

Question 47

Describe the functions of phospholipids in the body and explain how their unique chemical structure contributes to these functions.

Question 48

_____ contribute(s) approximately 35% of the saturated fat to diets of people aged 2 and older in the United States.

A) Dairy
B) Protein foods
C) Mixed dishes
D) Grains
E) Snacks and sweets

Question 49

Explain the role of HDL cholesterol within the body.

Question 50

Suggest food substitutions you can make to improve the fat profile for the following meal: cheeseburger, French fries, and milkshake.

Question 51

The public is confused, or lacks awareness that not all fats are bad. To clarify, name some food sources of healthy fats, and explain why increasing intake of these fats can be beneficial. Then, name some food sources of unhealthy fats, and explain why increasing intake of these fats can be detrimental to health.