Deck 3: Digestive System and Digestive Disorders

Question 1

The _____ prevents movement of fecal material into the small intestine.

A) pyloric sphincter
B) rectum
C) ileocecal valve
D) duodenum
E) anus

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following transport mechanisms moves substances against a concentration gradient?

A) facilitated diffusion
B) carrier diffusion
C) osmosis
D) simple diffusion
E) active transport

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Prebiotics can help prevent digestive conditions by:

A) fostering the growth of good bacteria.
B) treating ulcers.
C) helping in the absorption of fiber.
D) facilitating the transport of substances across cellular membranes.
E) All of these are correct.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT true about prebiotics?

A) Prebiotics are undigested carbohydrates.
B) Prebiotics promote the growth of beneficial microbes in the gut.
C) Prebiotics are an effective energy source for pathogenic bacteria.
D) Prebiotics are life microorganisms that provide health benefits.
E) Prebiotics include onions, garlic, black beans, and kidney beans.

Question 5

A person with inflammatory bowel disease can be at risk for:

A) bowel obstruction.
B) ulcers.
C) fistulas.
D) malnutrition.
E) All of these are correct.

Question 6

Which organ produces bile?

A) liver
B) gallbladder
C) salivary glands
D) small intestine
E) pancreas

Question 7

Which of the following organs carries food from the mouth to the stomach?

A) throat
B) trachea
C) GI tract
D) small intestine
E) esophagus

Question 8

Ulcers can be associated with:

A) Helicobacter pylori infection.
B) decreased mucus production.
C) pain and bleeding.
D) irritations or perforations of the mucosal wall.
E) All of these are correct.

Question 9

Which organ grinds food into a semiliquid while adding acid, enzymes, and gastric juice?

A) stomach
B) small intestine
C) mouth
D) esophagus
E) large intestine

Question 10

Villi and microvilli produce a large surface area for the enhancement of:

A) water balance and osmosis.
B) homeostasis.
C) vitamin and nutrient storage.
D) lipid breakdown.
E) digestion and absorption.

Question 11

When molecules move freely across the cell membrane down the concentration gradient, this is called:

A) facilitated diffusion.
B) carrier diffusion.
C) osmosis.
D) simple diffusion.
E) active transport.

Question 12

Fats and some vitamins must first enter the _____ before they find their way into the blood.

A) lymphatic vessels
B) liver
C) bile ducts
D) gallbladder
E) pancreas

Question 13

Which of the following in NOT a characteristic of enzymes?

A) Enzymes can bind to other compounds.
B) Enzymes can break bonds between compounds.
C) Enzymes participate in reactions only once.
D) Enzymes are catalysts.
E) Enzymes can create new compounds.

Question 14

Which of the following is a protein molecule that catalyzes chemical digestion?

A) starch
B) enzyme
C) lipid
D) emulsifier
E) glucose

Question 15

Bacteria make up about _____ of fecal dry weight.

A) 30%
B) 50%
C) 60%
D) 70%
E) 80%

Question 16

Which organ absorbs water and some minerals and vitamins while also passing waste material to its lower portion?

A) stomach
B) small intestine
C) large intestine
D) liver
E) kidneys

Question 17

Which of the following is a general name for diseases that cause inflammation and irritation of the digestive system?

A) inflammatory bowel disease
B) diverticular disease
C) hemorrhoids
D) ulcers
E) irritable bowel syndrome

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of segmentation?

A) uses circular muscles in the small intestine
B) mixes intestinal contents
C) contracts to move food forward in the digestive tract
D) is responsible for elimination of feces
E) brings nutrients in the intestinal fluid into contact with absorptive surfaces

Question 19

Facilitated diffusion requires:

A) a specific transport protein to help nutrients move through the cell membrane.
B) a specific transport protein and energy to help nutrients move through the cell membrane.
C) energy to help nutrients move through the cell membrane.
D) enzymes to work as catalysts that help nutrients move through the cell membrane.
E) ion channels that regulate water into and out of the cell membrane.

Question 20

Nutrients are primarily absorbed in the:

A) large intestine.
B) small intestine.
C) pancreas.
D) liver.
E) stomach.

Question 21

Which organ produces enzymes to digest energy-providing nutrients?

A) liver
B) gallbladder
C) appendix
D) pancreas
E) esophagus

Question 22

What is the name for fingerlike projections that protrude from the absorptive mucosal cells of the small intestine into the lumen of the GI tract?

A) mucosal cells
B) brush border
C) villi
D) chyme
E) cilia

Question 23

The physical fragmentation of foods into small particles by chewing and mixing with digestive fluids is called:

A) chemical digestion.
B) excretion.
C) absorption.
D) mechanical digestion.
E) peristalsis.

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT considered a food source of probiotics?

A) yogurt
B) fermented soy
C) miso
D) black beans
E) kombucha

Question 25

The presence of three muscular layers in the stomach is important because:

A) their contractions allow for mechanical digestion.
B) they allow fat molecules to be broken down.
C) they allow nutrients to be absorbed into the bloodstream.
D) they transport water from food into the body.
E) All of these are correct.

Question 26

What is the tubular channel extending from the mouth to the anus in which digestion and absorption occur?

A) esophagus
B) large intestine
C) abdominal canal
D) gastrointestinal tract
E) small intestine

Question 27

Which of the following is the correct representation of the body's organization from smallest entity to largest?

A) tissues, cells, organs, organ systems
B) cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
C) organ systems, organs, tissues, cells
D) organ systems, organs, cells, tissues
E) tissues, organs, organ systems, cells

Question 28

Which of the following is FALSE about the large intestine?

A) Water is absorbed into the body across the wall of the large intestine.
B) Electrolytes such as sodium and potassium are absorbed in the large intestine.
C) Short-chain fatty acids are absorbed in the large intestine.
D) The large intestine is the primary site of absorption for carbohydrates.
E) Vitamin K, folate, and biotin are absorbed in the large intestine.

Question 29

Swollen or inflamed veins in the lower rectum are called:

A) inflammatory bowel disease.
B) diverticular disease.
C) hemorrhoids.
D) ulcers.
E) irritable bowel syndrome.

Question 30

The layers of stomach and intestinal wall closest to the intestinal lumen are called:

A) villi.
B) microvilli.
C) tissue.
D) mucosa.
E) epithelial tissue.

Question 31

The inner space of the GI tract lined with mucosal cells is referred to as the:

A) villi.
B) microvilli.
C) epithelial tissue.
D) sphincter.
E) lumen.

Question 32

Which of the following is a collection of cells that have a similar origin?

A) tissue
B) organ
C) organ system
D) GI tract
E) organelle

Question 33

A person suffering from celiac disease should eliminate _____ from his or her diet to ease symptoms.

A) glucose
B) carbohydrates
C) sodium
D) gluten
E) All of these are correct.

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT considered a food source of prebiotics?

A) onion
B) oats
C) yogurt
D) lentils
E) garlic

Question 35

After absorption in the small intestine, water-soluble nutrients such as sugars and amino acids travel through the _____ to the liver.

A) portal vein
B) lymph
C) pancreas
D) esophagus
E) gallbladder

Question 36

Rhythmic wavelike contractions of the smooth muscle of the GI tract are called

A) mastication.
B) propulsion.
C) digestion.
D) segmentation.
E) peristalsis.

Question 37

People who suffer from gastroesophageal reflux disease can reduce symptoms by avoiding foods that cause discomfort, including:

A) alcohol.
B) onions.
C) chocolate.
D) fatty meals.
E) All of these are correct.

Question 38

When a person experiences abdominal pain or discomfort, along with diarrhea and/or constipation, this may be termed:

A) inflammatory bowel disease.
B) diverticular disease.
C) hemorrhoids.
D) ulcers.
E) irritable bowel syndrome.

Question 39

Which of the following is responsible for increasing the surface area for absorption in the digestive tract 20-fold?

A) cilia
B) mucosal cells
C) chyme
D) microvilli
E) All of these are correct.

Question 40

Circular muscles that control the flow of food and fluids between organs of the GI tract are called:

A) intestines.
B) sphincters.
C) contractions.
D) peristalsis.
E) villi.

Question 41

What is chyme? Trace the path of chyme from the stomach to the large intestine. Include the three main regions of the small intestine in your discussion.

Question 42

Diets that avoid gluten have grown in popularity by people without celiac disease in recent years. What are some potential downsides of avoiding gluten for people without a diagnosed medical condition to support its exclusion from the diet?

Question 43

Imagine that you would like to adjust your diet to promote the growth of healthy bacteria in your gut. What changes would you make? Explain how these foods would promote the growth of healthy bacteria.

Question 44

After absorption in the small intestine, sugars and amino acids are transported to the _____ before reaching other organs.

A) heart
B) lungs
C) brain
D) liver
E) kidneys

Question 45

Which of the following is NOT true about diverticular disease?

A) It is a condition in which there are small pouches or pockets in the wall or lining of the digestive tract.
B) This condition occurs when the inner layer of the digestive tract pushes through weak spots in the outer layer.
C) Age is a primary risk factor for this condition.
D) Diets low in fiber reduce risk for this condition.
E) Active lifestyles appear to be protective against this condition.

Question 46

Describe the organization of the body from cells to organ systems using the digestive system as an example.

Question 47

Why is the gallbladder considered an accessory organ in the digestive system? If a person were to have a cholecystectomy (gallbladder removal), what might be a consequence of this procedure?

Question 48

What is the process of breaking down food to its smallest units in order for the nutrients to be absorbed?

A) ingestion
B) digestion
C) absorption
D) excretion
E) consumption

Question 49

List at least three accessory organs in the digestive process and explain their roles.

Question 50

What is the difference between irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)?

Question 51

Choose one of the following common digestive disorder discussed in Chapter 3: diverticulosis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, or constipation. Explain why the condition occurs and provide at least three suggestions for managing the condition.

Question 52

Using diagrams, illustrate the difference between the three different mechanisms used to transport nutrients into cells across the lumen of the GI tract.

Question 53

Describe the four main functions of the digestive system and indicate the length of time it takes for food to travel through the entire GI tract.

Question 54

Describe the process by which an enzyme (amylase) reacts with and breaks down a substrate (starch).

Question 55

The digestive system includes:

A) organs of the GI tract.
B) salivary glands.
C) liver and gallbladder.
D) pancreas.
E) All of these are correct.