Deck 15: Spotlight H: Food Safety

Question 1

Which of the following is recommended for managing or preventing hypoglycemia?

A) eating carb-heavy meals or snacks
B) including some protein alongside carbohydrates in meals
C) emphasizing foods that are low in fiber
D) eating low-fat meals
E) All of these are correct.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

According to MyPlate, what is the daily recommended amount of vegetables for a six- to eight-year-old child?

A) ½ cup
B) 1 cup
C) 1½ cups
D) 2 cups
E) 2½ cups

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Which dietary fat(s) increase risk of heart disease by increasing serum LDL cholesterol and reducing HDL cholesterol?

A) trans fatty acids
B) monounsaturated fatty acids
C) omega-3 fatty acids
D) omega-6 fatty acids
E) sterols

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which list contains fatty acids that reduce cardiovascular disease risk?

A) omega-3 fatty acids, trans fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids
B) omega-3 fatty acids, trans fatty acids, saturated fatty acids
C) omega-3 fatty acids, EPA, saturated fatty acids
D) omega-6 fatty acids, omega-3 fatty acids, hydrogenated oil
E) monounsaturated fatty acids, EPA, DHA

Question 5

According to the text, approximately 90% of U.S. children do not consume the recommended amount of:

A) grains.
B) lean meat.
C) dairy products.
D) fruits and vegetables.
E) water.

Question 6

Metabolic syndrome is associated with risk of

A) obesity and obesity-related diseases.
B) breast, prostate, and colon cancer.
C) cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
D) neurological degeneration.
E) gallbladder disease and gastrointestinal disorders.

Question 7

Leftovers and casseroles should be cooked to an internal temperature of:

A) 140°F.
B) 145°F.
C) 160°F.
D) 165°F.
E) 180°F.

Question 8

Mild to moderate depression may be helped by:

A) licorice root.
B) black cohosh.
C) senna.
D) St. John's wort.
E) holy basil.

Question 9

Which carbohydrate food is the most effective for preventing a rise in blood glucose?

A) raisin bran
B) cherries
C) oatmeal
D) honey
E) watermelon

Question 10

On average, calorie needs during pregnancy typically increase by _____ calories during the first trimester, by _____ calories a day during the second trimester, and by _____ calories during the third trimester.

A) 0; 340; 450
B) 0; 450; 450
C) 300; 350; 350
D) 450; 450; 450
E) 300; 300; 300

Question 11

Approximately how many U.S. youth between 6 and 19 years of age meet the recommendations for physical activity set by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services?

A) less than 5%
B) less than 10%
C) less than 25%
D) less than 50%
E) less than 75%

Question 12

Prediabetes is associated with all of the following EXCEPT:

A) risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
B) risk of heart disease and stroke.
C) a fasting blood glucose level of 100-125 mg/dl.
D) an oral glucose tolerance value of over 200 mg/dl.
E) prevention through lifestyle changes.

Question 13

Which of the following is the most likely to lower cancer risk?

A) foods fortified with vitamin A and iron because of high antioxidant content
B) colorful plant foods because of phytochemicals and antioxidant vitamins
C) vitamin D supplements because of a high antioxidant content
D) red wine because of its anti-inflammatory resveratrol content
E) dairy foods because of their calcium content

Question 14

Seniors who consume a high-dose supplement of vitamins C and E, zinc, copper, lutein, and zeaxanthin can slow the progression of:

A) diverticulosis.
B) dementia.
C) atrophic gastritis.
D) osteoporosis.
E) age-related macular degeneration.

Question 15

Studies indicate that increasing intake of what substance to 1.0 to 1.2 g/kg of body weight among older adults may reduce loss of lean body mass with age?

A) carbohydrates
B) fat
C) water
D) protein
E) alcohol

Question 16

Risk for which of the following complications is higher for young adults with type 2 diabetes in comparison to young adults with type 1 diabetes?

A) kidney disease
B) eye disease
C) nerve disease
D) hypertension
E) All of these are correct.

Question 17

The oral glucose tolerance test includes:

A) the intake of 50 g white bread and measured blood glucose levels 1 hour later.
B) the intake of 50 g lactose and measured blood glucose levels 1 hour later.
C) the intake of 50 g glucose and measured blood glucose levels 1 hour later.
D) the intake of 75 g glucose and measured blood glucose levels 2 hours later.
E) the intake of 75 g lactose and measured blood glucose levels 2 hours later.

Question 18

What process has been used to reduce the likelihood of foodborne illness experienced by astronauts in space?

A) pasteurization
B) vaccinations
C) irradiation
D) antibiotics
E) antibacterial space suits

Question 19

A person who excludes red meats but includes poultry and fish in their diet is considered:

A) a flexitarian.
B) a lacto-ovo-vegetarian.
C) a quasi-carnivore.
D) a quasi-vegetarian.
E) a pescatarian.

Question 20

All of the following are lifestyle choices of Seventh-day Adventists EXCEPT:

A) incorporating dark chocolate into meals.
B) not smoking.
C) rarely consuming alcohol.
D) often practicing vegetarianism.
E) regularly consuming nuts.

Question 21

Which vitamin is required for the synthesis of nonessential amino acids?

A) niacin
B) thiamin
C) pantothenic acid
D) vitamin B₆
E) vitamin C

Question 22

What food preparation technique might be used to counteract reduced sense of taste among older adults?

A) broiling food
B) adding more fruits to the plate
C) stir frying food
D) adding spices to foods
E) using a pressure cooker

Question 23

Who is LEAST likely to be negatively affected by a foodborne illness?

A) 45-year-old adult with HIV/AIDS
B) 20-year-old healthy college student
C) 80-year-old nursing home resident
D) 15-year-old chemotherapy patient
E) 10-month-old baby

Question 24

The main difference between a health claim and a structure/function claim is that the FDA has NOT evaluated a health claim and HAS evaluated a structure/function claim.

Question 25

Foods that contain nutrients or other constituents that may enhance their contribution to health and disease prevention beyond their basic nutritional content are called:

A) supplements.
B) functional foods.
C) vitamins.
D) probiotics.
E) botanicals.

Question 26

The virus that causes the largest number of related hospitalizations is:

A) Staphylococcus aureus.
B) Campylobacter.
C) Salmonella.
D) hepatitis.
E) norovirus.

Question 27

Inflammation in blood vessels can be triggered by

A) smoking.
B) low blood pressure.
C) low LDL cholesterol.
D) high HDL cholesterol.
E) all of the above.

Question 28

All of the following are theories of aging that have been proposed EXCEPT:

A) survival of the fittest.
B) programmed longevity.
C) protein cross-linking.
D) endocrine theory.
E) DNA damage.

Question 29

Vegans may increase nonheme iron absorption by:

A) consuming it with legumes.
B) consuming it with vegetable oil.
C) consuming it with orange juice.
D) consuming it with fat-soluble vitamins.
E) consuming it with antioxidant vitamins.

Question 30

Which change(s) in the gastrointestinal tract can contribute to reduced nutrient absorption?

A) decreased gastric acid secretion
B) increased motility in the small intestine
C) a reduction in intestinal bacteria
D) increased strength of intestinal walls
E) All of these are correct.

Question 31

Which of the following scenarios can put a baby at increased risk of being born small for gestational age (SGA)?

A) Mom gains too much weight during pregnancy.
B) Mom gains too little weight during pregnancy.
C) Mom begins pregnancy underweight and does not gain adequate weight during pregnancy.
D) Mom smokes during pregnancy.
E) Mom begins pregnancy underweight, does not gain adequate weight during pregnancy, and smokes during pregnancy.

Question 32

A 12-year-old boy who is in the 86th percentile for BMI for his age would be considered:

A) underweight.
B) healthy weight.
C) overweight.
D) obese.
E) None of these is correct.

Question 33

What is the best way to provide a baby with unique immune protection against ear, gastrointestinal, and severe lower respiratory tract infections?

A) gaining appropriate weight with pregnancy
B) exclusively breastfeeding the infant for at least the first six months of life
C) exclusively formula feeding the infant for at least the first six months of life
D) keeping the infant in an extremely hygienic environment
E) delaying the start of school until age 5

Question 34

Improvements in infant health in the 20th century are due to all of the following EXCEPT:

A) vaccinations.
B) larger living spaces.
C) clean water.
D) safer food.
E) reductions in infectious disease.

Question 35

Which compound is responsible for most of the damaging effects of excess alcohol consumption?

A) acetate
B) ethanol
C) acetaldehyde
D) acetoacetate
E) glycerol

Question 36

Which of the following can decrease risk of childhood obesity?

A) Mom's pregnancy weight gain falls within the recommended range.
B) Mom gains too little weight during pregnancy.
C) Mom exclusively breastfeeds the child for at least the first six months of life.
D) Mom exclusively formula feeds the child for at least the first six months of life.
E) Mom's pregnancy weight gain falls within the recommended range and mom exclusively breastfeeds the child for at least the first six months of life.

Question 37

Regular meals with large portions of spinach or kale could be harmful to older adults who are on blood-thinning medications because of the increased _____ intake.

A) vitamin A
B) vitamin B₁₂
C) vitamin D
D) vitamin E
E) vitamin K

Question 38

Which of the following is FALSE about the timing of cord clamping?

A) Delayed cord clamping reduces risk of jaundice.
B) Delayed cord clamping appears to be especially helpful for preterm infants.
C) Delayed cord clamping increases birth weight.
D) Delayed cord clamping reduces the risk of iron deficiency in infancy.
E) The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends delaying cord clamping until at least 30 to 60 seconds after birth.

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT true about HDL cholesterol?

A) HDL cholesterol brings cholesterol from tissues back to the liver.
B) Higher levels of HDL cholesterol have been associated with lower risk of heart disease.
C) HDL cholesterol levels less than 40 mg/dl in men are considered low.
D) HDL cholesterol levels less than 50 mg/dl in women are considered low.
E) All of the above are true.

Question 40

A potential negative outcome of the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) is that:

A) substances that were already in the food supply prior to the DSHEA were grandfathered in as "generally recognized as safe."
B) the FDA must prove that a substance is unsafe in order to restrict its use or remove it from market.
C) once the FDA announces that a product is unsafe, it can be difficult to remove it from market.
D) the FDA does not approve new dietary ingredients or supplements; they are free to be marketed 75 days after the information has been submitted to the FDA.
E) All of these are correct.

Question 41

Which is NOT a health benefit of plant-based diets?

A) lower risk of type 1 diabetes
B) lower risk of hypertension
C) lower risk of certain cancers
D) lower body mass index and obesity
E) lower circulating total and LDL cholesterol

Question 42

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported _____ in food allergies from 1997 to 2011.

A) a 50% increase
B) a 25% decrease
C) a 75% increase
D) a 25% increase
E) no change

Question 43

The space that is enclosed by a double membrane system is called the:

A) cytoplasm.
B) endoplasmic reticulum.
C) mitochondrial matrix.
D) intermembrane space.
E) ribosomal matrix.

Question 44

Foremilk and hindmilk are different because:

A) foremilk contains mostly fat and little protein.
B) hindmilk contains mostly lactose and protein.
C) foremilk contains mostly lactose and protein.
D) foremilk contains more calories.
E) hindmilk comes at the beginning of a feeding.

Question 45

Nutritionists suggest that parents be responsible for _____ but allow children to gauge the quantity of food consumed.

A) which foods to offer
B) when to offer foods
C) ensuring children finish their vegetables
D) which foods to offer and when to offer foods
E) which foods to offer, when to offer foods, and ensuring children finish their vegetables

Question 46

Which meal would you suggest for a lacto-ovo-vegetarian?

A) egg omelet with mushrooms and spinach
B) grilled tilapia with broccoli
C) turkey breast and mustard on whole wheat bread
D) sausage with bell peppers on a bun
E) toast with bacon, cheese, and a glass of milk

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the National School Lunch Program?

A) The nutritional standards are decided by schools.
B) It is a federally assisted meal program.
C) It operates in public schools and in nonprofit private schools.
D) It has more than 30 million participants.
E) It provides low-cost or free lunches to eligible children.

Question 48

In a randomized clinical trial, lower heart disease in participants who eat a Mediterranean diet compared with participants who eat a low-fat diet was attributed to:

A) lower caloric intake.
B) red wine intake.
C) higher olive oil or mixed nut intake.
D) exercise.
E) higher lean-meat and lower-fat dairy intake.

Question 49

Approximately _____ of adults in the United States have cardiovascular disease.

A) 13%
B) 25%
C) 37%
D) 45%
E) 64%

Question 50

The entire period from conception to birth is called:

A) fetus.
B) gestation.
C) trimester.
D) embryo.
E) full term.

Question 51

Protein malnutrition can negatively affect the outcome of an older adult's major surgery. This is due to protein's role in all of the following EXCEPT:

A) antibody synthesis.
B) immune response.
C) injury healing.
D) sustaining functions of critical organs.
E) blood loss.

Question 52

Which of the following meals helps to best meet recommendations for omega-3 fatty acids?

A) chicken with cream sauce
B) pasta with red sauce
C) salmon with brown rice
D) rice and beans
E) steak and potatoes

Question 53

Which of the following is common to gestational, type 1, and type 2 diabetes?

A) reduced insulin
B) insulin resistance
C) rapid disease onset
D) being overweight or obese
E) elevated blood glucose

Question 54

The region of the world expected to experience the most dramatic increase in diabetes prevalence in the next 25 years is:

A) Africa.
B) South East Asia.
C) North America and the Caribbean.
D) South and Central America.
E) western Pacific.

Question 55

Which of the following is NOT an emphasis of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans?

A) limit sodium consumption
B) limit saturated fat consumption
C) limit added sugars
D) eat more refined grains
E) shift food choices from energy-dense to nutrient-dense foods

Question 56

Epidemiologists refer to regions in the United States with higher risk of stroke as

A) the Bogalusa Heart Study.
B) the Nurses' Health Study.
C) the Seven Countries Study.
D) the Framingham Heart Study.
E) the stroke belt.

Question 57

Which vitamin is required for the synthesis of coenzyme A because it is part of its structure?

A) niacin
B) pantothenic acid
C) riboflavin
D) vitamin B₆
E) thiamin

Question 58

Older adults experience all of the following changes in their cardiovascular system EXCEPT:

A) atrophy of the heart muscle.
B) loss of elasticity in artery walls.
C) fatty deposits in the arteries.
D) repair of microscopic blood vessels.
E) calcification of the heart valves.

Question 59

The bacteria _____ can contaminate foods and cause premature birth, miscarriage, stillbirth, or severe illness in the newborn.

A) mercury
B) iron
C) listeria
D) lactose
E) brie

Question 60

Which of the following pathways produces water?

A) glycolysis
B) citric acid cycle
C) beta-oxidation
D) electron transport chain
E) All of these are correct.

Question 61

Moderate alcohol intake by middle-aged men and women reduces heart disease risk by

A) increasing circulating HDL cholesterol.
B) increasing circulating LDL cholesterol.
C) reducing blood clotting and increasing heart rate.
D) reducing circulating triglycerides and total cholesterol.
E) reducing stress and promoting relaxation.

Question 62

Signs that a baby is ready to start eating solid food include being able to hold the head up, sitting up in a high chair, and:

A) diminishment of the tongue-thrusting reflex.
B) the growth of several teeth.
C) showing no interest in the bottle.
D) feeding himself or herself.
E) walking.

Question 63

Obesity in children increases the risk of all of the following EXCEPT:

A) type 2 diabetes.
B) high blood pressure.
C) high cholesterol.
D) food allergies.
E) asthma.

Question 64

A body mass index between the 5th and 85th percentiles is classified as:

A) underweight.
B) healthy weight.
C) overweight.
D) obese.
E) morbidly obese.

Question 65

If everyone who attended a family reunion and ate a freshly prepared meal of carved roast turkey became sick with a foodborne illness and those who ate the freshly prepared carved roast beef did not, then what aspect of the four steps to food safety would most likely have been the cause?

A) clean
B) separate
C) cook
D) chill
E) None of these is correct.

Question 66

Using a cutting board for raw chicken and then for salad greens is a violation of which of the four steps of food safety?

A) clean
B) separate
C) cook
D) chill
E) All of these are correct.

Question 67

All of the following dietary changes reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease except for

A) replacing saturated fats with unsaturated fats.
B) avoiding processed foods with trans fats.
C) replacing polyunsaturated fats with saturated fats.
D) increasing fatty fish and fish oil intake.
E) increasing plant sterol and stanol intake.

Question 68

Which of the following is NOT a change that a woman's body typically experiences during pregnancy?

A) increase in breathing rate
B) increase in fluid volume
C) shifts to primarily using fat as fuel source
D) increase in GI motility
E) increase in metabolic rate

Question 69

Which of the following statements about calorie restriction without nutrient deficiency is FALSE?

A) It increases the longevity of small animals.
B) It decrease the risk of chronic illness in rhesus monkeys.
C) It is recommended for all older adults.
D) It is commonly studied by researchers who are examining aging delays.
E) It is hoped that studying calorie restriction may give more information about the mechanisms of aging.

Question 70

Glycemic index is a measurement of the effect of carbohydrates on:

A) the production of ketone bodies by the liver.
B) insulin production by the pancreas.
C) blood glucose levels.
D) urinary glucose excretion levels.
E) the synthesis of glucose by the liver.

Question 71

If a woman starts pregnancy at a healthy weight, how much should she gain throughout the pregnancy?

A) 7 to 10 pounds
B) 11 to 20 pounds
C) 25 to 35 pounds
D) 35 to 45 pounds
E) more than 50 pounds

Question 72

All of the following could be helpful to older adults who have difficulty purchasing and preparing food EXCEPT:

A) participating in Meals on Wheels.
B) eating a communal meal at a senior center.
C) enrolling in Medicaid.
D) having a van drive a group of seniors to the grocery store.
E) family helping to cook and freeze meals in advance.

Question 73

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that all women between the ages or 15 and 45 years consume 400 micrograms of folic acid daily because:

A) about half of U.S. pregnancies are unplanned.
B) birth defects from folate deficiency develop in the first three to four weeks of pregnancy.
C) birth defects from folate deficiency develop in the last trimester of pregnancy.
D) folic acid intake is linked with reduced risk of childhood obesity.
E) about half of U.S. pregnancies are unplanned and birth defects from folate deficiency develop in the first three to four weeks of pregnancy.

Question 74

A large research trial using a _____ supplement was stopped early due to evidence of possible harm.

A) vitamin C
B) vitamin D
C) beta-carotene
D) calcium
E) magnesium

Question 75

Which is most likely responsible for the recent increase in type 2 diabetes in the population?

A) an increase in prevalence of obesity
B) genetic changes
C) an increase in consumption of high-fructose corn syrup
D) an increase in gestational diabetes
E) an increase in allergies and autoimmune diseases

Question 76

Which statement is NOT true about vegetarian children and teens?

A) Lacto-ovo-vegetarian children have similar growth to nonvegetarian children.
B) Some vegan children can have reduced growth due to deficient protein and calories.
C) Vegetarian teens consume more fiber, folate, and vitamin C than nonvegetarian teens.
D) Vegetarian teens consume more carbohydrates and sweets than nonvegetarian teens.
E) Vegetarian teens have lower risk of obesity and chronic disease later in life.

Question 77

Which of the following are risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

A) low HDL cholesterol
B) high LDL cholesterol
C) high triglycerides
D) high total cholesterol
E) All of these are risk factors for heart disease.

Question 78

Which herb has a possible laxative effect?

A) licorice root
B) black cohosh
C) senna
D) St. John's wort
E) holy basil

Question 79

Which of the following nutrients can cause birth defects, such as facial and heart deformities, when ingested at toxic levels (above the Tolerable Upper Intake Level)?

A) vitamin D
B) iodine
C) iron
D) vitamin A
E) EPA

Question 80

Which epidemiological study reported greater risk of heart disease in women with high trans fat consumption?

A) the Bogalusa Heart Study
B) the Nurses' Health Study
C) the obesity belt
D) the Framingham Heart Study
E) the Seven Country Study