Question 1

If you wanted to study play behavior in preschool children, the ideal approach would most likely be:&#10;A) modeling.&#10;B) naturalistic observation.&#10;C) the retrospective method.&#10;D) the experimental method.

Accepted Answer

For studying play behavior in preschool children, the most ideal approach would be naturalistic observation. This approach involves observing children in their natural environment without interference or manipulation. This would allow for a more authentic understanding of how they play and interact with each other, as opposed to manipulating the environment through an experimental method or retrospective method (which involves asking children or parents to recall past play behavior). Modeling could potentially influence the children's behavior and may not necessarily reflect typical play behavior.

Question 2

If we were interested in the relationship between caffeine and heart disease, our most likely approach would be:&#10;A) naturalistic observation.&#10;B) the correlational approach.&#10;C) the experimental method.&#10;D) modeling.

Accepted Answer

The correlational approach is the most likely approach for investigating the relationship between caffeine and heart disease because it allows us to look at whether there is a relationship between the two variables without manipulating or controlling them. An experimental method would involve manipulating one variable (e.g. caffeine) and measuring the effect on the other variable (e.g. heart disease), but this approach may not be feasible or ethical for this particular research question. Naturalistic observation and modeling may also be useful approaches for some research questions, but they are less likely to be the best choice for investigating the relationship between caffeine and heart disease.

Question 3

An approach that emphasizes the subjective aspects of experience uses:&#10;A) qualitative methods.&#10;B) quantitative methods.&#10;C) the retrospective method.&#10;D) modeling.

Accepted Answer

Qualitative methods are designed to explore subjective experiences and opinions, such as through interviews and observations, and are often used when studying topics such as emotions and perceptions. Quantitative methods, on the other hand, focus on numerical data and objective measurements. The retrospective method involves looking back at past events and experiences, which may still rely on subjective recall. Modeling can be used in both qualitative and quantitative research, but does not necessarily emphasize subjective experience.

Question 4

Behavior is to experience as ____ is to ____.&#10;A) correlational; experimental&#10;B) experimental; qualitative&#10;C) quantitative; qualitative&#10;D) naturalistic; experimental

Accepted Answer

Behavior is an observable action or response, similar to quantitative data which can be measured or quantified. Experience, on the other hand, is subjective and personal, akin to qualitative data which is descriptive and conceptual.

Question 5

Naturalistic observation tends to be:&#10;A) theoretical rather than empirical.&#10;B) concerned with determining causes of behavior.&#10;C) descriptive rather than explanatory.&#10;D) deductive rather than inductive.

Accepted Answer

Naturalistic observation is primarily concerned with describing and documenting behavior in its natural environment, rather than explaining or determining the causes of that behavior. It is a method of observation that allows researchers to gather detailed information about an organism's behavior in a natural setting. As such, it is largely descriptive in nature.

Question 6

A formally stated expectation concerning the outcome of an experiment is called:&#10;A) a theory.&#10;B) induction.&#10;C) a hypothesis.&#10;D) empiricism.

Accepted Answer

A hypothesis is a tentative explanation for an observation or phenomenon, and it states the expected outcome of an experiment. A theory is a well-established explanation that has been extensively tested and validated through various experiments. Induction is a method of reasoning that involves deriving generalizations from specific observations. Empiricism is the philosophy that knowledge comes only from sensory experience.

Question 7

Professor Campbell is studying memory by using mathematical operations. She is using:&#10;A) a correlational approach.&#10;B) modeling.&#10;C) a post hoc approach.&#10;D) a retrospective approach.

Accepted Answer

Professor Campbell is using mathematical operations to create a model of memory, indicating that she is using a modeling approach rather than correlational, post hoc, or retrospective approaches.

Question 8

In naturalistic observation, the participant ____, whereas in the experimental method, the participant ____.&#10;A) is passive; is active&#10;B) is restricted; is not restricted&#10;C) is not restricted; is restricted&#10;D) interacts with the experimenter; does not interact with the experimenter

Accepted Answer

In naturalistic observation, participants are observed in their natural environments without interference, allowing them unrestricted behavior. In contrast, the experimental method involves manipulating variables and controlling conditions, which restricts participants' behavior to certain extents.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes naturalistic observation?&#10;A) You calculate internal and external validity.&#10;B) You look for an association between two variables.&#10;C) You just watch.&#10;D) You determine if there is a cause-and-effect relationship.

Accepted Answer

Naturalistic observation involves simply observing and recording behavior in its natural environment without interfering or manipulating the situation. Therefore, choice C, "you just watch," is the best description of naturalistic observation. Choices A, B, and D relate to other research designs and are not applicable to naturalistic observation.

Question 10

In naturalistic observation, the experimenter ____, whereas in the experimental method, the experimenter ____.&#10;A) is passive; is active&#10;B) is active; is passive&#10;C) observes; does not observe&#10;D) influences the participant's behavior; does not influence the participant's behavior

Accepted Answer

In naturalistic observation, the experimenter simply observes and does not interfere or manipulate the environment, while in the experimental method the experimenter actively manipulates variables to see their effect on behavior. Therefore, the experimenter is passive in naturalistic observation and active in the experimental method.

Question 11

If we were interested in understanding the association between two variables, we would use:&#10;A) the experimental method.&#10;B) naturalistic observation.&#10;C) the correlational approach.&#10;D) modeling.

Accepted Answer

The answer of If we were interested in understanding the...

Question 12

If little is known about a psychological phenomenon, then ____ is the most appropriate method to use to study it.&#10;A) the correlational approach&#10;B) the experimental approach&#10;C) the post hoc approach&#10;D) naturalistic observation

Accepted Answer

The answer of If little is known about a psychological...

Question 13

In the ____ approach, individuals are videotaped discussing a particular topic. They then watch the video separately and comment on how they thought or felt during specific segments.&#10;A) naturalistic&#10;B) quantitative&#10;C) action-project&#10;D) film interview

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the ____ approach, individuals are videotaped...

Question 14

To engage in a scientific approach to the study of human behavior, we would use:&#10;A) the experimental method.&#10;B) the correlational approach.&#10;C) naturalistic observation.&#10;D) any of these

Accepted Answer

The answer of To engage in a scientific approach to...

Question 15

If you learn about the world through observation and experimentation, you are relying upon:&#10;A) a hypothesis.&#10;B) inference.&#10;C) deduction.&#10;D) empiricism.

Accepted Answer

The answer of If you learn about the world through...

Question 16

Dr. Nathan wants to study how pythons behave in their native habitat. He sets up hidden cameras in the rain forest to observe the snakes while he remains undetected. Dr. Nathan is using the ____ method of conducting research.

A) experimental
B) inferential
C) correlational
D) naturalistic observation

Accepted Answer

The answer of Dr. Nathan wants to study how pythons...

Question 17

If we were interested in knowing whether early childhood experiences contributed to the later development of personality disorders, we would likely use:&#10;A) the experimental method.&#10;B) exploratory research.&#10;C) naturalistic observation.&#10;D) the retrospective method.

Accepted Answer

The answer of If we were interested in knowing whether...

Question 18

A scientific approach that attempts to establish an artificial system which can produce behaviors similar to those observed in humans or other animals is called:&#10;A) exploratory research.&#10;B) the correlational approach.&#10;C) the experimental method.&#10;D) modeling.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A scientific approach that attempts to establish...

Question 19

A scientist will evaluate a hypothesis by using:&#10;A) empiricism.&#10;B) a theory.&#10;C) naturalistic observation.&#10;D) exploratory research.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A scientist will evaluate a hypothesis by...

Question 20

Tim is conducting naturalistic observation. He finds that the behavior of his subjects changes when they notice his presence. Which statement best describes this situation?&#10;A) The situation is good since the manipulation of the independent variable was successful.&#10;B) The situation is good since that was the focus of the study.&#10;C) The situation is not good since Tim did not record his subjects' behavior.&#10;D) The situation is not good since Tim's behavior interfered with his subjects.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Tim is conducting naturalistic observation. He finds...

Question 21

If there is a low correlation between two variables, we can say that they are:&#10;A) not causally related.&#10;B) probably confounded variables.&#10;C) causally related.&#10;D) both independent variables.

Accepted Answer

The answer of If there is a low correlation between...

Question 22

The two types of operational definitions are:&#10;A) inductive and deductive.&#10;B) measured and experimental.&#10;C) independent and dependent.&#10;D) structured and unstructured.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The two types of operational definitions are:&#10;A)...

Question 23

When trying to determine the causal factors underlying behavior, we select an approach called:&#10;A) the experimental method.&#10;B) the post hoc method.&#10;C) the correlational approach.&#10;D) naturalistic observation.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When trying to determine the causal factors...

Question 24

Eye color and intelligence are ____ correlated.&#10;A) not&#10;B) positively&#10;C) negatively&#10;D) sometimes

Accepted Answer

The answer of Eye color and intelligence are ____ correlated.&#10;A)...

Question 25

If we were to find that the correlation between height and anxiety was negative, we would predict that:&#10;A) taller people would tend to be more anxious.&#10;B) shorter people would tend to be more anxious.&#10;C) shorter people would tend to be less anxious.&#10;D) height and anxiety are unrelated.

Accepted Answer

The answer of If we were to find that the...

Question 26

Consider this: As the price of gasoline drops, people drive more miles. What type of correlation does this describe?&#10;A) a positive correlation&#10;B) a negative correlation&#10;C) a perfect correlation&#10;D) a confounding correlation

Accepted Answer

The answer of Consider this: As the price of gasoline...

Question 27

The dependent variable is:&#10;A) the treatment.&#10;B) manipulated by the experimenter.&#10;C) the cause of the behavior.&#10;D) affected by the treatment.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The dependent variable is:&#10;A) the treatment.&#10;B) manipulated...

Question 28

The control group should be treated exactly like the experimental group, except for the:&#10;A) dependent variable.&#10;B) confounding variables.&#10;C) factor being studied.&#10;D) level of measurement.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The control group should be treated exactly...

Question 29

If we were to find that the correlation between eating high-fat food and heart attack was positive, we would conclude that:&#10;A) eating high fat foods causes heart attack.&#10;B) eating lots of high fat food is associated with high incidence of heart attack.&#10;C) eating lots of high fat food is associated with low incidence of heart attack.&#10;D) people who have heart attacks do not eat many foods with high fat content.

Accepted Answer

The answer of If we were to find that the...

Question 30

Correlational research is:&#10;A) concerned with how one variable influences another variable.&#10;B) concerned with whether one variable influences another variable.&#10;C) concerned with the degree to which one variable influences another variable.&#10;D) concerned with whether there is an association between two variables.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Correlational research is:&#10;A) concerned with how one...

Question 31

The group in an experiment that is getting the special treatment is called the:&#10;A) correlational group.&#10;B) experimental group.&#10;C) control group.&#10;D) naturalistic group.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The group in an experiment that is...

Question 32

Operational definitions are used to specify:&#10;A) dependent variables.&#10;B) independent variables.&#10;C) confounding variables.&#10;D) both independent and dependent variables.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Operational definitions are used to specify:&#10;A) dependent...

Question 33

An unspecified variable that may have influenced the two variables in a correlational study is called a:&#10;A) positive correlation.&#10;B) predictor variable.&#10;C) third variable.&#10;D) negative correlation.

Accepted Answer

The answer of An unspecified variable that may have influenced...

Question 34

The independent variable is:&#10;A) affected by the dependent variable.&#10;B) not operationally defined.&#10;C) manipulated by the experimenter.&#10;D) measured.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The independent variable is:&#10;A) affected by the...

Question 35

Professor Zeeman has conducted experiments that suggest a new study technique can enhance memory. However, the new technique does not work for students taking real classes. The experimental finding:&#10;A) lacks internal validity.&#10;B) lacks external validity.&#10;C) is not reliable.&#10;D) is probably due to chance.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Professor Zeeman has conducted experiments that suggest...

Question 36

Which of the following questions would be most appropriately answered by the correlational method?&#10;A) What is the most effective treatment for depression?&#10;B) Why do people tend to help in emergency situations if there are few eyewitnesses?&#10;C) What can be done to help learning disabled students learn?&#10;D) Does high school GPA predict college GPA?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following questions would be...

Question 37

In an experimental design, the manipulated variable that is the presumed cause is called the ____ and the behavior that is the presumed effect is called the ____.&#10;A) treatment; control&#10;B) independent variable; dependent variable&#10;C) independent variable; dependent variable&#10;D) experimental variable; confound variable

Accepted Answer

The answer of In an experimental design, the manipulated variable...

Question 38

A psychologist wants to know if classical music enhances memory. Subjects are assigned to two groups and instructed to study a list of 20 words. One group listens to a Bach sonata and the other group hears popular music. In this simple experiment the independent variable is:

A) the word list.
B) subsequent recall on a memory test.
C) music type.
D) the amount of time each group studied.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A psychologist wants to know if classical...

Question 39

The treatment effect is measured as:&#10;A) the difference between the experimental and control groups on the independent variable.&#10;B) the difference between the independent variable and the dependent variable.&#10;C) the difference between the scores of the experimental and control groups on the dependent variable.&#10;D) the difference between the independent variable and the confounding variables.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The treatment effect is measured as:&#10;A) the...

Question 40

In the experimental method, the experimenter ____ the independent variable, ____ the dependent variable, and ____ the confounding variables.&#10;A) manipulates; measures; eliminates&#10;B) observes; manipulates; measures&#10;C) measures; manipulates; eliminates&#10;D) manipulates; measures; observes

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the experimental method, the experimenter ____...

Question 41

____ is the process by which we examine evidence and then use reason to reach a conclusion.&#10;A) Exploration&#10;B) Inference&#10;C) Empiricism&#10;D) Validation

Accepted Answer

The answer of ____ is the process by which we...

Question 42

In the hypothesis, &#34;People feel more depressed in the winter,&#34; ____ is the independent variable and ____ is the dependent variable.&#10;A) season of the year; depression&#10;B) depression; season of the year&#10;C) depression; winter&#10;D) people; depression

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the hypothesis, &#34;People feel more depressed...

Question 43

Induction involves reasoning from:&#10;A) data to theory.&#10;B) theory to data.&#10;C) premise to conclusion.&#10;D) hypotheses to outcomes.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Induction involves reasoning from:&#10;A) data to theory.&#10;B)...

Question 44

If you reason that a false premise leads to a false consequent, you will have engaged in a(n) ____ argument that is called ____.&#10;A) invalid; affirming the consequent&#10;B) invalid; denying the antecedent&#10;C) valid; denying the antecedent&#10;D) valid; modus tollens

Accepted Answer

The answer of If you reason that a false premise...

Question 45

To test the hypothesis, &#34;Anxiety hurts performance,&#34; anxiety would be the ____ variable and performance would be the ____ variable.&#10;A) dependent; independent&#10;B) independent; dependent&#10;C) confounding; depending&#10;D) independent; confounding

Accepted Answer

The answer of To test the hypothesis, &#34;Anxiety hurts performance,&#34;...

Question 46

In the hypothesis, &#34;psychology majors with high grade point averages are excited during final exam week,&#34; ____ is the independent variable.&#10;A) major&#10;B) grade point average&#10;C) time of the semester&#10;D) excitement

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the hypothesis, &#34;psychology majors with high...

Question 47

An experiment is internally valid if:&#10;A) the outcome can be attributed to the independent variable only.&#10;B) the results generalize to other settings.&#10;C) the results may be attributed to either the independent variable or a confounding variable.&#10;D) the internal variables are operationally defined.

Accepted Answer

The answer of An experiment is internally valid if:&#10;A) the...

Question 48

The difference in magnitude between the control and the experimental groups on the dependent variable is called the:&#10;A) treatment effect.&#10;B) independent effect.&#10;C) confound effect.&#10;D) dependent effect.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The difference in magnitude between the control...

Question 49

A recent experiment found that 7th graders who were taught math using a computer scored 25% higher on an exam than those 7th graders taught with the traditional lecture format. What is the treatment effect?&#10;A) how the students were taught math&#10;B) those students who were taught with the computer&#10;C) the 25% higher scores among those taught with the computer&#10;D) those students who were taught with the traditional format

Accepted Answer

The answer of A recent experiment found that 7th graders...

Question 50

In conducting research, one should try to:&#10;A) maximize internal validity and minimize external validity.&#10;B) minimize internal validity and maximize external validity.&#10;C) minimize both internal and external validity.&#10;D) maximize internal validity, external validity, or both, depending on the research questions.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In conducting research, one should try to:&#10;A)...

Question 51

An experiment is externally valid if:&#10;A) the outcome can be attributed to the independent variable only.&#10;B) the results generalize to other settings.&#10;C) the results are attributed only to external variables.&#10;D) there are no alternative explanations of the findings.

Accepted Answer

The answer of An experiment is externally valid if:&#10;A) the...

Question 52

Giving one group of subjects an experimental treatment and then informally observing the effects without a control group is best described as:&#10;A) correlational.&#10;B) exploratory.&#10;C) factorial.&#10;D) single-subject.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Giving one group of subjects an experimental...

Question 53

Confirmatory reasoning is to disconfirmatory reasoning as ____ is to ____.&#10;A) modus ponens; modus tollens&#10;B) antecedent; consequent&#10;C) independent variable; dependent variable&#10;D) consequent; antecedent

Accepted Answer

The answer of Confirmatory reasoning is to disconfirmatory reasoning as...

Question 54

An experiment was conducted to test a new drug for anxiety. What would be a good dependent variable for this experiment?&#10;A) heart rate&#10;B) the amount of drug given to each subject&#10;C) score on a standardized anxiety test&#10;D) heart rate and/or score on a standardized anxiety test

Accepted Answer

The answer of An experiment was conducted to test a...

Question 55

A difference between the performance of an experimental and a control group may be caused by:&#10;A) the independent variable.&#10;B) the dependent variable.&#10;C) a confounding variable.&#10;D) either the independent or a confounding variable.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A difference between the performance of an...

Question 56

Karl Popper's theory of science is consistent with:&#10;A) modus tollens.&#10;B) disconfirmatory reasoning.&#10;C) both modus tollens and disconfirmatory reasoning.&#10;D) paradigm shift.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Karl Popper's theory of science is consistent...

Question 57

Deduction involves reasoning from:&#10;A) data to theory.&#10;B) theory to concept.&#10;C) premise to conclusion.&#10;D) theory to data.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Deduction involves reasoning from:&#10;A) data to theory.&#10;B)...

Question 58

Confounding variables are:&#10;A) unintended dependent variables.&#10;B) unintended independent variables.&#10;C) unintended control variables.&#10;D) correctional rather than casual.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Confounding variables are:&#10;A) unintended dependent variables.&#10;B) unintended...

Question 59

In an experiment to study the effects of caffeine on performance, an experimenter asked the male students in an introductory psychology class to drink two regular Pepsis before a test and the female students to drink two caffeine-free Pepsis. She then compared performance of the two groups on the test. A confounding variable in this study is:&#10;A) whether participants had studied for the test.&#10;B) the type of drink.&#10;C) the gender of the participants.&#10;D) the amount of caffeine in the Pepsi.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In an experiment to study the effects...

Question 60

To investigate the effects of alcohol on driving, an experimenter gave people different amounts of alcohol and then placed them in a driving simulator with instructions to press the brake whenever they saw a red light. In this study, the independent variable was ____ and the dependent variable was ____.&#10;A) whether they saw the red light; time taken to press brake&#10;B) amount of alcohol; whether they saw the red light&#10;C) whether they saw the red light; amount of alcohol&#10;D) amount of alcohol; time taken to press brake

Accepted Answer

The answer of To investigate the effects of alcohol on...

Question 61

For each of the following hypotheses, identify the independent and dependent variables:&#10;

Accepted Answer

The answer of For each of the following hypotheses, identify...

Question 62

The assertion that scientists should attempt to falsify theories is most closely associated with:&#10;A) Karl Popper.&#10;B) Aristotle.&#10;C) Isaac Newton.&#10;D) Thomas Kuhn.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The assertion that scientists should attempt to...

Question 63

Describe an operational definition for the following variables:&#10;

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe an operational definition for the following...

Question 64

In the experimental method, what is the principal reason for using a control group? How does the control group differ from the experimental group?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the experimental method, what is the...

Deck 2: Stage Theories of Development