Deck 16: Becoming a Better Teacher by Becoming a Reflective Teacher

Question 1

Laboratory research gives us ____. Field research allows for more ____.

A) generalizability; control
B) control; ecological validity
C) control; correlation
D) ecological validity; control

Answer 1

B

Question 2

In true experiments:

A) we have to know what we are looking for.
B) the experimenter is active.
C) we can infer important relationships between events.
D) all of these

Answer 2

D

Question 3

According to the text, which research setting is the least influenced by demand characteristics?

A) the field setting
B) the lab setting
C) the group survey setting
D) all of these are highly susceptible to demand characteristics

Answer 3

A

Question 4

With regard to true experiments and naturalistic observation, the chapter advises:

A) using both methods simultaneously.
B) using the experiment first followed by naturalistic observation.
C) not using either since neither allows for control of confounding variables.
D) using both, but only in highly controllable situations.

Question 5

True experiment is to naturalistic observation as ____ is to ____.

A) within; between
B) static; dynamic
C) active; passive
D) independent; dependent

Question 6

The ideal level of a scientist's participation in a study is dependent upon:

A) level of measurement.
B) the questions being asked by the study.
C) ethical considerations.
D) the methodology used to select participants.

Question 7

The research setting includes:

A) within and between.
B) intrapersonal and interpersonal.
C) inductive and deductive.
D) field research and laboratory.

Question 8

What advice does the chapter give regarding how scientists should discover the world?

A) with a belief that finding answers is a noble endeavor
B) with a perspective that nature exists to be understood
C) with a childlike impatience to get answers to questions
D) with a childlike perspective, wonder, and excitement

Question 9

Lakatos proposes that science advances through:

A) sudden revolution.
B) replacement of degenerating programs with progressive ones.
C) testing of trial-and-error hypotheses.
D) re-interpretation of known facts in light of theory.

Question 10

A research program is:

A) a series of directed research studies.
B) a computer program that organizes research.
C) a computer program that presents materials and analyzes data for research purposes.
D) a shared view of the world.

Question 11

The best approach to the study of human behavior:

A) is the true experimental design.
B) is naturalistic observation.
C) depends on the questions being asked.
D) is whatever approach is approved by the IRB.

Question 12

The research method you choose depends on:

A) your philosophy of science.
B) experiments that have been done previously.
C) the particular research questions you wish to ask.
D) all of these

Question 13

By moving our research into the laboratory, we obtain:

A) the chance to observe natural behaviors.
B) generalizability.
C) ecological validity.
D) greater control over environmental variables.

Question 14

According to the chapter, the process of science is:

A) using the scientific method to understand behavior.
B) based upon tenacity, authority, reason, and common sense.
C) more than using the scientific method to understand behavior.
D) less important than the results of science.

Question 15

The approaches used to study behavior can be placed on three continua. Of the following, which is not one of these continua?

A) scale of measurement
B) role of experimenter
C) research setting
D) extent of control

Question 16

In comparison to naturalistic observation, the downside to using the experiment method is that:

A) unknown information is excluded from being measured.
B) it is unable to test cause and effect relationships.
C) it is unable to control independent variables.
D) it is unable to produce changes in participants' behavior.

Question 17

According to the dimensions of research described in the chapter, true experiment and naturalistic observation differ in regard to:

A) the number of participants needed.
B) how data are analyzed.
C) the extent to which the scientist intervenes in the study.
D) the type of ethical problems encountered.

Question 18

The extremes of the scientist's participation in the experiment are:

A) objective and subjective.
B) experimenter and observer.
C) as observer and as participant.
D) as judge and as jury.

Question 19

Which of the following represents the extremes in the dimension described as the extent to which the experimenter intervenes in the study?

A) field research and laboratory
B) true experiment and naturalistic observation
C) laboratory and true experiment
D) correlation and naturalistic observation

Question 20

In naturalistic observation:

A) the experimenter is active.
B) important relationships cannot be tested.
C) we have to know what we are looking for.
D) all of these

Question 21

In regard to a scientist's assumptions, problems arise when:

A) assumptions are unconscious beliefs.
B) assumptions are untested and metaphysical.
C) other scientists don't share the same assumptions.
D) the assumptions are perceived as observed facts.

Question 22

One area that has yet to be systematically explored in psychology is:

A) genetics.
B) human potential.
C) physiology.
D) ethology.

Question 23

Mitroff and Fitzgerald have concluded that science can:

A) increase psychological health.
B) decrease psychological health.
C) help scientists avoid life.
D) help scientists avoid life or increase psychological health.

Question 24

Topics likely to be explored by positive psychologists include:

A) empathy.
B) altruism.
C) love.
D) all of these

Question 25

Psychology is currently gaining a new appreciation of ____, a field largely ignored during a time when learning was thought to account for all behavior.

A) memory
B) perception
C) genetics
D) development

Question 26

Maslow saw science as:

A) being only concerned about advancing the scientist's own personal agenda .
B) a double-edged sword - as a defense and as a way of improving psychological health.
C) an attempt to avoid working and living in the real world.
D) outdated and out of step with the needs of people.

Question 27

Campbell sees that the search for truth in science is ____.

A) unordered and disorganized
B) evolutionary
C) stagnate
D) flawed by assumptions held by scientists

Question 28

With regard to the assumptions of the scientists, Bohm argued that problems can occur when:

A) statistics are used to reflect the ethereal world.
B) unconscious beliefs become real.
C) those assumptions are confused with directly observed facts.
D) those assumptions become conscious.

Question 29

The questions that you choose to ask depend on:

A) your personal perception.
B) on the shared view of the world.
C) the available tools.
D) all of these

Question 30

In the method of multiple working hypotheses:

A) one considers only hypotheses that have been shown to work.
B) one sees the world from a particular perspective.
C) one considers at least two competing hypotheses.
D) inductive logic is most important.

Question 31

Our approach to science and the conclusions we draw from our research are influenced by:

A) our personal views.
B) our shared view of the world.
C) our culture.
D) all of these

Question 32

The thought experiments conducted by Einstein help us to appreciate Chamberlin's idea that ____ is important in science.

A) creativity
B) tenacity
C) skepticism
D) statistical analysis

Question 33

Shared view of the world refers to:

A) tacit assumptions that direct our behavior.
B) explicit knowledge we have of the world.
C) the body of empirical facts that make up a discipline.
D) facts about the world.

Question 34

Chamberlin suggested that scientists should learn about the world through:

A) imitation of previous scientists.
B) the "Great Experiments" of scientists .
C) independent thinking and imitation of previous scientists.
D) multiple working hypotheses.

Question 35

Science is beginning to consider that instability and fluctuations are:

A) chaotic and unpredictable.
B) confounding variables that make the results of experiments difficult to interpret.
C) a part of nature.
D) to be avoided when studying behavior.

Question 36

According to the chapter, a possible outcome of a scientist exclusively using a particular research method is the:

A) scientist becomes an expert in the use of that method.
B) scientist forces behavior to conform to measurement by that method.
C) reputation of the scientist is tarnished.
D) scientist's interest in other methods decreases.

Question 37

According to Chamberlin, one of the approaches to understanding reality is called creative study and refers to:

A) thinking for one's self.
B) focusing on just one hypothesis as research progresses.
C) memorizing what others have discovered about reality.
D) imitating the great thinkers of the discipline.

Question 38

In considering values and science, values:

A) are scientifically untestable.
B) influence interpretation of results.
C) enter into the choice of research questions.
D) all of these

Question 39

According to Lakatos, a progressive program leads to:

A) the discovery of new facts.
B) the discovery of new theories.
C) the reinterpretation of known facts.
D) financial support from the government.

Question 40

Science concerns itself with:

A) truth.
B) value.
C) relevance.
D) all of these

Question 41

The transcendence of science refers to its ability to:

A) go beyond our personal and collective limitations.
B) bring people together.
C) identify truth that stands the test of time.
D) bridge scientific theory and practical applications.

Question 42

Most of the energy in psychological research has focused on the study of:

A) one's own experience.
B) one's own behavior.
C) the experience of others.
D) the behavior of others.

Question 43

According to the chapter, just because a study might have found that blood pressure statistically changed following treatment, it does not necessarily mean:

A) participants will continue to receive treatment.
B) that blood pressure was accurately measured.
C) the change is meaningful.
D) the change is permanent.

Question 44

Discuss the difference between scientifically significant and statistically significant results. Which is more important?

Question 45

What are some of the things that determine the kinds of research questions that people ask?

Question 46

The need to distinguish between scientifically significant results and statistically significant results addresses the broad question of:

A) transcendence.
B) limitation.
C) relevance.
D) all of these

Question 47

Describe the two approaches of learning about the world according to Chamberlin.

Question 48

What are the obstacles that scientists encounter that limit the search for knowledge?

Question 49

Even though it has been suggested that every theory is inadequate, why should we still retain our confidence in science?

Question 50

Scientific knowledge is a superior knowledge because it:

A) is theoretical.
B) is constantly open to question and revision.
C) can be analyzed statistically.
D) is precise.

Question 51

A researcher has conducted an experiment to test the effectiveness of a drug that she thinks will elevate the mood of depressed individuals. The results of a statistical analysis is that the experimental and control groups differ, but not by very much. This experiment may lack:

A) the proper motivation
B) scientific significance.
C) the proper methodology.
D) practical value.

Question 52

What are some of the potentially negative things that can result for those engaged in scientific careers?

Question 53

What are the three dimensions of research and the characteristics of each?

Question 54

Defend the proposition that scientific knowledge is superior knowledge.

Question 55

Karl Popper, G. Spencer-Brown, Thomas Kuhn, and others have shown us that we must consider that every theory is ____.

A) testable
B) inadequate
C) correct
D) systematic

Question 56

It is possible, that even though results of a study are statistically significant, they:

A) may be scientifically insignificant.
B) still have practical meaning.
C) have value.
D) are relevant.

Question 57

Describe the advantages of studying behavior and experience.

Question 58

Thomas claims that because of the nature of science:

A) assumptions made by scientists are unknowable.
B) real truth is never attainable.
C) we can predict new knowledge before actually discovering it.
D) we do not know what new things will be discovered.

Question 59

Discuss the method of multiple working hypotheses and how it can influence seeing the world from multiple perspectives.

Question 60

Do scientists' value systems play a role in their research? If so, how?

Question 61

Why should scientists be pleased when their theories are refuted?