Deck 9: Constructivist Learning Theory, Problem Solving, and Transfer

Question 1

In a multileveled completely randomized design:

A) there can be two or more levels of the independent variable.
B) there is one level of the independent variable.
C) there are two dependent variables.
D) subjects are assigned to groups based on a scores on a pretest.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following is an important statistical prerequisite for applying post hoc tests?

A) reject the null hypothesis
B) fail to reject the null hypothesis
C) p>.05
D) p>.01

Answer 2

A

Question 3

If you wanted to examine the difference between students who were exposed to a lab in research methods versus those who were not, and those involved in empirical research versus those who were not, you would use a ____.

A) simple randomized design
B) single factor multilevel completely randomized design
C) factorial design
D) Solomon four-group design

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Post hoc tests are not applicable when:

A) an experiment only has two conditions
B) the null hypothesis is retained
C) p>.05
D) all of these

Question 5

The following is what type of experimental design?

A) completely randomized within-group design
B) multilevel completely randomized design
C) completely randomized design
D) completely multilevel within-group design

Question 6

A professor was interested in whether caffeine affected test performance. To test this possibility, he gave students a test and asked them whether they had consumed caffeine in the hour before the test. He then compared the performance of those students who had taken caffeine to those who had not. Why is this not a true experiment?

A) There are not two levels of the independent variables.
B) Participants were not randomly assigned to groups.
C) The study was not performed in the laboratory.
D) The study lacks external validity.

Question 7

Consider an experiment in which research participants were randomly assigned to one of three memory strategy training groups. After two weeks of training, participants were given a memory test. Analysis of variance indicated a significant effect of group. What further test would you perform?

A) t-test
B) a priori test
C) post hoc test
D) F test

Question 8

The following is what type of experimental design?

A) completely randomized within-group design
B) multilevel completely randomized design
C) completely randomized design
D) completely multilevel within-group design

Question 9

In a study with more than two levels of the independent variable, comparisons of pairs of means that are planned before the study is performed are called:

A) post hoc tests.
B) F tests.
C) pretests.
D) a priori tests.

Question 10

A completely randomized design is:

A) a between-subjects design.
B) a within-subjects design.
C) a correlational design.
D) highly susceptible to low interrater reliability.

Question 11

In between-subjects designs:

A) there are always more than two levels of the independent variable.
B) each individual receives only one level of the independent variable.
C) different levels of the independent variable are presented to the same group of participants.
D) there is always more than one independent variable.

Question 12

A multilevel completely randomized design is analyzed by using a:

A) t-test.
B) single-factor ANOVA.
C) two-factor ANOVA.
D) post hoc test.

Question 13

The type of experimental design that allows us to examine the effects of more than one independent variable both individually and collectively is called:

A) between-subjects design.
B) multileveled completely randomized design.
C) factorial design.
D) within-subjects design.

Question 14

Another name for an independent variable is:

A) cell.
B) factor.
C) main effect.
D) level.

Question 15

The null hypothesis for a three-level design would be:

A) Group 1 > Group 2 > Group 3
B) Group 1 < Group 2 < Group 3
C) Group 1 = Group 2 = Group 3
D) Group 1 $\neq$ Group 2 $\neq$ Group 3

Question 16

Between-subjects designs allow the researcher to:

A) compare subjects at different points in time.
B) factor out changes within subjects.
C) compare between different groups of subjects.
D) control threats to external validity.

Question 17

In a factorial design, each participant receives:

A) a pretest and posttest.
B) a specified level of each dependent variable.
C) a specified level of one independent variable.
D) a specified level of each independent variable

Question 18

Factorial designs must have:

A) more than one independent variable.
B) more than one dependent variable.
C) more than two levels of the independent variable.
D) all of these

Question 19

In within-subjects designs:

A) each individual receives all levels of the independent variable.
B) each individual contributes more than one measure of the dependent variable.
C) different levels of the independent variable are given to the same group of research participants.
D) all of these

Question 20

The study by Bransford and Johnson is described in the chapter as having a:

A) quasi-experimental design.
B) within-subjects design.
C) completely randomized design.
D) multilevel completely randomized design.

Question 21

To determine the interaction effect, you calculate:

A) row means.
B) column means.
C) cell means.
D) both row and cell means.

Question 22

In a 2 X 2 factorial design there are:

A) two independent variables.
B) two possible main effects.
C) one possible interaction effect
D) all of these

Question 23

In an analysis of variance summary table, MS equals:

A) variance.
B) SS/df.
C) SS/N.
D) variance and SS/df.

Question 24

A researcher wants to test the effects of a drug but suspects it might interact with gender. She gives men and women either a placebo or one of three doses of the drug (5 mg, 10 mg, or 20 mg). This experiment:

A) requires 8 cells.
B) is a 2 X 3 design.
C) requires 4 cells
D) is a 3 X 3 design

Question 25

In a 2 X 2 factorial design, you would calculate ____ F ratios.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 26

In a two-factor experiment (Factor A and Factor B), the F value for Factor A equals:

A) SS_A/df_A
B) MS_A/MS_error
C) SS_A/SS_error
D) SS_A/MS_A

Question 27

In an analysis of variance summary table, MS stands for:

A) mean sum.
B) mean standard.
C) mean square.
D) main square.

Question 28

In a 2 X 3 design, the number of null hypotheses that must be evaluated is:

A) 2
B) 3
C) 5
D) 6

Question 29

In a 2 X 3 X 2 between-subjects design, there are ____ independent variables.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 7
D) 12

Question 30

In an analysis of variance summary table, MS equals:

A) standard deviation.
B) variance.
C) error.
D) the interaction.

Question 31

A 3 X 4 X 2 factorial design will require ____ cells.

A) 3
B) 4
C) 9
D) 24

Question 32

When you interpret the results of a factorial experiment, you should always interpret the ____ effect(s) first.

A) main
B) interaction
C) parallel
D) independent

Question 33

In a 2 X 2 design, an interaction effect occurs when:

A) both independent variables have an effect.
B) there are no main effects.
C) the effect of one independent variable depends on the level of the other independent variable.
D) there is a main effect of one independent variable.

Question 34

In a factorial design, the effects of each individual variable are called:

A) main effects.
B) interaction effects.
C) individual effects.
D) additive effects.

Question 35

In a 3 X 2 design, there are ____ unique treatment conditions (or cells).

A) 2
B) 3
C) 5
D) 6

Question 36

When graphing the results of factorial experiments, you should put ____ on the y-axis.

A) factor A
B) factor B
C) either factor A or factor B
D) the dependent variable

Question 37

If there is an interaction in a factorial experiment,:

A) there will be at least one main effect.
B) there will be two main effects.
C) interactions do not occur in factorial designs.
D) there will be both at least one main effect and two main effects.

Question 38

In a factorial design, to determine the effects of each independent variable separately, you should calculate:

A) row means.
B) column means.
C) cell means.
D) both row and cell means.

Question 39

In a 2 X 3 design, there are ____ independent variables.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 5
D) 6

Question 40

In a 2 X 2 design, cell means represent:

A) the effect of one independent variable.
B) the effect of one level of one independent variable.
C) the combined effect of two independent variables.
D) the combined effect of one level of one independent variable and one level of another independent variable.

Question 41

Attributing causality to a subject variable is incorrect because:

A) assignment to groups was not random.
B) the subjects in each group may have different histories.
C) the logic of experimentation is weakened.
D) all of these

Question 42

Describe the usefulness of post hoc tests. When should they be used?

Question 43

The research conducted by Kitayama on decision making among US and Japanese students illustrates the role that ____ play in research.

A) posttests
B) subject variables
C) matched variables
D) nonsystematic confounding variables

Question 44

If one uses a subject variable in a study,

A) the study cannot be a within-subjects design.
B) groups are not equal in number at the start of the experiment.
C) causality cannot be attributed to the subject variable.
D) the logic of experimentation is weakened.

Question 45

Refer to Scenario 9-1. In the experiment, results indicated that individuals not on a diet lost only two pounds whether or not they exercised. However, individuals who dieted lost 10 pounds if they exercised and 6 pounds if they dieted without exercising.

Question 46

Refer to Scenario 9-1. Suppose the experimenter now wanted to know whether the results of the above study would be the same for men and women. How would you describe this new design? What problems in interpretation might arise?

Question 47

In a study on the effects of smoking deprivation on memory recall, participants, who all smoked, were randomly assigned to one of four groups: not deprived of smoking, deprived for 4 hours, deprived for 8 hours, deprived for 12 hours. Subjects were then tested for their recall of nonsense syllables learned one hour before. Diagram the design and describe it in words.

Question 48

In a factorial design, why should one interpret interaction effects first?

Question 49

Describe the advantage of factorial designs over simple designs.

Question 50

Refer to Scenario 9-1. Diagram this experimental design and describe it in words.

Question 51

What are subject variables and how do they affect the interpretation of results?

Question 52

An experimenter was interested in comparing two kinds of marital therapy programs--one that involved individual counseling and one that provided therapy for couples together. The experimenter also thought that therapy effectiveness might depend on the age of the couples, the number of years they had been married, and whether or not they had any children. Which of the variables in the study is not a subject variable?

A) type of therapy
B) age
C) years married
D) children

Question 53

In a 2 x 2 experiment, if you portray the results by using a line graph, an interaction is indicated by:

A) parallel lines.
B) nonparallel lines.
C) superimposed lines.
D) none of these

Question 54

Which of the following must be a subject variable?

A) hours of studying
B) hours of sleep
C) gender
D) taking a drug or a placebo

Question 55

Relatively permanent participant characteristics that prevent random assignments are called:

A) nonsystematic confounding variables.
B) counterbalanced variables.
C) subject variables.
D) matched variables.

Question 56

Contrast a between-subjects design and a within-subjects design.

Question 57

Describe an experimental scenario where finding an interaction can be very important.

Question 58

What is an interaction effect and how is it represented graphically?

Question 59

Which of the following is not an advantage of a factorial design over single-factor designs?

A) A factorial design is easier to statistically analyze.
B) A factorial design is more economical in terms of numbers of participants.
C) A factorial design allows you to determine combined effects of variables.
D) A factorial design allows you to examine more than one independent variable at the same time.