Deck 9: Age-Related Disease in Humans

Question 1

catecholamines norepinephrine and epinephrine are known as what type of neural transmitter?
(a)nicotinic
(b)adrenergic
(c)muscarinic
(d)dopaminergic

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The presynaptic neuron receives a neural impulse from the postsynaptic neuron.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The area between a presynaptic neuron and a postsynaptic neuron is called the ______:

Answer 3

synaptic cleft

Question 4

Short-answer question: Briefly describe the formation of an amyloid plaque,beginning with the protein cleaved from the amyloid precursor protein (APP).

Question 5

True or false: In general,infections of the brain are rare due to the increased permeability of the capillaries that form the blood-brain barrier.
Age-Related Diseases of the Human Brain: Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease

Question 6

Short-answer question: Briefly describe the ionic and electrical events involved in a neural impulse.

Question 7

Which area of the brain consistently shows age-related declines in such measures as neural cell loss,synaptic density,and volume of the synaptic cleft?
(a)hypothalamus
(b)thalamus
(c)fornix
(d)hippocampus

Question 8

change in the potential of the neuron membrane so that it becomes less polarized is called:
(a)the resting membrane potential.
(b)hyperpolarization.
(c)hypopolarization.
(d)depolarization.

Question 9

True or false: Neurofibrillary tangles arise from alterations in the tau proteins that bind to the microtubules of the cytoskeleton.

Question 10

two general systems that make up the human nervous system are the _______ and ______ nervous systems.
(a)central;effector
(b)peripheral;central
(c)peripheral;sensory
(d)central;motor

Question 11

The primary role of the neuroglia cells called astrocytes is to:
(a)initiate the inflammatory response.
(b)produce myelin.
(c)maintain the proper extracellular environment for neurons.
(d)synthesize the neural transmitters for neurons.

Question 12

True or false: The formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles results in the development of Alzheimer's disease in the majority of individuals over the age of 70.

Question 13

part of the neuron carries signals from the cell body to other neurons?
(a)axon
(b)dendrites
(c)synapse
(d)myelin

Question 14

What is the name of the protein generally considered to be the precursor to amyloid plaques?
(a)β-sheet
(b)α-amylase
(c)A β protein
(d)α-sheet

Question 15

For neurons,the extracellular fluid contains a greater concentration of sodium (Na⁺)and chloride (Cl^\minus)ions,and the intracellular fluid (cytosol)contains a greater concentration of potassium (K⁺)ions.

Question 16

True or false: Microglia are mobile neuromacrophages capable of phagocytosis and of initiating the inflammatory response.

Question 17

______ of tau aggregates leads to formation of paired helical fibrils that associate further to produce insoluble aggregates.
(a)Hyperphosphorylation
(b)Hypophosphorylation
(c)β-Sheet phosphorylation
(d)Dephosphorylation

Question 18

Which is not a type of Alzheimer's disease?
(a)late-onset
(b)genetic
(c)early-onset
(d)familial

Question 19

Motor neurons convey output from the central nervous system to the interneurons.

Question 20

True or false: The ability of the human brain to develop new neural connections,or its neuroplasticity,remains robust during aging.

Question 21

True or false: Like nerves,the heart muscle is an excitable tissue and can generate an action potential.

Question 22

Short-answer question: List the steps in the formation of an atherosclerotic lesion.

Question 23

True or false: The most common type of Alzheimer's is familial.

Question 24

Which gene has been found to be a risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease?
(a)Aβ-1
(b)APOE4
(c)PHF
(d)tau

Question 25

What area of the brain is generally considered to be the location for the start,or pre-clinical pathology,of Alzheimer's disease?
(a)hypothalamus
(b)hippocampus
(c)entorhinal cortex
(d)thalamus

Question 26

True or false: Genetic factors have a significant impact on the development of late-onset Alzheimer's disease.

Question 27

True or false: People with Alzheimer's lose a sense of their relationship to the world during the mild stage,when the disease progresses into the temporal and frontal lobes.

Question 28

Short-answer question: Write the equation for cardiac output.

Question 29

In the final stage of Alzheimer's disease,which area of the brain becomes affected such that the person is unable to control his or her autonomic functions?
(a)limbic system
(b)cortex
(c)parietal lobe
(d)brain stem

Question 30

True or false: The atria of the heart pump oxygen-rich blood to the systemic circulation.

Question 31

What factor seems to be the underlying cause of the age-related decline in the heart's ability to respond quickly to demands for greater cardiac output?
(a)a decline in neural innervation
(b)the altered contractility of the left ventricle
(c)the altered compliance of the right ventricle
(d)a decrease in sinus node adrenoreceptors

Question 32

True or false: Less than 1% of all Parkinson's disease patients are under 50 years of age.

Question 33

The disease that causes a myocardial infarction is called:
(a)congestive heart failure.
(b)ischemic heart disease.
(c)fibrillation disease.
(d)myovascular incident.

Question 34

The area of the brain initially affected by Lewy bodies is the:
(a)substantia nigra.
(b)hypothalamus.
(c)amygdala.
(d)cerebellum.

Question 35

True or false: The fatty streaks that are the precursors to arterial plaques begin to appear at the end of human growth and development,at 25-30 years of age.

Question 36

Fill in the blank: The stretching of the muscle of the ventricle to match the volume of blood it contains is called ______.

Question 37

The primary event leading to Parkinson's disease is the:
(a)increase in amyloid plaque.
(b)increase in phosphorylated tau.
(c)loss of dopamine-producing neurons.
(d)loss of dopamine receptors.

Question 38

True or false: Blood flow is directly proportional to the pressure difference in the vascular system but inversely proportional to the resistance.
Age-Related Diseases of the Cardiovascular System: Cardiovascular Disease

Question 39

The pressure in the arteries immediately after the heart beats is called the ______ pressure.
(a)diastolic
(b)arterial
(c)systolic
(d)mean arterial

Question 40

True or false: Increasing the level of dopamine is effective in reducing the symptoms of Parkinson's disease.As the disease progresses and dopaminergic receptors decline,the effectiveness of dopamine agonists declines.
The Cardiovascular System

Question 41

Which of the following is not one of the three conditions that make up the metabolic syndrome?
(a)obesity
(b)high blood lipid concentrations
(c)hypertension
(d)increased resting blood glucose level

Question 42

The endocrine system is defined as organs and glands:
(a)with ducts leading directly to the target cells.
(b)that synthesize neurotransmitters.
(c)that secret hormones directly into the bloodstream.
(d)that are interconnected by neural junctions.

Question 43

True or false: The loss of appropriate blood flow to tissues in type 2 diabetes reflects,in large part,a decrease in the microvasculature's compliance properties resulting from increased glycosylation of the connective tissues.

Question 44

What is the leading risk factor for type 2 diabetes?
(a)lack of physical activity
(b)genetics
(c)obesity
(d)smoking

Question 45

True or false: Parathyroid hormone increases the serum calcium level by increasing the intestinal absorption of calcium.

Question 46

Which of the following is not an action of insulin?
(a)increased cellular uptake of amino acids
(b)increased catabolism of proteins
(c)increased transcription and translation
(d)increased ribosomal activity
Age-Related Disease of the Endocrine System: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Question 47

In the polyol pathway,glucose is converted to ______ and ______,which accumulate in the cell and can lead to intracellular damage.
(a)maltose;fructose
(b)fructose;sorbitol
(c)sorbitol;maltose
(d)lactose;maltose

Question 48

True or false: The blood glucose concentration must be maintained at levels that ensure a consistent supply of glucose to muscle cells,normally between 90 and 120 mg/dl.

Question 49

Which of the following is not a common treatment for hypertension?
(a)mevalonate
(b)beta-blockers
(c)angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
(d)diuretics

Question 50

Fill in the blank: Insulin inhibits the action of hormone-sensitive lipase,which prevents the breakdown of ______.

Question 51

The risk for developing atherosclerosis is decreased by lowering the concentration of serum cholesterol.The class of drugs called statins (e.g. ,Lipitor)lower serum cholesterol by decreasing the synthesis of cholesterol.What organ do statins primarily target?
(a)heart
(b)intestine
(c)liver
(d)pancreas

Question 52

Which endocrine gland is primarily responsible for maintaining the correct concentration of serum calcium?
(a)pituitary
(b)parathyroid
(c)adrenal
(d)thymus

Question 53

True or false: Fatty streaks are composed primarily of cholesterol in the form of oxidized low-density lipoproteins.

Question 54

True or false: Diastolic congestive heart failure occurs primarily when the ventricle wall has become stiff,resulting in a decrease in compliance and end diastolic volume.
The Endocrine System and Glucose Regulation

Question 55

Which hormone secreted by the pancreas reduces blood glucose concentration?
(a)insulin
(b)epinephrine
(c)glucagon
(d)somatostatin

Question 56

True or false: The mechanism underlying the development of hypertension is not known,but resistance to flow caused by an age-related decrease in stroke volume is one major factor.

Question 57

Short-answer question: List the steps in the facilitation of glucose uptake by insulin,beginning with an increase in blood glucose concentration.

Question 58

True or false: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is entirely due to insufficient insulin secretion by the pancreas.

Question 59

______ bone is highly vascularized,and its structure creates a large surface area for bone-blood vessel contact.
(a)compact
(b)osteoclastic
(c)trabecular
(d)osteoblastic

Question 60

The diagnostic criterion for type 2 diabetes that involves hemoglobin takes advantage of what process causing damage to cells?
(a)formation of reactive oxygen species
(b)lipid membrane alterations
(c)reduction in mRNA translation
(d)nonenzymatic glycosylation

Question 61

True or false: Attaining one's genetic limit for bone mineral content at the time of peak bone mass is widely accepted as a primary prevention strategy for reducing the risk of developing osteoporosis.

Question 62

Short-answer question: What is the physiological consequence of humans' ability to remodel bone?

Question 63

The effect of estrogen on bone metabolism is to:
(a)stimulate osteoblastic activity.
(b)stimulate osteoclastic activity.
(c)inhibit osteoblastic activity.
(d)inhibit osteocyte formation.
Age-Related Diseases of Bone: Osteoporosis

Question 64

The loss of estrogen in postmenopausal women has what effect on bone?
(a)increases osteoblastic activity
(b)decreases osteoclastic activity
(c)increases osteocytosis
(d)increases osteoclastic activity

Question 65

True or false: The bone cells responsible for resorption of hydroxyapatite are the osteoblasts.

Question 66

True or false: Increasing the dietary intake of calcium has not,in general,been an effective method of increasing bone mineral content in postmenopausal women.

Question 67

True or false: The prevalence of osteoporosis is the same in men and women of similar age.