Deck 6: Memory: Remembrance of Things Pastand Future

Question 1

The hypothalamus is involved in the formation of verbal memories.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Every time Claire smells gardenias, it takes her back to her childhood and a memory of being surrounded by gardenias, beside her mother working in the garden. The smell of gardenias triggers a context-dependent memory for Claire.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Saccadic eye movements occur once a second but iconic memory holds icons for up to four times a second.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) can occur via the action of neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and glutamate, at synapses.

Question 5

Retrograde amnesia stems from incomplete myelination of brain pathways during the first few years of a child's development process, contributing to the inefficiency of information processing and memory formation.

Question 6

When you store information by mentally repeating it, this memory process is called elaborative rehearsal.

Question 7

The levels-of-processing model of memory holds that memories tend to wane when information is processed deeply.

Question 8

The method of savings was devised by Ebbinghaus in order to study the efficiency of recall.

Question 9

Anterograde amnesia is failure to remember events that occurred after physical trauma because of the effect of the trauma, while retrograde amnesia is failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the trauma.

Question 10

According to Freud, we are motivated to forget painful memories and unacceptable ideas because they produce anxiety, guilt, and shame.

Question 11

In the context of processes of memory, storage modifies information so that it can be placed in memory.

Question 12

The human ability to store information is limited.

Question 13

Episodic memory is also referred to as autobiographical memory because they are memories of the things that happen to us or take place in our presence.

Question 14

Recall is the easiest type of memory task, making multiple-choice tests easier than fill-in-the-blank.

Question 15

With well-known information such as our names and occupations, retrieval is effortless and rapid.

Question 16

In sensory memory, the memory traces of visual stimuli last many times longer than the traces of auditory stimuli.

Question 17

Short-term memory and working memory mean the same thing.

Question 18

Short-term memory is also known as semantic memory.

Question 19

The thalamus is a structure of the limbic system that is involved in the storage of memories and does not become mature until we are about two years old.

Question 20

Memory may be defined as the processes by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.

Question 21

Which of the following statements is true of prospective memory?

A)Moods and attitudes affect prospective memory.
B)Prospective memory is permanent and easily accessible.
C)Task executions are controlled by prospective memory.
D)Prospective memory is declarative in nature.

Question 22

In order to form new memories, you must have a fully functioning _________.

A)hypothalamus
B)nephron
C)pineal gland
D)hippocampus

Question 23

Jason, while standing on the deck of a ship, is trying to memorize distant landmarks to the harbor entrance; he is trying to create a mental picture of all the names. He is using ________.

A)an acoustic code
B)prospective memory
C)a visual code
D)implicit memory

Question 24

Which of the following is true about anterograde amnesia?

A)It is the failure to remember events that caused an accident or occurred prior to an accident.
B)It is the inability to recall events that occurred prior to the age of three or so.
C)It is the failure to remember the events that occurred after a physical trauma.
D)It is the inability to recall events that took place in childhood.

Question 25

Selecting just a few aspects of all the environmental information that's being registered is a process that occurs in ________.

A)semantic memory
B)sensory memory
C)implicit memory
D)explicit memory

Question 26

Sarah was required to learn a list of 20 numbers in order. Initially, she took 15 repetitions to learn the list. After five days, she had forgotten the list of numbers and had to re-learn it. This time, she only took eight tries to re-learn the numbers. The difference between the number of repetitions she originally took to learn the numbers and the number of repetitions she took to re-learn the numbers is known as _________.

A)dissociation
B)savings
C)the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
D)displacement

Question 27

If the __________ is damaged, a person can form visual memories but not verbal memories.

A)limbic system
B)hippocampus
C)thalamus
D)optic nerve

Question 28

In the context of memory and forgetting, one of the cognitive explanations for infantile amnesia states that:

A)infants are likely to fantasize and add false details when remembering the past.
B)infants tend to weave episodes together into meaningful stories of their own lives.
C)infants do not make reliable use of language to symbolize or classify events.
D)infants do not have any ability to decode sensory input, which allows them to constantly change their memories.

Question 29

Although Crystal had practiced her presentation several times before class, she struggled in the middle part of the speech when she gave it in class. This pattern of forgetting illustrates __________.

A)the serial-position effect
B)encoding specificity
C)memory consolidation
D)proactive interference

Question 30

In the context of memory and forgetting, the view that one may forget stored material because other learning overlaps with it is known as __________.

A)maintenance rehearsal
B)interference theory
C)serial-position effect
D)method of savings

Question 31

Your memory of the alphabet or the multiplication tables is the result of a great deal of repetition that makes associations automatic, a phenomenon that psychologists refer to as retrospective memory.

Question 32

Mr. Rupp's memory has always been spectacular. He can see an image, like a painting or a page in a book, and recall exactly all of the details of either one. Mr. Rupp's ability to remember these specific details is known as _________.

A)nonconscious imagery
B)subliminal perception
C)echoic memory
D)eidetic imagery

Question 33

Brown and McNeill's experiment on the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon revealed that:

A)memory storage systems of humans are indexed according to both visual and audio cues.
B)it is easier to discriminate stimuli that stand out and are readily available for retrieval.
C)strong feelings are connected with the secretion of stress hormones, which preserve memory.
D)people modify their memories according to the external influences at the time of retrieval.

Question 34

Research on the biology of memory involving the visual cortex of rats reared in stimulating environments and the stimulation of certain synapses in sea snails suggests that:

A)the engram is generalized throughout the entire cortex.
B)myelination is not critical to memory formation in the brain.
C)neurotransmitters have no role to play in memory processes.
D)neural events may be involved in memory.

Question 35

The enhanced efficiency in a synapse after brief rapid stimulation is called ________.

A)subliminal stimulation
B)synaptic degradation
C)long-term potentiation
D)priming

Question 36

When we look at a visual stimulus, our impressions may seem fluid enough; however, they consist of a series of eye fixations referred to as _________.

A)gaze-contingency paradigms
B)ocular tremors
C)saccadic eye movements
D)eidetic imageries

Question 37

If a student studies the course material twice a week, the difference between the amount of time originally required to learn the information and the amount of time required to relearn the material after a certain amount of time has elapsed is known as __________.

A)encoding
B)priming
C)saving
D)chunking

Question 38

How to perform different skills and actions is a component of _________.

A)semantic memory
B)episodic memory
C)implicit memory
D)explicit memory

Question 39

When Angelica studies for her college classes, she actively thinks about the new information, thinks about its applications, and tries to generate her own examples based on her experiences. Using levels of processing terminology, Angelica is:

A)processing the information at a "deep" level so that it is more likely to be encoded into long-term memory.
B)trying to counteract prospective memory.
C)likely to accidently produce inaccurate memories.
D)most likely to experience the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.

Question 40

Carole walked into a Moroccan restaurant and was surprised that she did not see any utensils (i.e., fork, knife, & spoon). Her surprise stems from the fact that she has never eaten without utensils before. This is an example of a(n) __________.

A)icon
B)echo
C)schema
D)chunk

Question 41

Ally was in a severe car accident. As a result of her injuries she can no longer remember events that occurred prior to the accident. This is an example of _________.

A)infantile amnesia
B)retrograde amnesia
C)dissociative amnesia
D)anterograde amnesia

Question 42

Dana always hears stories about how extravagantly her first birthday was celebrated, but she is unable to recall the events of that day. Dana's inability to recall the events of her first birthday is known as _________.

A)dissociative amnesia
B)retrograde amnesia
C)infantile amnesia
D)anterograde amnesia

Question 43

Memory for past events, activities, and learning experiences, as shown by explicit and implicit memories, fall under the category of __________ memory.

A)procedural
B)retrospective
C)semantic
D)prospective

Question 44

Knowing how to play a piano without much conscious effort illustrates ________ memory.

A)implicit memory
B)episodic memory
C)psychomotor memory
D)semantic memory

Question 45

________ are memories of events that happen to a person or that take place in the person's presence.

A)Semantic memories
B)Episodic memories
C)Procedural memories
D)Prospective memories

Question 46

Explicit memory is:

A)information that can be clearly stated.
B)memory without awareness.
C)memory that is easily retrieved.
D)another name for procedural memory.

Question 47

__________ are mental representations of an auditory stimulus that are held briefly in sensory memory.

A)Icons
B)Semantic codes
C)Echoes
D)Visual codes

Question 48

In the context of neural activity and memory, the brain stores parts of memories in the appropriate areas of the __________.

A)sensory cortex
B)thalamus
C)hippocampus
D)limbic system

Question 49

The ________ is an assumed electrical circuit that corresponds to a memory trace.

A)hippocampus
B)engram
C)cerebellum
D)thalamus

Question 50

Dana can only remember the first few and the last few items on her grocery list. Which of the following is this an example of?

A)The serial-position effect
B)The primacy effect
C)The recency effect
D)The latency effect

Question 51

To remember the names of all the countries in Asia, Jennifer is mentally repeating all the names several times. This scenario illustrates __________.

A)elaborative rehearsal
B)repression
C)maintenance rehearsal
D)serial positioning

Question 52

__________ is the inability to recall events that occur prior to the age of three or so.

A)Infantile amnesia
B)Dissociative amnesia
C)Retrograde amnesia
D)Anterograde amnesia

Question 53

Abe and Rose, who have been married for 13 years, are discussing the events that led to their very first date. Rose distinctly remembers giving Abe her telephone number at a party, but Abe is certain that he got her number from her best friend, Linda. Abe and Rose have different _________ of the event.

A)procedural memories
B)prospective memories
C)episodic memories
D)semantic memories

Question 54

As Stephen was filling out a credit card application, he couldn't remember his previous address even though he had lived there for 10 years. Stephen's memory of his current address was interfering with his memory of his old address, which is an example of ____________.

A)encoding failure
B)retroactive interference
C)proactive interference
D)the misinformation effect

Question 55

__________ is the memory to perform an act in the future, as at a certain time or when a certain event occurs.

A)Prospective memory
B)Episodic memory
C)Retrospective memory
D)Semantic memory

Question 56

After a single presentation, Megan can recall her friend's long-distance telephone number and five-digit extension even though the sequence contains 15 digits. One reason for her ease of recall is that she split the digits into smaller groups of three each. This process is called ________.

A)serial positioning
B)repressing
C)screening
D)chunking

Question 57

When we look at a visual stimulus, our impressions of it may seem fluid enough. This is because:

A)saccadic eye movements create perceptions at a rate of approximately 20 per second, making the images seem continuous.
B)short-term memories overlap, which gives the impression of a single perception.
C)sensory memory briefly holds perceptions, making them seem connected.
D)perceptions in short-term memory are not stored but are constantly replaced with new perceptions.

Question 58

A(n) __________ is an assumed change in the nervous system that reflects the impression made by a stimulus.

A)icon
B)memory trace
C)eidetic image
D)schema

Question 59

__________ are nonsense syllables presented in pairs in experiments that measure recall.

A)Serial positions
B)Paired traces
C)Paired memories
D)Paired associates

Question 60

In the context of processes of memory, the first stage of information processing:

A)simulates the external stimuli through repetition.
B)encodes stimuli so that one can place them in memory.
C)encodes stimuli by performing elaborative rehearsals.
D)locates subconscious information related to the perceived stimuli.

Question 61

The capacity of short-term memory is approximately:

A)about 7 items at one time.
B)about 10 items at one time.
C)about 15 items at one time.
D)unlimited.

Question 62

The Atkinson-Shiffrin model of stages of memory intends to _________.

A)determine the vividness of stimulation perception
B)determine the meaning and importance of dreams
C)determine whether and for how long information is retained in memory
D)determine the physiological causes of memory disorders

Question 63

The __________ is the tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items in a series.

A)recency effect
B)serial-position effect
C)latency effect
D)tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Question 64

Christopher knows a lot of facts about the earth. He knows that the circumference of Earth is 40,030 km even though he did not personally measure the circumference of the Earth. This knowledge is referred to as __________.

A)semantic memory
B)retrograde memory
C)episodic memory
D)implicit memory

Question 65

In Freud's psychodynamic theory, __________ is the ejection of anxiety-evoking ideas from conscious awareness.

A)eidetic imagery
B)repression
C)serial-position
D)rehearsal

Question 66

The critical factor in state-dependent retrieval is the influence of:

A)a person's biological state at the time of studying.
B)external environmental cues in a particular context.
C)the person's mood at the time a memory is encoded and retrieved.
D)misinformation.

Question 67

________ is the type or stage of memory that can hold information for up to a minute or so after the trace of the stimulus decays.

A)Maintenance rehearsal
B)Prospective memory
C)Elaborative rehearsal
D)Short-term memory

Question 68

Which of the following statements is true of proactive interference?

A)New learning interferes with old learning only if the old material shares similarity with the new material.
B)Older learning interferes with new learning only if the new material shares similarity with the old material.
C)New information permanently replaces old information if both have the same characteristic traits.
D)Old information negates the learning of new information if both have the same characteristic traits.

Question 69

A(n) __________ is a stimulus or group of stimuli that are perceived as a discrete piece of information.

A)chunk
B)schema
C)code
D)echo

Question 70

Ludwig, a cellist, is memorizing a musical composition just by listening to it, without referring to the sheet music. He most likely is using a(n) _________.

A)acoustic code
B)visual code
C)memory trace
D)subliminal stimulation

Question 71

The ________ is the feeling that information is stored in memory although it cannot be readily retrieved.

A)nonsense syllables effect
B)tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
C)flashbulb phenomenon
D)serial-position effect

Question 72

A(n) __________ is a mental representation of a visual stimulus that is held briefly in sensory memory.

A)schema
B)echo
C)icon
D)saving

Question 73

London learned how to play racquetball prior to learning how to play tennis. Because of this, her tennis game has never been that good. The difficulty stems from __________.

A)serial-position effect
B)maintenance rehearsal
C)retrograde amnesia
D)proactive interference

Question 74

General knowledge is referred to as __________.

A)episodic memory
B)semantic memory
C)implicit memory
D)prospective memory

Question 75

If an image of Abraham Lincoln's face was flashed on a screen, the viewer could hold the visual impression in their sensory register as a(n) ________.

A)echoic memory
B)implicit memory
C)memory trace
D)acoustic code

Question 76

The series of eye fixations that we perceive as visual sensations seem continuous, or stream like, because of __________.

A)short-term memory
B)saccadic eye movements
C)sensory memory
D)serial-position effect

Question 77

__________ is the maintenance of detailed visual memories over several minutes.

A)Displacement
B)Serial positioning
C)Memory tracing
D)Eidetic imagery

Question 78

Memory that is suggested but not plainly expressed, as illustrated in the things that people do but do not state clearly, is known as ________.

A)prospective memory
B)episodic memory
C)implicit memory
D)semantic memory

Question 79

Essay tests are examples of _________.

A)schemas
B)state-dependent retrieval
C)recall
D)cue failure

Question 80

__________ are meaningless sets of two consonants with a vowel sandwiched in between that are used to study memory.

A)Schemas
B)Nonsense syllables
C)Episodes
D)Memory traces