Deck 4: Consciousness

Question 1

Physicians frequently prescribe stimulants in an effort to help hyperactive children control their behavior.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Prolonged exposure to secondhand smoke during childhood is a risk factor for cancer of the throat.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

According to the American Lung Association, the hydrocarbons, or tars, in cigarette and cigar smoke lead to lung cancer.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Response set theory suggests that you can be hypnotized against your will.

Question 5

People with frequent nightmares are more likely than others to have anxiety, depression, and other psychological problems.

Question 6

When we sleep, our brain waves become identical to those emitted when we are conscious.

Question 7

In psychodynamic theory, descriptive information that is not in awareness, but can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention (i.e. What did I eat for breakfast this morning? or What is my cell phone number?), is called preconscious material.

Question 8

Insomnia is a sleep disorder in which the air passages are obstructed.

Question 9

Women seem less affected by alcohol than men because they have more of an enzyme called aldehyde dehydrogenase, which metabolizes alcohol in the stomach.

Question 10

Delta waves are rapid low-amplitude brain waves that have been linked to nightmares.

Question 11

In their continuing research, psychologists have come to define consciousness in only one way, as the continuing self in the world.

Question 12

PCP, or phencyclidine, is an opioid whose name is an acronym for its chemical structure.

Question 13

Biofeedback training is a system that provides information about a bodily function so the organism can gain control of that function.

Question 14

Dreams are more likely to be coherent in plot than emotionally gripping.

Question 15

Women who smoke show increased bone density.

Question 16

Sleep terrors, bedwetting, and sleepwalking are all deep sleep disorders that occur during deep (stage 3 or 4) sleep.

Question 17

Nicotine increases the appetite and reduces the metabolic rate of a person.

Question 18

In America, there are over 10 times the number of alcoholics as there are heroin users.

Question 19

Jon Kabat-Zinn promotes the use of mindfulness meditation in cognitive and behavior therapy, a form of meditation that provides clients with techniques they can use to focus on the present moment.

Question 20

Dreams are most likely to be vivid during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, whereas images are vaguer and more fleeting during rapid eye movement sleep (REM) sleep.

Question 21

It seems like every day you experience a decrease in your mental alertness around 2 or 3 o'clock each afternoon. This daily occurrence in your mental alertness is an example of:

A)REM.
B)beta brain wave activity.
C)a circadian rhythm.
D)narcolepsy.

Question 22

Darryl has been a cocaine addict for over three years. He is a regular user of the drug. His body is now habituated to the drug, and hence he requires twice as much cocaine as he did initially to achieve similar effects. In this scenario, Darryl is displaying __________.

A)tolerance
B)parasomnia
C)regularization
D)cyclothymia

Question 23

Kira, an eight-year-old girl, sometimes walks in her sleep. She also responds to questions while she is up and about. However, when she wakes up in the morning, she does not remember the incident. In the context of sleep disorders, Kira is exhibiting symptoms of __________.

A)sleep apnea
B)sleep terror
C)somnambulism
D)insomnia

Question 24

Most psychologists use the DSM-5 to define a substance abuse disorder as a problem characterized by loss of control over usage, social impairment, risky use, and tolerance and withdrawal symptoms.

Question 25

Which of the following statements is true of insomnia?

A)Over 80% of American adults are affected by insomnia in any given year.
B)Insomnia is a sleep disorder in which a person's air passages are obstructed when asleep.
C)Older adults are more likely than younger adults to have insomnia.
D)Insomnia is a sleep attack in which a person falls asleep suddenly.

Question 26

As we enter__________, our brain waves slowdown from the alpha rhythm and enter a pattern of theta waves.

A)stage 1 sleep
B)stage 2 sleep
C)stage 3 sleep
D)stage 4 sleep

Question 27

One potential reason why women and certain ethnic groups are significantly affected by alcohol is because

A)of cultural norms.
B)they are more sensitive to the chemical.
C)they produce less aldehyde dehydrogenase than other groups.
D)they produce more aldehyde dehydrogenase than other groups.

Question 28

Mindfulness meditation (MM) provides clients with techniques they can use to attain spiritual enlightenment.

Question 29

Sleepwalking typically occurs during:

A)REM sleep
B)Stage 1
C)Stage 2
D)Stage 4

Question 30

_____ cannot be experienced through sensory awareness or direct inner awareness.

A)Nonconscious processes
B)Conscious processes
C)Classical conditioning
D)Operant conditioning

Question 31

In the context of hypnosis, a positive response to each suggestion of the hypnotist sets the stage in which the subject is less likely to follow further suggestions.

Question 32

As Donna is answering this very question, she is aware of her environment. This awareness is referred to as:

A)consciousness.
B)introspection.
C)hypnagogic perception.
D)delta brain wave activity.

Question 33

According to Sigmund Freud, hypnotized adults:

A)return to behaviors that emphasize fact and logic rather than fantasy.
B)permit themselves to return to childish modes of responding.
C)enter an unaltered state of consciousness.
D)fake the hypnotic role.

Question 34

Which of the following is an altered state of consciousness?

A)Cognitive dissonance
B)Free association
C)Meditation
D)Centration

Question 35

In 2017, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, Medicine stated that the use of marijuana benefited all of the following EXCEPT

A)treatment of stress.
B)treatment of chronic pain.
C)treating nausea associated with chemotherapy.
D)treating vomiting associated with chemotherapy.

Question 36

In the context of altering consciousness through drugs, __________ is a problem characterized by loss of control over consumption, social impairment, risky use, and tolerance and withdrawal symptoms.

A)paranoid personality disorder
B)substance use disorder
C)oppositional defiant disorder
D)impulse control disorder

Question 37

According to Freud, which of the following statements is true of dreams?

A)Dreams are most likely to be vague and fleeting during rapid eye movement sleep.
B)Dreams express impulses we would censor during the day.
C)Nightmares, like most pleasant dreams, are products of non-rapid eye movement sleep.
D)All dreams had something to do with one's childhood.

Question 38

Crystal has been having difficulty concentrating at work. She thinks it might be due to a lack of sleep and therefore she has been trying to sleep more. Unfortunately, this has created her autonomic activity and muscle tension. In this scenario, Crystal is most likely suffering from __________.

A)narcolepsy
B)sleep apnea
C)insomnia
D)sleep terrors

Question 39

Side effects of __________ include cancer, heart disease, and lung and respiratory diseases.

A)acetaminophen
B)cocaine
C)dehydrogenase
D)nicotine

Question 40

Ashton was trying to work on an assignment that was due the next day. However, he was constantly thinking about a fight that he had gotten into with his friend. He consciously pushed these thoughts away and tried to focus on the assignment. In this scenario, Ashton was using __________ to eject the disturbing thoughts.

A)repression
B)suppression
C)systematic desensitization
D)free association

Question 41

The average amount of time it takes to complete each cycle through the stages of NREM sleep and REM sleep lasts about:

A)30 minutes.
B)1 hour.
C)90 minutes.
D)2 hours.

Question 42

Which of the following statements is true of amphetamines?

A)They reduce irritability when consumed in high doses.
B)They improve hunger and appetite.
C)They increase hyperactivity.
D)They provide a euphoric rush when consumed in high doses.

Question 43

Which of the following statements is true of Stage 4 sleep?

A)It produces low-amplitude brain waves.
B)It is the lightest stage of sleep.
C)During Stage 4 sleep, the delta waves produced by the brain slow to about 0.5 to 2 cycles per second.
D)During Stage 4 sleep, the delta waves produced by the brain have a frequency of 8 to 13 cycles per second.

Question 44

A sleep disorder in which the person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep is called _______.

A)sleep apnea
B)somnambulism
C)narcolepsy
D)insomnia

Question 45

People deprived of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep:

A)experience paradoxical sleep.
B)learn more slowly.
C)have fewer chances of experiencing REM rebound.
D)spend less time in REM sleep during subsequent sleep periods.

Question 46

Which of the following is a difference between repression and suppression?

A)Repression is a nonconscious process, whereas suppression is an unconscious process.
B)Repression is an unconscious process, whereas suppression is a conscious process.
C)Repression is a non-Freudian concept, whereas suppression is a Freudian concept.
D)Repression is a deliberate task, whereas suppression is an automatic task.

Question 47

Which of the following typically occurs during rapid eye movement sleep.

A)sleep spindles
B)theta waves
C)hypnogogic hallucinations
D)nightmares

Question 48

Which of the following is an example of a nonconscious process?

A)Growing hair
B)Daydreaming
C)Suppressing thoughts
D)Smoking

Question 49

Which of the following statements is true of nicotine?

A)It hinders the discharge of adrenaline.
B)It increases appetite.
C)It stimulates the release of neurotransmitters.
D)It reduces the metabolic rate.

Question 50

Which of the following statements is true of stimulants?

A)They increase aggressive and disruptive behavior.
B)They reduce the risk of sleep disorders.
C)They increase the activity of the nervous system.
D)They reduce self-confidence.

Question 51

Opiates are a group of __________ derived from the opium poppy that provide a euphoric rush and depress the nervous system.

A)barbiturates
B)amphetamines
C)stimulants
D)narcotics

Question 52

Mescaline is considered a(n) _______.

A)stimulant
B)depressant
C)opioid
D)hallucinogenic

Question 53

Adam, a sleep researcher, noticed that his sleeping patient had a high level of neurological arousal. The patient is most likely in _______ sleep.

A)stage 1
B)stage 2
C)stage 3
D)rapid eye movement

Question 54

When you are taking a test, you are awake and alert. This means that your brain is currently generating _____.

A)alpha wave
B)beta wave
C)theta wave
D)delta wave

Question 55

__________ may accompany narcolepsy and is characterized by the collapse of muscle groups or the entire body.

A)Sleep apnea
B)Insomnia
C)Sleep paralysis
D)Somnambulism

Question 56

The term _____ refers to the deliberate placing of certain ideas, impulses, or images out of awareness.

A)repression
B)free association
C)suppression
D)cognitive mapping

Question 57

Mindfulness meditation (MM) provides clients with techniques they can use to:

A)achieve spiritual goals.
B)improve hypnotic suggestibility.
C)focus on the present.
D)ruminate about problems.

Question 58

One night when Daniel was four years old he was sleeping soundly in his bed when he started screaming and thrashing about. His parents rushed to his side but could never fully wake him up. The next day he had no recollection of the event. Daniel most likely experienced a(n) _____.

A)apnea
B)nightmare
C)sleep paralyses
D)sleep terror

Question 59

Which of the following statements is true of sleep?

A)Older people need more sleep than younger adults.
B)Teenagers sleep eight hours a day.
C)Newborn babies sleep less than 10 hours a day.
D)People need more sleep when they are under stress.

Question 60

Which of the following substances is a stimulant?

A)Nembutal
B)Seconal
C)Morphine
D)Cocaine

Question 61

_____ refers to a sleep attack in which a person falls asleep suddenly and irresistibly.

A)Sleep terror
B)Insomnia
C)Sleep apnea
D)Narcolepsy

Question 62

People with __________ stop breathing periodically, up to several hundred times per night.

A)insomnia
B)narcolepsy
C)sleep apnea
D)sleep terrors

Question 63

__________ generally act by slowing the activity of the central nervous system.

A)Methylphenidates
B)Depressant drugs
C)Stimulant drugs
D)Amphetamines

Question 64

Ray often wakes up at night talking loudly and incoherently. During this time, his heart rate increases, and he recalls vague images of someone pressing on his chest. However, he is never fully awake and returns to sleep. In the context of sleep disorders, Ray is exhibiting symptoms of _____.

A)sleep terrors
B)nightmares
C)insomnia
D)somnambulism

Question 65

Which of the following statements is true of hypnosis?

A)People who resist the process of hypnosis are said to have hypnotic suggestibility.
B)People who are easily hypnotized are said to have hypnotic suggestibility.
C)Hypnosis increases anxiety and aggression.
D)Hypnosis is an unaltered state of consciousness.

Question 66

_____ is the habituation to a drug, with the result that increasingly higher doses of the drug are needed to achieve similar effects.

A)Biofeedback
B)Abstinence syndrome
C)Tolerance
D)Free association

Question 67

High-frequency brain waves are associated with _____.

A)wakefulness
B)rapid eye movement sleep
C)theta waves
D)paradoxical sleep

Question 68

Which of the following best defines the term preconscious?

A)It refers to material that is not in awareness but can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention.
B)It refers to sensory awareness of the world outside, direct inner awareness of one's thoughts and feelings, personal unity, and the waking state.
C)It refers to the deliberate placing of certain ideas, impulses, or images out of awareness.
D)It refers to ideas and feelings that are not available to awareness.

Question 69

According to your text, older adults sleep less because

A)their sleep cycles become more efficient.
B)of physical discomfort.
C)they no longer require REM sleep.
D)they no longer require NREM sleep.

Question 70

Elly attends weekly sessions to improve her spirituality. During these sessions, she concentrates on specific sounds or words known as "mantras." She claims that these sessions reduce her anxiety and help her relax. In this scenario, Elly is most likely practicing __________.

A)biofeedback therapy
B)hypnosis therapy
C)transcendental meditation
D)mindfulness meditation

Question 71

__________ is the agent that creates physiological dependence on tobacco products.

A)Nembutal
B)Nicotine
C)Mescaline
D)Morphine

Question 72

Jenny is preparing for an English test, and her brother is playing music loudly in the next room. She focuses on reading her English text books and ignores the music. In this scenario, Jenny is using _____.

A)regularization
B)selective attention
C)countertransference
D)cognitive dissonance

Question 73

Dr. Kendall runs a research sleep lab at her university. As she was reviewing the EEG recording of a sleeping subject in the lab, she notices the presence of theta brain waves and sleep spindles. Dr. Kendall concludes that the subject is in ______________.

A)stage 1 sleep
B)stage 2 sleep
C)stage 3 sleep
D)stage 4 sleep

Question 74

Which of the following substances is classified as a barbiturate?

A)Marijuana
B)Nembutal
C)Nicotine
D)Demerol

Question 75

Liz sustained a head injury in a car accident. When she was fully awake, the doctor approached her and asked her questions such as "What is the last thing you remember?" and "When were you born?" Liz was able to answer all these questions correctly. In this scenario, the questions asked to Liz summon up __________.

A)unconscious information
B)nonconscious information
C)conscious information
D)preconscious information

Question 76

During a guided meditation session, Rachel was asked to picture a green valley under a clear blue sky. She was asked to "feel" the wind against her face and "hear" the birds chirping around her. Although none of these stimuli were actually present, Rachel was conscious of them. This scenario illustrates an aspect of consciousness called _____.

A)retinal disparity
B)countertransference
C)regularization
D)direct inner awareness

Question 77

Which of the following is a consequence of regular usage of opiates?

A)They stop the production of neurotransmitters in the brain.
B)They increase thoughts of food or sex.
C)They increase hyperactivity when consumed in high doses.
D)They help improve judgment and aid decision making.

Question 78

__________ is the simplified form of meditation brought to the United States by the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and is used as a method for coping with stress.

A)Mindfulness meditation
B)Zen meditation
C)Transcendental meditation
D)Acem meditation

Question 79

Older adults are more likely than younger adults to have insomnia because of a:

A)higher chance of genetic mutation of neurons.
B)greater incidence of poor health and pain.
C)higher number of beta waves in the brains of younger adults.
D)lower frequency of brain waves in older adults.

Question 80

The knowledge of one's own thoughts, feelings, and memories without the use of sensory organs is known as _____.

A)selective attention
B)direct inner awareness
C)regularization
D)countertransference