Deck 2: Biology and Psychology

Question 1

Neurons carry messages from the axon terminals through the axon to the dendrites.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Acetylcholine is excitatory at the heart but inhibitory at synapses between nerves and muscles that involve voluntary movement.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The two main divisions of the central nervous system are the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The somatic nervous system controls activities such as heartbeat, respiration, digestion, and dilation of the pupils.

Question 5

The thyroid gland secretes melatonin.

Question 6

Lucas had been binge watching a television show most of the evening and he eventually started to drift off to sleep. During an especially violent scene in the show, there were loud explosions which jolted him awake. This was due to the secretion of oxytocin.

Question 7

Dizygotic twins are formed when a zygote divides into two cells that share the same genetic code.

Question 8

Norepinephrine is manufactured exclusively by the adrenal glands.

Question 9

Epilepsy can sometimes be helped by split-brain operations.

Question 10

Psychologists are thinking in terms of behavioral genetics when they ask about the inborn reasons why individuals may differ in their behavior and mental processes.

Question 11

When children reared by adoptive parents are more similar to their natural parents in a particular trait, strong evidence exists for a genetic role in the development of that trait.

Question 12

The neural impulses that travel along a neuron are purely chemical in nature.

Question 13

Sacs called synaptic vesicles in the axon terminals contain neurotransmitters.

Question 14

Whenever we receive really painful cuts or bruises, neurons located in that area of our body transmit very large and intense impulses.

Question 15

One of the concepts of evolutionary psychology is that not only physical traits but also many patterns of behavior, including social behavior, evolve and can be transmitted genetically from generation to generation.

Question 16

Direct artificial stimulation of the parietal lobe produces a sense of being touched somewhere on your body.

Question 17

Monozygotic twins are important in the study of the relative influences of nature and nurture because differences between monozygotic twins are the result of nurture.

Question 18

Phoebe recently suffered a major fall in which she sustained brain injuries. Since then, she has had immense difficulty in communicating with others. She appears to understand what others tell her, but her responses are slow and laborious. Her sentences are always incomplete, with important grammatical words missing. Which of the following conditions best reflects Phoebe's case?

A)Broca's aphasia
B)Epilepsy
C)Retrograde amnesia
D)Wernicke's aphasia

Question 19

The left hemisphere of the brain is relatively more involved in tasks that require logic and problem solving than the right hemisphere.

Question 20

You would not show any instinctive behaviors if you were born and raised separately from others in your family and/or species.

Question 21

Claire, who is 11 months old, is just starting to crawl and walk. Which of the following is heavily involved in this newfound ability?

A)Myelination
B)Natural selection
C)Depolarization
D)Reticular formation

Question 22

Which of the following statements is true of a neural impulse?

A)A neural impulse jumps across a synaptic cleft like an electrical spark because of the polarization of chloride ions.
B)The process by which a neural impulse travels is electrochemical.
C)A neural impulse is carried by efferent neurons and not by afferent neurons.
D)The strength of a neural impulse varies from high to low depending on the distance travelled by it.

Question 23

Which of these is a function of prolactin?

A)It regulates the sleep-wake cycle and may affect the onset of puberty.
B)It regulates the rate at which the body uses oxygen and produces energy.
C)It regulates the growth of muscles, bones, and glands.
D)It regulates maternal behavior in lower mammals.

Question 24

Compared to the rest of our bodies, which of the following is a feature of gray matter?

A)It is a neurotransmitter that controls muscles.
B)It contains only inhibitory neurotransmitters.
C)It consists of gray platelets.
D)It consists of non-myelinated neurons.

Question 25

__________ form a fatty substance called myelin.

A)Glial cells
B)Neurotransmitters
C)Red blood cells
D)White blood cells

Question 26

Some researchers consider the __________ to be the "executive center" of the brain, where decisions are made to keep information in working memory and to solve problems.

A)cerebellum
B)prefrontal cortex
C)corpus callosum
D)thalamus

Question 27

The __________ is a group of structures involved in memory, motivation, and emotion that forms a fringe along the inner edge of the cerebrum.

A)corpus callosum
B)circulatory system
C)reticular formation
D)limbic system

Question 28

__________ is produced largely by neurons in the brain stem and acts both as a neurotransmitter and as a hormone.

A)Dopamine
B)Acetylcholine
C)Norepinephrine
D)Serotonin

Question 29

Every time a neuron fires, it transmits an impulse of the same strength. This occurrence is known as the __________.

A)refraction effect
B)polarization effect
C)resting potential
D)all-or-none principle

Question 30

Esteban finds that he is often very anxious and not at ease. Which of the following neurotransmitters might help him the most?

A)Serotonin
B)Endorphins
C)Gamma-aminobutyric acid
D)Norepinephrine

Question 31

Which of the following represents your full genetic potential?

A)Phenotype
B)Genotype
C)The resting potential
D)The action potential

Question 32

Which of the following refers to a time when a neuron does not allow sodium to pass through the neuronal membrane and as a result, is insensitive to messages from other neurons and does not fire?

A)A temporary threshold shift.
B)A refractory period.
C)The resting period.
D)The resistance stage.

Question 33

When a neural impulse reaches the axon terminal of a neuron, the vesicles release varying amounts of neurotransmitters into the __________.

A)myelin sheath
B)dendrite
C)synaptic cleft
D)nucleus

Question 34

A __________ takes several X-rays to reveal deformities in shape and structure that are connected with blood clots, tumors, and other health problems.

A)magnetoencephalography scan
B)computerized axial tomography scan
C)complete blood count test
D)radio frequency identification system

Question 35

Nicotine, alcohol, and many other drugs are pleasurable because they heighten levels of _______.

A)acetylcholine
B)norepinephrine
C)dopamine
D)amphetamine

Question 36

Which of the following plays a significant role in sleeping, sneezing, and coughing?

A)Pons
B)Reticular formation
C)Medulla
D)Cerebellum

Question 37

The __________ is an oblong area of the hindbrain involved in regulation of heartbeat, blood pressure, movement, and respiration.

A)medulla
B)pons
C)cerebrum
D)thalamus

Question 38

Which of the following statements is true of instinctive behavior?

A)Instinctive behavior tends to resist modification, even when it serves no purpose.
B)Instinctive behavior varies among the members of the species in which it appears.
C)Instinctive behavior evolves only when some form of punishment is involved.
D)Instinctive behavior does not appear when an individual is reared in isolation from others of its kind.

Question 39

__________ intensifies most emotions and is central to the experience of fear and anxiety.

A)Prolactin
B)Thyroxin
C)Vasopressin
D)Epinephrine

Question 40

Which of the following techniques relies on subtle shifts in blood flow to create a brain scan?

A)Positron emission tomography
B)Electroencephalography
C)Magnetic resonance imaging
D)Electrocardiography

Question 41

Shana is a young girl who was in a bus accident a few years ago. Since her accident, Shana is only able to remember people she had met before the accident and instances from her childhood. However, she is unable to remember people she met recently or events that are currently happening in her life. She reads the same newspaper for several days without realizing that she has read it before. The accident has made Shana unable permanently store new information because she sustained an injury to her _______.

A)reticular formation
B)hippocampus
C)cerebral cortex
D)corpus callosum

Question 42

The _______ is the part of the nervous system that is involved with sensory and motor neurons.

A)peripheral nervous system
B)somatic nervous system
C)central nervous system
D)autonomic nervous system

Question 43

The __________ lies below the hypothalamus and is dubbed the "master gland."

A)reticular formation
B)limbic system
C)pituitary gland
D)corpus callosum

Question 44

A neuron has a(n) _______ that extends like a trunk from the cell body.

A)synapse
B)nucleus
C)dendrite
D)axon

Question 45

Which of the following statements is true of hormones?

A)They are secreted exclusively by glands that have ducts.
B)They are secreted exclusively by the pituitary gland.
C)They are secreted directly into the bloodstream.
D)They transmit hereditary traits across generations.

Question 46

Which of the following statements is true of neurotransmitters?

A)Neurotransmitters have identical chemical structures that can fit into any receptor site.
B)"Loose" neurotransmitters are held by synapses before being released into the synaptic fluid.
C)Once released by the synaptic vesicles, all the molecules of a neurotransmitter find their way into receptor sites.
D)"Loose" neurotransmitters are either broken down or reabsorbed by the axon terminal.

Question 47

Which of the following neurotransmitters is involved in emotional arousal and sleep?

A)Acetylcholine
B)Serotonin
C)Gamma-aminobutyric acid
D)Norepinephrine

Question 48

Which of the following is most directly related to the Endocrine system?

A)Nephrons
B)Hormones
C)Neurons
D)Glial cells

Question 49

Which of the following statements highlights the relationship between dopamine and schizophrenia?

A)Underutilization of dopamine by the brain is connected with hallucinations and disturbances of thoughts and emotions.
B)People with schizophrenia may have more receptor sites for dopamine in an area of the brain that is involved in emotional responding.
C)Dopamine fails to produce any pleasurable effects that heighten the sensory experience of a patient suffering from schizophrenia.
D)Schizophrenia manifests as a result of an imbalance in dopamine levels between two adjoining neurons with conflicting electrical charges.

Question 50

If you are upset over something that you saw on social media, most likely your __________ is highly active right now.

A)thalamus
B)amygdala
C)medulla
D)Broca's area

Question 51

Dr. Kennett is a neurologist who is conducting research using brain scans. He wants to study pictures of his subjects' brains while they are speaking or using a language. These pictures will help Dr. Kennett understand the parts of the brain that are being used to speak and the other processes that occur simultaneously in the brain. Based on the nature of study, it would be most suitable for Dr. Kennett to use _______.

A)functional magnetic resonance imaging
B)positron emission tomography
C)electroencephalography
D)computerized axial tomography

Question 52

__________ takes the form of a double helix and contains the genetic code of an organism.

A)Ribonucleic acid
B)Antidiuretic hormone
C)Deoxyribonucleic acid
D)Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 53

Monozygotic twins share _______ of their genes.

A)20 percent
B)40 percent
C)100 percent
D)50 percent

Question 54

The term _______ is used to describe the nucleotides found along just one of the rungs of a DNA double helix.

A)neural impulse
B)genetic code
C)synapse
D)mutation

Question 55

The brain and the spinal cord make up the _______, which controls and commands bodily functions.

A)peripheral nervous system
B)somatic nervous system
C)central nervous system
D)autonomic nervous system

Question 56

While Ebony was playing a video game and trying to keep her character alive, she started to become anxious, causing her pulse to increase. Which hormone was responsible for this reaction?

A)Thyroxin
B)Melatonin
C)Prolactin
D)Epinephrine

Question 57

The __________ is a bulge in the hindbrain that lies forward of the medulla and transmits information about body movement.

A)cerebellum
B)pons
C)reticular formation
D)thalamus

Question 58

Bobby was standing in line to purchase a movie ticket. All of a sudden, the man in front of him took a few steps back and stepped on Bobby's foot. Bobby immediately felt pain in his foot. This sensation was transmitted to the spinal cord and the brain through _______.

A)glial cells
B)pituitary glands
C)afferent neurons
D)efferent neurons

Question 59

The electroencephalograph is a method of:

A)brain imaging that passes a narrow X-ray beam through the head and measures the structures that reflect the beams from various angles.
B)detecting brain waves by means of measuring the current between electrodes placed on the scalp.
C)using the Karvonen technique to monitor abnormal heartbeats in a person.
D)detecting heartbeats by means of measuring the current between electrodes placed in one's hands.

Question 60

The __________ uses oxygen and nutrients to generate the energy needed to carry out the work of a neuron cell.

A)axon
B)dendrite
C)myelin sheath
D)nucleus

Question 61

The ________ are located within the axon terminals.

A)dendrites
B)glial cells
C)soma
D)synaptic vesicles

Question 62

A number of people with severe cases of epilepsy have split-brain operations in which much of __________ is severed.

A)the corpus callosum
B)the reticular formation
C)the somatosensory cortex
D)Wernicke's area

Question 63

Nasreen and her brother Abdellah have a genetic overlap of ______ percent.

A)25
B)50
C)75
D)100

Question 64

Which of the following best describes association areas?

A)The left and right hemispheres of the brain that duplicate each other's functions.
B)Areas of the limbic system that are primarily involved in motor activity.
C)Areas of the cerebral cortex that are not primarily involved in sensation or motor activity.
D)The part of the parietal lobe that acts as the brain's executive center.

Question 65

What role does the somatic nervous system play?

A)It converts messages that are received from the central nervous system into involuntary reflexes.
B)It primarily regulates the glands and the muscles of internal organs.
C)It commands the brain to filter unwanted neural impulses that have been accidentally triggered.
D)It transmits messages about sights, sounds, smells, and so on, to the central nervous system.

Question 66

Kendall is left-handed. Which of the following statements is true of her handedness?

A)Being right-handed appears to provide a somewhat greater-than-average probability of health problems.
B)Being right-handed appears to provide a somewhat greater-than-average probability of language problems.
C)Being left-handed was once seen as a deficiency.
D)Handedness is acquired by a person as a result of conditioning and is not hereditary.

Question 67

Which of the following structures of the limbic system is connected with vigilance?

A)The cerebral cortex.
B)The amygdala.
C)The fornix.
D)The hypothalamus.

Question 68

What is the purpose of a split-brain operation?

A)To confine epileptic seizures to one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex.
B)To modify the language functions of the brain.
C)To enhance aesthetic and emotional responses.
D)To integrate the functions of both the hemispheres of the cerebral cortex.

Question 69

The hearing or auditory area of the cortex lies in the _______ lobe along the lateral fissure of the cerebral cortex.

A)frontal
B)parietal
C)temporal
D)occipital

Question 70

Emily suffers from insomnia. When she went to see a doctor, she was told that her sleeplessness was caused by the deficiency of a particular hormone. The doctor then gave her sleeping pills containing the deficient hormone. Emily has _______ deficiency.

A)melatonin
B)thyroxin
C)vasopressin
D)oxytocin

Question 71

Labib has been having severe epileptic seizures since a very young age. His seizures have become less frequent since he underwent an operation. However, he has problems expressing what he feels. When he feels happy, his facial expressions often show anger. Labib has most likely undergone a(n) _______ operation.

A)osseous resective
B)multiple subpial
C)split-brain
D)gastric bypass

Question 72

Which of the following is a likely consequence of low thyroxin secretion in adults?

A)Adults who secrete too little thyroxin may feel tired and sluggish and may put on weight.
B)Adults who secrete too little thyroxin may show symptoms of Down syndrome.
C)Adults who secrete too little thyroxin may experience excitability, insomnia, and weight loss.
D)Adults who secrete too little thyroxin may feel an excess of euphoria under normal circumstances.

Question 73

The _______ is the branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active during when you are scared.

A)somatic division
B)parasympathetic division
C)central nervous system
D)sympathetic division

Question 74

In positron emission tomography, to track the metabolism of glucose, a radioactive compound called a(n) _______ is mixed with glucose and injected into the bloodstream.

A)inhibitor
B)tracer
C)clotting agent
D)activator

Question 75

Derek is working on a thesis on the changes in social behavior in the context of finding partners. An important part of his study concerns the various practices followed by males and females over the course of generations and how they have gradually transformed into our current social norms. Derek can be called a(n) _______ psychologist.

A)personality
B)developmental
C)clinical
D)evolutionary

Question 76

Traits such as sociability and aggressiveness are thought to be __________.

A)monogenic
B)non-inherent
C)vestigial
D)polygenic

Question 77

Messages from the brain or spinal cord are transmitted to muscles or glands through _______.

A)Schwann cells
B)afferent neurons
C)glial cells
D)motor neurons

Question 78

Chloe has been having a lot of difficulty paying attention at work and sleeping at night. Which of the following structures might be the cause of these issues?

A)Reticular formation
B)Hippocampus
C)Cerebellum
D)Parietal lobe

Question 79

In the context of behavioral genetics, identify the correct statement.

A)Heredity refers to the transmission of non-biological cultural factors from one generation to another.
B)Heredity is apparently involved in psychological disorders ranging from anxiety and depression to personality disorders.
C)Heredity does not play a role in substance abuse and self-esteem.
D)Heredity factors include environmental factors such as the social environment of an individual.

Question 80

A neuron sends _______ to relay its message to another neuron.

A)nuclei
B)hormones
C)neurotransmitters
D)electricity