Deck 4: Social Structure and Interaction in Everyday Life

Question 1

Social networks function equally well for members of all social classes.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

According to ethnomethodologists, interaction is based on assumptions of shared expectancies.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Impression management is equally important, regardless of the nature of the social interaction and the status of the participants.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Within industrial and postindustrial societies, a person's occupation is a key defining characteristic.

Question 5

Pastoral societies are based on technology that supports the cultivation of plants to provide food.

Question 6

Role performance always matches role expectations.

Question 7

According to both Durkheim and Tӧnnies, social solidarity is impossible within industrialized societies.

Question 8

Our roles are defined in the context of roles performed by others.

Question 9

Social encounters and social interaction have different meaning for people based on their status and previous experience.

Question 10

The social structure is essential for a society, but is not an essential part of any particular individual's life.

Question 11

A status set comprises all the statuses that a person occupies at a given time.

Question 12

Secondary groups are more specialized than primary ones.

Question 13

Role conflict and role strain are essentially the same thing.

Question 14

Boys are touched more roughly and playfully than girls, who are handled more gently and protectively.

Question 15

Exiting a role is more difficult for some roles than for others.

Question 16

The need for personal space appears to decrease as one ages.

Question 17

The same status symbol may convey different meaning depending upon the status of the person who has it.

Question 18

Social structure creates stability and order in a society, but also creates boundaries and establishes unequal relations between groups of people.

Question 19

In order for a person to perform a role satisfactorily, he or she must have a commitment or attachment to the role.

Question 20

The expectations attached to any particular status depend on the person who occupies it at that time.

Question 21

theorists maintain that in capitalistic societies, where a few people control the labor of many, the social structure reflects a system of relationships of domination and subordination.

A) Differential association
B) Symbolic interactionist
C) Conflict
D) Functionalist

Question 22

Which of these is an example of an achieved status?

A) daughter
B) husband
C) African American
D) adolescent

Question 23

A(n) status is a social position conferred at birth or received involuntarily later in life, based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control, such as race/ethnicity, age, and gender.

A) achieved
B) central
C) ascribed
D) universal

Question 24

Being homeless, having immigrant status, wearing a prison uniform, and having a visible physical disability are all examples of _.

A) stigmas
B) social norms
C) anomie
D) role conflicts

Question 25

All of these statements about social structure are true, except .

A) it is not essential for individual well-being
B) it is essential for the survival of society
C) it provides a web of familial support and social relationships
D) it connects individuals to the larger society

Question 26

A(n) status is a social position a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort.

A) achieved
B) central
C) ascribed
D) universal

Question 27

refers to the state of being part insider and part outsider in the social structure, such as that of immigrants who simultaneously share the life and traditions of two distinct groups.

A) Alienation
B) Stigmatization
C) Social marginality
D) Anomie

Question 28

Which of these is not considered to be a social institution?

A) family
B) science
C) travel
D) economy

Question 29

Teacher, student, professional athlete, rock musician, and homeless person are all examples of .

A) roles
B) labels
C) statuses
D) classes

Question 30

A is a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties, and it exists independently of the specific people occupying the position.

A) role
B) label
C) status
D) class

Question 31

Which of these statements about social structure is false?

A) Social structure gives us the ability to interpret the social situations we encounter.
B) A predictable social structure makes it easier to develop one's self-concept.
C) Social structure creates stability within society.
D) Social structure creates relationships that are generally equal.

Question 32

Social structure consists of all of these, except .

A) institutions
B) values
C) groups and organizations
D) status and roles

Question 33

The sociological term for any physical or social attribute or sign that devalues a person's social identity and disqualifies that person from full social acceptance is .

A) deviance
B) stigma
C) anomie
D) alienation

Question 34

theorists emphasize that social structure is essential because it creates order and predictability in a society.

A) Functionalist
B) Conflict
C) Symbolic interactionist
D) Premodern

Question 35

Occupation is an example of a(n) status.

A) ascribed
B) evolving
C) primary
D) achieved

Question 36

Amber is a first grade teacher, a daughter, a wife, a mother, a Presbyterian, a soccer coach, and a Kansas resident. Taken together, all of these socially defined positions constitute her .

A) status grouping
B) status set
C) status category
D) status diagram

Question 37

At the , the social structure of a society has several essential elements: social institutions, groups, statuses, roles, and norms.

A) mesolevel
B) macrolevel
C) metalevel
D) microlevel

Question 38

Which of these is not generally considered a component of the social structure?

A) societal institutions
B) rules
C) values and beliefs
D) social roles

Question 39

Jorge is a male born to Mexican American parents; he was assigned these positions at birth. He is an adult and-if he lives long enough-will someday become an "older adult," later in life. All of these are considered statuses.

A) universal
B) achieved
C) central
D) ascribed

Question 40

The sociological term for the process by which people act toward and respond to other people, and which is considered the foundation for all relationships and groups in society, is .

A) response patterns
B) social interaction
C) symbolic interactionism
D) structural functionalism

Question 41

Carlos is a freshman at the local college. As a student, he is feeling pressure. He wants to party like the rest of his fraternity brothers, but at the same time, he wants to maintain his 4.0 grade point average. Sociologists would say that Carlos is experiencing .

A) role conflict
B) role incompatibility
C) role reversal
D) role strain

Question 42

Wearing a wedding ring proclaims that a person is married, owning a Rolls-Royce announces that one has "made it," and pushing a shopping cart is an indicator that one is homeless. These are examples of .

A) status symbols
B) conspicuous consumption
C) social capital
D) cultural capital

Question 43

Media stories that focus on the lack of education or work history among the homeless and not on structural factors such as economic recession or the lack of affordable housing fail to account for the of the situation.

A) role expectation
B) organic solidarity
C) macro view
D) role conflict

Question 44

occurs when the expectations associated with a role are unclear.

A) Role expectation
B) Role relationality
C) Role ambiguity
D) Role alienation

Question 45

One's occupation is an indicator of level of education and income and may also reflect family background. In the United States, occupation is an important determinant of social position. This makes occupation a likely status.

A) set
B) master
C) predetermined
D) ascribed

Question 46

A is a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status.

A) position
B) character
C) value
D) role

Question 47

The expectations for being a college student include attending class, completing assignments, and being involved in campus activities. These expectations are an example of a .

A) status symbol
B) role
C) social status
D) status conflict

Question 48

refers to the conscious fostering of the impression of a lack of commitment or attachment to a particular role. It is clear one merely goes through the motions of role performance.

A) Role distancing
B) Role conflict
C) Role ambiguity
D) Role strain

Question 49

Which of these is the best illustration of the characterization of roles as relational?

A) It is not clear at what age children should no longer be expected to depend upon their parents for economic support.
B) In times of rapid social change, the roles for various positions become somewhat unclear.
C) One's role performance may not fit the role expectations for any particular status.
D) In order for a teacher to perform in that role, there must be at least one student.

Question 50

Jane defines herself first and foremost as a student. For Jane, being a student is considered her status.

A) ascribed
B) valued
C) conspicuous
D) master

Question 51

Marital inequality, conflict over parenting responsibilities, unclear expectations, and lack of emotional support may contribute to for both men and women.

A) role conflict
B) status inconsistency
C) role strain
D) status frustration

Question 52

Charles has a final exam in the evening at a time when he is supposed to be working. That same evening, Stephanie (his girlfriend) wants him to take her to a movie. To top it off, his mother calls, asking him to fly home because his father is going to have emergency surgery. Sociologists would say that Charles is very likely experiencing .

A) role performance
B) role ambiguity
C) role conflict
D) role alienation

Question 53

A former business manager is between jobs and takes a job at a local retail store in order to make ends meet. In that position, she frequently talks about her previous work and her plans for the future. She doesn't want people to view her as a "clerk." Her behavior is an example of .

A) role ambiguity
B) role inconsistency
C) role distancing
D) role exiting

Question 54

It is not always clear when the provider-dependent aspect of the parent-child relationship ends. Should it end at age 18 or 21? When a person is no longer in school? This is an example of .

A) role expectation
B) role performance
C) role alienation
D) role ambiguity

Question 55

For any particular status, refers to how a person actually behaves within her role.

A) role expectation
B) symbolic performance
C) role performance
D) status expectation

Question 56

Recent research indicates that female student-athletes have their own ways of dealing with the "female/athlete paradox," which is an example of .

A) role conflict
B) role strain
C) status symbol
D) role expectation

Question 57

occurs when people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity.

A) Status rejection
B) Role ambiguity
C) Role exit
D) Role rejection

Question 58

Regardless of a person's other characteristics, which of these is most likely to become a stigmatized master status?

A) father
B) coach
C) homeless
D) male

Question 59

What do most men consider to be their master status?

A) educational status
B) husband
C) father
D) occupation

Question 60

When occurs, we may feel pulled in different directions. We may prioritize our roles and first complete the one we consider to be most important. Or we may compartmentalize our lives and "insulate" our various roles.

A) role ambiguity
B) role strain
C) role performance
D) role conflict

Question 61

Which of these statements about social networks is false?

A) Social networks include members of primary groups and secondary groups.
B) Social networks link individuals to others.
C) Social networks function differently for members of different categories of people.
D) Social networks work equally well for people of all social classes.

Question 62

theorists do not believe that social institutions work for the common good of everyone in society. They emphasize that social institutions are most likely to meet the needs of those with the greatest amount of power in a society.

A) Conflict
B) Functionalist
C) Symbolic interaction
D) Postmodern

Question 63

The family, religion, education, the economy, the government (politics), mass media, sports, science and medicine, and the military are all examples of .

A) social institutions
B) working groups
C) informal organizations
D) social associations

Question 64

Sociologists Emile Durkheim and Ferdinand Tӧnnies both .

A) were interested in the economic system of a society
B) were both more concerned with change than with stability
C) developed typologies to explain change in the social structure of societies
D) analyzed interpersonal interaction

Question 65

Which of these is not part of the sociological definition of any group?

A) consists of two or more people
B) interactions are emotion-based
C) people who interact frequently
D) shares a feeling of interdependence

Question 66

Sociologist Helen Ebaugh concluded that role exit occurs in four stages, the second of which is , in which people may step away from their existing roles.

A) a search for alternatives
B) the creation of a new identity
C) the turning point
D) doubt

Question 67

Sociologists define a(n) as a larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time.

A) informal group
B) primary group
C) secondary group
D) institution

Question 68

According to Durkheim, social solidarity in industrialized societies is sustained by .

A) commonly held values and beliefs
B) shared dependence established through the division of labor
C) the power of the elite to create social control
D) networks of family and friends

Question 69

include our family, close friends, and school- or work-related peer groups.

A) Institutions
B) Secondary groups
C) Formal groups
D) Primary groups

Question 70

The sociological term for a set of social relationships that link one individual to others is .

A) social solidarity
B) social support
C) social network
D) social institution

Question 71

As a theorist, Emile Durkheim was most interest in the question: .

A) What holds societies together?
B) Who benefits from the structure of society?
C) What meanings do various symbols have for different groups of people?
D) What is the experience of women and others with lower status in society?

Question 72

Which of these is the best example of a secondary group?

A) the people working together in the same department
B) a group of best friends
C) a parent and child
D) a sociology class

Question 73

Which of these is the best example of a primary group?

A) the people working together in the same department
B) a sociology class
C) a jury
D) the people at a bus station

Question 74

Conflict and functionalist theorists are in agreement that .

A) social institutions primarily serve the interests of the more powerful in a society
B) social institutions work for the common good of all in society
C) social institutions are originally organized to meet basic needs within society
D) all societies fulfill their basic needs in essentially the same ways

Question 75

, or cohesion, refers to a group's ability to maintain itself in the face of obstacles. It exists when social bonds, attractions, or other forces hold members of a group in interaction over a period of time.

A) Social networking
B) Social solidarity
C) Cultural bonding
D) Cultural diffusion

Question 76

From the perspective, social institutions are not organized for the common good of everyone.

A) postmodern
B) functionalist
C) conflict
D) symbolic interactionist

Question 77

A is a highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals.

A) secondary organization
B) formal organization
C) social institution
D) social organization

Question 78

emphasize the role of social institutions in accomplishing essential tasks for society.

A) Conflict theorists
B) Functionalists
C) Symbolic interactionists
D) Postmodernists

Question 79

A is a set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs.

A) group
B) social organization
C) social institution
D) working group

Question 80

Schools, churches, and corporations are examples of groups.

A) secondary
B) acting
C) primary
D) informal