Deck 9: Race and Ethnicity

Question 1

The Gini coefficient measures the degree of inequality in the distribution of family income in a country.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Economic growth and higher incomes in low- and middle-developed nations are not always necessary to bring about improvements in health and education.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Dependency theory does not explain how East Asia and India have historically been dependent on foreign aid and foreign trade yet have still experienced rapid economic growth.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Nations with high-income economies always have a higher rate of economic growth than newly industrializing nations.

Question 5

According to world systems theory, the capitalist world economy is a global system divided into a hierarchy of three major types of nations.

Question 6

The terms used to describe global stratification and economic inequality are the same today as they were 70 years ago.

Question 7

There have been no improvements in health status, literacy, and lessening of extreme poverty throughout the world over the past 50 years.

Question 8

According to the United Nations, the gap in literacy rates between women and men has virtually disappeared.

Question 9

Despite a decrease in tobacco smoking in high-income countries, there has been a global increase in per capita tobacco consumption.

Question 10

Many of the poorest people in the world live in high-income countries.

Question 11

Improving a country's gross national income (GNI) does not necessarily improve the standard of living for the poorest people living in that country.

Question 12

The literacy rate has become increasingly less useful as an indicator of economic progress within a country.

Question 13

Almost all commodity production today involves a producer-driven commodity chain.

Question 14

For countries in the middle of the human development index, the average life expectancy at birth is about 12 years less than that of people in countries at the top of the HDI.

Question 15

The multidimensional measure of poverty is most useful in analyzing poverty in high- and middle-income countries, where people have greater access to resources.

Question 16

According to the definition from the United Nations, people who can only write their name or simple figures are not considered literate.

Question 17

A 2016 Oxfam report indicated that the richest 62 individuals in the world own as much wealth as the poorest half of the world's population.

Question 18

Throughout the world, the countries that have been most successful in moving from low- to middle-income status have been those that are most centrally involved in the global capitalist economy.

Question 19

Only high-income countries are relatively unaffected by capital flight.

Question 20

Population researchers believe that issues such as population growth, economic development, and environmental problems must be seen as independent issues.

Question 21

The term refers to material well-being that can be measured by the quality of goods and services that may be purchased by the per capita national income.

A) standard of living
B) absolute poverty
C) relative standard
D) gross national income (GNI)

Question 22

Within the "Three Worlds" approach, refers to rich, industrialized nations that primarily had capitalist economic systems and democratic political systems.

A) Fourth World nations
B) Second World nations
C) Third World nations
D) First World nations

Question 23

The income gaps between richer and poorer countries of the world are than the income gaps between classes in the United States.

A) more pronounced
B) less pronounced
C) more equal
D) less stratified

Question 24

The , named after a U.S. secretary of state, provided massive sums of money in direct aid and loans to rebuild the European economic base destroyed during World War II.

A) Albright Plan
B) Baker Plan
C) Southern Plan
D) Marshall Plan

Question 25

Countries in the have little or no industrialization and the lowest standards of living, shortest life expectancies, and highest rates of mortality.

A) Second World
B) Fourth World
C) First World
D) Third World

Question 26

Ideas regarding underdevelopment were popularized by in his 1949 inaugural address. He stated that nations in the Southern Hemisphere were "underdeveloped areas" because of their low gross national product.

A) President Roosevelt
B) President Eisenhower
C) President Truman
D) President Kennedy

Question 27

Which of the following countries would best be described as a Third World nation?

A) Brazil
B) Russia
C) Ethiopia
D) Germany

Question 28

The United States, Canada, Japan, Great Britain, Australia, and New Zealand are examples of nations.

A) Third World
B) Second World
C) First World
D) Fourth World

Question 29

Throughout the world, even in remote and rural areas, people are benefiting from the economic development of low- and middle-income countries.

Question 30

Global stratification _.

A) involves the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige on a global basis
B) results in some countries being more democratic than others
C) ultimately ends up with people having remarkably similar lifestyles and life chances
D) refers only to inequality among the nations of the world

Question 31

are nations characterized by highly industrialized economies; technologically advanced industrial, administrative, and service occupations; and relatively high levels of national and per capita income.

A) Middle-income countries
B) Low-income countries
C) High-income countries
D) Relative-income countries

Question 32

China, North Korea, Vietnam, Cuba, and portions of the former Soviet Union have been considered examples of __________ nations.

A) Second World
B) Fourth World
C) First World
D) Third World

Question 33

The term refers to all of the goods and services produced in a country within a given year, plus the net income earned outside the country by individuals and corporations.

A) national net wealth (NNW)
B) gross domestic income (GDI)
C) gross national income (GNI)
D) gross economic income (GEI)

Question 34

One of the primary means used in attempts to reduce inequality and alleviate the worst effects of poverty in the less industrialized nations of the world is .

A) welfare programs
B) development
C) improved literacy
D) birth control

Question 35

After several decades of development programs sponsored by the World Bank and the United Nations, global poverty _.

A) has been virtually eliminated
B) has decreased considerably within countries
C) remained essentially at the same levels
D) continued to increase

Question 36

Low-income countries are primarily and have little industrialization and low levels of national and personal income.

A) service-oriented nations
B) egalitarian nations
C) urbanized nations
D) agrarian nations

Question 37

After , the terms "First World," "Second World," and "Third World" were introduced by social analysts to describe countries in terms of their economic development.

A) World War I
B) the Korean War
C) World War II
D) the Vietnam War

Question 38

refers to countries with at least a moderate level of economic development and a moderate standard of living.

A) First World
B) Second World
C) Third World
D) Fourth World

Question 39

The terms "First World," "Second World," and "Third World" categorize countries according to .

A) degree of economic development
B) the status of women relative to that of men
C) rates of literacy
D) population size

Question 40

Nations with industrializing economies, particularly in urban areas, and moderate levels of national and personal income are termed _.

A) relative-income countries
B) middle-income countries
C) high-income countries
D) low-income countries

Question 41

poverty is measured by comparing the actual income against the income earner's expectations and perceptions.

A) Absolute
B) Relative
C) Standard
D) Subjective

Question 42

Low-income economies are primarily found in countries in , where half of the world's population resides.

A) Eastern Europe and Africa
B) Africa and Asia
C) Asia and South America
D) South America and Africa

Question 43

poverty is measured by comparing personal or household income or expenses with the cost of buying a given quantity of goods and services.

A) Relative
B) Subjective
C) Standard
D) Absolute

Question 44

About countries are classified as low-income economies by the World Bank.

A) 10
B) 34
C) 72
D) 94

Question 45

poverty is measured by comparing one person's income with the incomes of others.

A) Absolute
B) Extreme
C) Relative
D) Standard

Question 46

Defining levels of poverty involves measuring along several dimensions, including .

A) religious affiliation
B) how far above the poverty line people's incomes fall
C) how long people have been poor
D) percentage of income spent on basic living expenses

Question 47

refers to the closing of plants and factories because of their obsolescence or because workers in other nations are being hired to do the work more cheaply.

A) Reindustrialization
B) Capital flight
C) Decapitalization
D) Deindustrialization

Question 48

Nations with continue to dominate the world economy, despite the fact that shifts in the global marketplace have affected some workers, who have found themselves without work due to capital flight.

A) lower-middle-income economies
B) low-income economies
C) high-income economies
D) upper-middle-income economies

Question 49

All of the following are reasons why women and children are especially affected by poverty in low-income economies except _.

A) lower overall pay than men
B) women lack control over household resources
C) the poor have lower fertility rates than the wealthy
D) gender disparities in work

Question 50

Probably the most affected by poverty in low-income economies are .

A) women and children
B) adult men and women
C) aged men and women
D) aged women

Question 51

The upper and lower limits for the categorization of countries according to their levels of income are set by the __________.

A) United Nations
B) World Bank
C) International Monetary Fund
D) World Trade Organization

Question 52

The World Bank divides middle-income economies into different categories. Mongolia and Paraguay are examples of nations with economies.

A) upper-middle-income
B) high-income
C) lower-middle-income
D) low-income

Question 53

A condition in which people do not have the means to secure the most basic necessities of life is called __________.

A) standard poverty
B) absolute poverty
C) relative poverty
D) subjective poverty

Question 54

The movement of jobs and economic resources from one nation to another is termed .

A) divestment
B) capital flight
C) south-to-south migration
D) deskilling

Question 55

The World Bank defines absolute poverty globally as living on less than per day.

A) $1.00
B) $1.25
C) $1.90
D) $3.00

Question 56

exists when people may be able to afford basic necessities but are still unable to maintain an average standard of living.

A) Relative poverty
B) Absolute poverty
C) Subjective poverty
D) Standard poverty

Question 57

A Gini coefficient of 0 means that .

A) there is no income inequality in the country; everyone has the same income
B) a country has complete inequality; that is, one person receives all of the income
C) there is a lack of sufficient data with which to compute income inequality
D) there is a negative gross national income

Question 58

Compared with lower-middle-income economies, nations having upper-middle-income economies typically __________.

A) have a somewhat higher standard of living
B) have higher levels of indebtedness
C) export less and keep more raw materials and fuels
D) have less political freedom

Question 59

About of the world's population resides in nations with a middle-income economy.

A) one-half
B) one-third
C) one-fourth
D) one-fifth

Question 60

The measures the degree of income inequality within a country.

A) Helmicki coefficient
B) Georgia equation
C) gross domestic inequality
D) Gini coefficient

Question 61

Many people in low-income nations remain in poor health. In fact, about million people die each year from diarrhea, malaria, tuberculosis, and other infections and parasitic illnesses.

A) 1
B) 13
C) 25
D) 50

Question 62

Bringing about social change requires .

A) developing effective social policies
B) getting people to understand the issue as primarily financial
C) appealing to religious values
D) moving people out of cities and back to farms

Question 63

Walt Rostow, economic advisor to U.S. President Kennedy and proponent of modernization theory, identified as one of the largest barriers to development in low-income nations.

A) traditional cultural values
B) degree of ethnocentrism
C) nontraditional cultural norms
D) level of cultural relativism

Question 64

The is a measure of the number of deaths per thousand live births in a calendar year.

A) infant mortality rate
B) crude-birth rate
C) fertility rate
D) crude-death rate

Question 65

The United Nations defines human development as .

A) the process of expanding people's choices, capabilities, and ability to take action to improve their own lives and live life to its fullest
B) access to adequate health services, including contraception, to increase physical fitness
C) the process of education and travel to increase a person's earning power
D) involvement in global social movements for peace and stability

Question 66

The average life expectancy at birth of people in low-HDI countries is about years less than that of people in very-high-HDI nations.

A) 12
B) 20
C) 25
D) 30

Question 67

The most widely known development theory is , which is a perspective that links global inequality to different levels of economic development and suggests that low-income economies can move to middle- and high- income economies by achieving self-sustained economic growth.

A) dependency theory
B) world systems theory
C) modernization theory
D) the new international division of labor theory

Question 68

Nearly people around the world are malnourished.

A) 100 million
B) 500 million
C) 1 billion
D) 3 billion

Question 69

In 1990, the United Nations introduced the , establishing three new criteria, in addition to the gross national income, for measuring the level of development in a country.

A) national resource product (NRP)
B) personal satisfaction index (PSI)
C) Gini coefficient
D) human development index (HDI)

Question 70

Based on the Gini coefficient, which of these countries has the highest economic inequality?

A) Afghanistan
B) Norway
C) Haiti
D) United States

Question 71

The adult literacy rate in the low-income countries is about half that of the high-income countries. constitute about two-thirds of those who are illiterate in the low-income countries.

A) Men
B) Women
C) Children
D) Adolescents

Question 72

With regard to education around the world, .

A) there has been no progress in educational attainment
B) educational attainment has increased only for women
C) gender gaps in education are greatest when children are young
D) children from more affluent families have greater access to educational resources

Question 73

Because of , extreme global poverty has declined in recent years.

A) social policy
B) global warming
C) more equitable wealth distribution
D) globalization

Question 74

Human development research has reached the conclusion that .

A) increases in human development will seem greater in poorer countries
B) without significant increases in income, human development is not possible
C) the best way to achieve human development is through economic development
D) economic growth and higher incomes are not necessary to achieve improvement in health and education

Question 75

The United Nations Development Programme uses a multidimensional measure of poverty. What are the dimensions used in the multidimensional poverty index (MPI)?

A) health, education, and living standards
B) income, employment, and living standards
C) health, infant mortality, and literacy rates
D) literacy, employment, and infant mortality

Question 76

Which region of the world has the lowest life expectancy for persons born in 2015?

A) Southeast Asia
B) sub-Saharan Africa
C) East Asia
D) South America

Question 77

In addition to gross national income (GNI), the human development index considers living standards, life expectancy, and _.

A) literacy
B) education
C) fertility rate
D) minimum wage

Question 78

Based on the Gini coefficient, which of these countries has the least economic inequality?

A) Egypt
B) Sweden
C) Namibia
D) United States

Question 79

The only significant group of middle- and lower-income economies to close the gap with the high-income economies over the past few decades has been the nations of .

A) East Asia
B) Latin America
C) West Africa
D) Europe

Question 80

According to , the low-income, less-developed nations can improve their standard of living only with a period of intensive economic growth and accompanying changes in people's beliefs, values, and attitudes toward work.

A) the new international division of labor theory
B) modernization theory
C) dependency theory
D) world systems theory