Deck 10: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

Question 1

Millions of Native Americans were killed due to the official policies of genocide established by the U.S. government.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Although the United States had colonial rule over the Philippines from 1898 to 1946, Filipinos were not considered citizens of the United States.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Prejudice may be either positive or negative toward a particular group.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Sports provided a means for assimilating and using educational opportunities for members of white ethnic groups in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Question 5

Not all workers in a capitalist system are exploited to the same extent.

Question 6

Commercialization of sports has put an end to racial discrimination, at least within the realm of athletics.

Question 7

Policies that prohibit overt, blatant forms of racial injustice may have little impact on the daily business-as-usual forms of racial discrimination.

Question 8

The label "Hispanic" has not been fully accepted as an identity by Latinos/as living in the United States today.

Question 9

Race has much more significance socially than it does biologically.

Question 10

Racism tends to intensify during periods of economic uncertainty.

Question 11

African Americans today have the same rate of unemployment as whites.

Question 12

Ethnic pluralism requires a change or shift in one's ethnic or cultural identity.

Question 13

In terms of income, employment, housing, nutrition, and health, African Americans are the most disadvantaged racial or ethnic group in the United States today.

Question 14

According to sociological definitions, subordinate groups and dominant groups are not actually groups because the members do not necessarily interact with each other.

Question 15

Hispanics are the fastest growing minority group in the United States today.

Question 16

From the functionalist perspective, assimilation is positive because it leads to social stability by minimizing group differences.

Question 17

Latino/a or Hispanic is a racial designation.

Question 18

The use of Native American nicknames and mascots by athletic teams is essentially harmless.

Question 19

Discriminatory acts are always accompanied by prejudiced attitudes.

Question 20

All forms of protest are considered acts of civil disobedience.

Question 21

Sociologists emphasize that race .

A) is a socially constructed reality
B) is important biologically
C) is established genetically not socially
D) has no importance within society

Question 22

Used sociologically, most commonly refers to a negative attitude based on faulty generalizations about members of specific racial, ethnic, or other groups.

A) prejudice
B) discrimination
C) stereotyping
D) profiling

Question 23

The sociological term for a group of people distinguished by others or by themselves, primarily on the basis of cultural characteristics or national origin, is .

A) folk group
B) tribal group
C) race
D) ethnic group

Question 24

The identifiers Jewish Americans, Irish Americans, and Italian Americans refer to a person's .

A) ethnic group
B) folkways
C) neighborhood
D) racial identity

Question 25

is the term for a category of people who have been singled out as inferior or superior, often on the basis of real or alleged physical characteristics such as skin color, hair texture, eye shape, or other subjectively selected attributes.

A) Ethnic group
B) Race
C) Tribal group
D) Culture

Question 26

Although the United States has claimed Puerto Rico as a territory since 1917, Puerto Ricans are not considered citizens of the United States.

Question 27

Sociologists use the term for a group that is advantaged by greater power and access to resources in a society.

A) dominant group
B) minority group
C) subordinate group
D) multilateral group

Question 28

refers to the tendency to regard one's own culture and group as the standard, and thus superior, whereas all other groups are seen as inferior.

A) Stereotyping
B) Ethnocentrism
C) Discrimination
D) Prejudice

Question 29

Sociologists use the term for a group whose members are disadvantaged by physical or cultural characteristics, are subjected to unequal treatment by the controlling group, and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination.

A) dominant group
B) multilateral group
C) subordinate group
D) majority group

Question 30

The term ethnicity refers to _.

A) people who share a racial identity
B) a group of people who were all born in the same location
C) a person's cultural background or national origin
D) feelings of ethnocentrism

Question 31

In 1947, broke the "color line" to become the first African American in Major League Baseball.

A) Willie Mays
B) Jackie Robinson
C) Henry Aaron
D) Satchel Paige

Question 32

In the United States, in , for the first time individuals were able to identify themselves on the Census as being of more than one race.

A) 1790
B) 1880
C) 1965
D) 2000

Question 33

Ethnocentrism is maintained and perpetuated by , which is/are overgeneralization(s) about the appearance, behavior, or other characteristics of members of particular categories.

A) prejudices
B) stereotypes
C) discrimination
D) profiling

Question 34

The definition of races as distinct biological categories first emerged in the .

A) Middle Ages
B) eighteenth century around the time of the American Revolution
C) nineteenth century, in efforts to justify slavery
D) early twentieth century beginning with Jim Crow laws

Question 35

Sociologists would term whites in the United States with Northern European ancestry (often referred to as Euro- Americans, white Anglo-Saxon Protestants, or WASPs) the .

A) dominant group
B) minority group
C) subordinate group
D) multilateral group

Question 36

is a set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices used to justify the superior treatment of one racial or ethnic group and the inferior treatment of another racial or ethnic group.

A) Profiling
B) Discrimination
C) Stereotyping
D) Racism

Question 37

Between 2000 and 2010, the percentage of Americans identifying as more than one race on the Census increased by __________.

A) 2 percent
B) 18 percent
C) 32 percent
D) 100 percent

Question 38

The term refers to blatant behavior and may take the form of public statements about the "inferiority" of members of a racial or ethnic group.

A) open racism
B) subtle racism
C) overt racism
D) closed racism

Question 39

Within sports, team mascots that depict Native Americans in beads and paint, wearing headdresses, and doing the "tomahawk" chop are examples of .

A) discrimination
B) profiling
C) prejudice
D) stereotyping

Question 40

Sociologists sometimes put the term "race" in quotation marks because .

A) it is not a word used within sociology
B) they recognize that the term "race" has little meaning in a biological sense
C) they want to highlight the importance of race sociologically
D) the word "race" has foreign origins

Question 41

A restaurant owner in the 1950s does not feel negatively toward African Americans but refuses to serve them in his restaurant because he fears that doing so would offend customers. According to Robert Merton's typology, the restaurant owner is a(n) .

A) unprejudiced discriminator
B) prejudiced nondiscriminator
C) prejudiced discriminator
D) unprejudiced nondiscriminator

Question 42

According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, are not personally prejudiced and do not discriminate against others.

A) prejudiced discriminators
B) unprejudiced nondiscriminators
C) prejudiced nondiscriminators
D) unprejudiced discriminators

Question 43

The explanation for racism and prejudice that comes from the symbolic interactionist perspective is .

A) social learning theory
B) an authoritarian personality
C) the frustration-aggression hypothesis
D) social convergence theory

Question 44

According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, hold personal prejudice but do not discriminate due to peer pressure, legal demands, or a desire for profits.

A) prejudiced discriminators
B) unprejudiced discriminators
C) prejudiced nondiscriminators
D) unprejudiced nondiscriminators

Question 45

An umpire dislikes African Americans and, with deliberate intent, often makes official calls incorrectly when black players are at bat. According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, this umpire is a (n) _.

A) unprejudiced nondiscriminator
B) unprejudiced discriminator
C) prejudiced nondiscriminator
D) prejudiced discriminator

Question 46

Children are not "naturally" prejudiced. Prejudice and discrimination are reinforced when relatives and friends reward children with smiles and laughs for telling derogatory jokes or making negative comments about outgroup members. This is the basic framework of the .

A) social learning theory
B) frustration-aggression hypothesis
C) authoritarian personality thesis
D) unprejudiced discrimination theory

Question 47

refers to actions or practices of dominant-group members (or their representatives) that have a harmful impact on members of a subordinate group.

A) Prejudice
B) Racism
C) Stereotyping
D) Discrimination

Question 48

Which of these explanations for racism is most likely to include the concept of a scapegoat?

A) social learning theory
B) authoritarian personality principle
C) frustration aggression hypothesis
D) social convergence hypothesis

Question 49

The states that people who are disappointed in their efforts to achieve a highly desired goal will respond with a pattern of assertiveness toward others.

A) social learning theory
B) authoritarian personality principle
C) frustration-aggression hypothesis
D) social convergence hypothesis

Question 50

The systematic killing of thousands of Native Americans by the U.S. government and the extermination of six million European Jews by Nazi Germany during World War II are examples of .

A) prejudice
B) discrimination
C) genocide
D) racism

Question 51

Psychologist Theodor W. Adorno and his colleagues concluded that highly prejudiced individuals tend to have a(n) , characterized by excessive conformity, submissiveness to authority, intolerance, insecurity, a high level of superstition, and rigid, stereotypic thinking.

A) frustrated-aggressive demeanor
B) authoritarian personality
C) scapegoat obsession
D) ethnocentric persona

Question 52

A football coach dislikes African Americans but still hires black players because he thinks they will enhance the team's ability to win. According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, this coach is a(n) _.

A) unprejudiced nondiscriminator
B) unprejudiced discriminator
C) prejudiced nondiscriminator
D) prejudiced discriminator

Question 53

In sports, calling a player of color a derogatory name, participating in racist chanting during a sporting event, and writing racist graffiti in a team's locker room are examples of racism.

A) closed
B) overt
C) open
D) subtle

Question 54

One study found that as the economic conditions worsened in the South, whites aimed their anger toward African Americans, who then became a scapegoat. As a result, there was an increase in the lynching of African Americans. This illustrates theory.

A) authoritarian personality
B) conflict
C) symbolic interactionist
D) frustration-aggression

Question 55

is the term for racist behavior that may be hidden from sight and more difficult to prove.

A) Subtle racism
B) Open racism
C) Closed racism
D) Overt racism

Question 56

Two players on a professional sports team are best friends; it so happens that one player is white and the other is African American. According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, these players are _.

A) unprejudiced nondiscriminators
B) unprejudiced discriminators
C) prejudiced nondiscriminators
D) prejudiced discriminators

Question 57

The term refers to the deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation.

A) discrimination
B) genocide
C) prejudice
D) racism

Question 58

According to Adorno, the is most likely to develop in a family environment in which dominating parents who are anxious about status use physical discipline but show very little love in raising their children.

A) ethnocentric social learning
B) inferiority-superiority complex
C) passive-aggressive personality
D) authoritarian personality

Question 59

The term is used for people and groups that are blamed for societal problems (such as unemployment or an economic recession) over which they have no control.

A) minority
B) stereotype
C) mascot
D) scapegoat

Question 60

Based on sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, may have no personal prejudice but still engage in discriminatory behavior because of peer group pressure or economic, political, or social interests.

A) unprejudiced discriminators
B) prejudiced nondiscriminators
C) prejudiced discriminators
D) unprejudiced nondiscriminators

Question 61

In San Jose, California, managers of Denny's restaurants were instructed to implement policies designed to limit or discourage African American patronage. Applying the typology of Joe Feagin, these policies are an example of discrimination.

A) indirect institutionalized
B) small-group
C) direct institutionalized
D) isolate

Question 62

The states that when people from divergent groups are exposed to each other, favorable attitudes and behavior develop when certain factors are present.

A) relational hypothesis
B) social behavior thesis
C) contact hypothesis
D) functionalist perspective

Question 63

occurs when members of an ethnic group adopt dominant-group traits, such as language, dress, values, religion, and food preferences.

A) Cultural assimilation (acculturation)
B) Structural assimilation (integration)
C) Biological assimilation (amalgamation)
D) Psychological assimilation

Question 64

examine how microlevel contacts between people may produce either greater racial tolerance or increased levels of hostility.

A) Conflict theorists
B) Symbolic interactionists
C) Functionalists
D) Postmodern theorists

Question 65

discrimination consists of the day-to-day practices of organizations and institutions that have a harmful impact on members of subordinate groups.

A) Individual
B) Marginal
C) Institutional
D) Uniform

Question 66

is a process by which members of subordinate racial and ethnic groups become absorbed into the dominant culture.

A) Participation
B) Pluralism
C) Assimilation
D) Colonialism

Question 67

Special education classes were originally intended to provide extra educational opportunities for children with various types of disabilities. However, critics claim that these programs have amounted to racial segregation in many school districts. Using the categories created by Feagin, these policies illustrate discrimination.

A) indirect institutionalized
B) small-group
C) direct institutionalized
D) isolate

Question 68

A bank consistently denies loans to people of color. This is an example of discrimination.

A) marginal
B) institutional
C) uniform
D) individual

Question 69

Sociologist Joe Feagin distinguishes four different categories of discrimination. He uses the term for harmful action intentionally taken by a dominant-group member against a member of a subordinate group, with or without the support of other members of the dominant group in the same social context.

A) indirect institutionalized discrimination
B) isolate discrimination
C) direct institutionalized discrimination
D) small-group discrimination

Question 70

According to the contact hypothesis, contact between members of divergent or opposing groups will lead to more favorable attitudes under certain conditions. Which of these is not one of the necessary conditions?

A) Members of each group have equal status.
B) Members of each group are pursuing the same goal.
C) Members of the different groups are required to cooperate with each other to achieve their goal.
D) Members are severely reprimanded for negative behavior and comments.

Question 71

typically starts in large, impersonal settings such as schools and workplaces, and only later (if at all) results in close friendships and intermarriage.

A) Psychological assimilation
B) Structural assimilation (integration)
C) Biological assimilation (amalgamation)
D) Cultural assimilation (acculturation)

Question 72

When discriminatory behavior is routinely carried out by a number of dominant-group members and is supported by the norms of the immediate organization or community, these actions are termed .

A) small-group discrimination
B) isolate discrimination
C) indirect institutionalized discrimination
D) direct institutionalized discrimination

Question 73

A prejudiced judge gives harsher sentences to all African American defendants, even though he is not supported by the judicial system in his actions. According to sociologist Joe Feagin, this illustrates discrimination.

A) indirect institutionalized
B) small-group
C) direct institutionalized
D) isolate

Question 74

discrimination consists of one-on-one acts by members of the dominant group that harm members of the subordinate group or their property.

A) Individual
B) Standard
C) Institutional
D) Uniform

Question 75

A small group of white students, without the support of other students or faculty members, defaces a professor's office with racial epithets. Joe Feagin would label the behavior of these students discrimination.

A) indirect institutionalized
B) small-group
C) direct institutionalized
D) isolate

Question 76

occurs when members of subordinate racial or ethnic groups gain acceptance in everyday social interaction with members of the dominant group, but do not necessarily make close friends or intermarry.

A) Biological assimilation (amalgamation)
B) Psychological assimilation
C) Structural assimilation (integration)
D) Cultural assimilation (acculturation)

Question 77

A landlord refuses to rent to someone of a different race. This is an example of discrimination.

A) uniform
B) institutional
C) standard
D) individual

Question 78

What happens when individuals meet someone who does not conform to their preexisting stereotypes?

A) They abandon the stereotypes and accept the person for who he or she is.
B) They ignore any behavior that contradicts the stereotype.
C) They ignore the person completely.
D) They change their ideas about the stereotypes they held.

Question 79

Which theoretical perspective is associated with the contact hypothesis?

A) functionalism
B) conflict theory
C) symbolic interactionism
D) postmodernism

Question 80

Indirect institutionalized discrimination occurs when .

A) a landlord refuses to rent to a person of a different race
B) under Jim Crow laws, the local library has separate reading areas for whites and people of color
C) the school system has a program for gifted and talented students in which all of the students are from high- income families
D) a group of young men vandalizes the car of a man they believe is gay