Deck 8: Global Stratification

Question 1

The primary interest of sociologists and criminologists is how societies create and sustain social control.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Arrest statistics are an accurate reflection of the crimes committed in the United States.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The primary difference between organized crime and terrorism is motivation.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Identify theft and advance fee fraud are just two examples of Internet crime.

Question 5

Violent crime in the United States decreased from 2013 to 2014.

Question 6

Sociologists find that there are similarities between gangs and high school cliques.

Question 7

The three most common arrest categories for both men and women are liquor-law violations, simple assault, and disorderly conduct.

Question 8

Sociologists believe that there is a set of behaviors within every society that is considered inherently deviant.

Question 9

From the functionalist perspective, a certain amount of deviance is necessary because it clarifies society's rules.

Question 10

From a functionalist perspective, deviance is always functional.

Question 11

Corporate crimes are often more costly in terms of money and lives lost than violent crimes.

Question 12

Functionalists and conflict theorists are in agreement that social norms and criminal law are directed primarily at protecting the interests of the powerful in a society.

Question 13

The most important gender differences in arrest rates are reflected in the proportionately greater involvement of men in major property crimes and violent crime.

Question 14

Metropolitan areas have the highest percentage of minority and women police officers.

Question 15

Foucault's research on deviance and social control indicates that power, knowledge, and social control are intertwined.

Question 16

The Uniform Crime Report is an accurate count of the types and numbers of crimes committed in the United States.

Question 17

People who are labeled deviant are generally regarded as deviant by all those around them.

Question 18

People are more likely to report crime when they believe that something can be done about it (e.g., apprehension of the perpetrator or retrieval of their property).

Question 19

Labeling theory provides a comprehensive explanation of deviance and social control.

Question 20

According to Sutherland, people who frequently associate with individuals who are nonconformists are more likely to exhibit deviant behaviors themselves.

Question 21

Which of these statements is not part of Durkheim's perspective on deviance?

A) Deviance is rooted in social factors like rapid social change.
B) As social integration decreases, deviance increases.
C) Deviance is functional for society.
D) Deviance is only common in contemporary societies.

Question 22

The vast majority of criminal cases are never tried in court.

Question 23

Durkheim used the term for the condition in which social norms are weak, conflicting, or absent.

A) anomie
B) verstehen
C) mechanical solidarity
D) Gemeinschaft

Question 24

When a label of deviance is based on a person's intentional or inadvertent actions, it is considered .

A) conditional
B) cultural
C) behavioral
D) conformist

Question 25

In contemporary societies, the primary mechanism of external social control is .

A) the criminal justice system
B) parents
C) the schools
D) the church

Question 26

Juveniles are subject to the same legal process and types of punishment as adults, only in a different system.

Question 27

refers to a violation of law or the commission of a status offense (such as cutting school or running away from home) by young people.

A) Juvenile delinquency
B) Truancy
C) Youthful misconduct
D) Crime

Question 28

is the term for any behavior, belief, or condition that violates significant social norms in the society or group in which it occurs.

A) Deviance
B) Crime
C) Stigma
D) Violence

Question 29

social control takes place through the socialization process.

A) External
B) Interior
C) Exterior
D) Internal

Question 30

The sociological term for the systematic practices that social groups develop in order to encourage conformity to norms, rules, and laws and to discourage deviance is .

A) policing
B) justice
C) social control
D) conformity

Question 31

From a sociological perspective, definitions of deviance originate .

A) in the specific behavior or condition
B) with the people who witness or judge the behavior
C) in legal and civil statutes or regulations
D) with the identity of the person whose behavior is in question

Question 32

A is a behavior that violates criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail terms, and/or other negative sanctions.

A) stigma
B) deviant act
C) crime
D) stigma

Question 33

Sociologist believed that deviance is rooted in societal factors such as rapid social change and lack of social integration among people. As social integration (bonding and community involvement) decreased, deviance and crime increased.

A) Robert Merton
B) Edwin Sutherland
C) Walter Reckless
D) Emile Durkheim

Question 34

Which of the following people would most likely be considered deviant because of an unusual belief system?

A) Lily has over a dozen body piercings and a number of visible tattoos.
B) Adam began laughing uproariously at his father's funeral.
C) Terri is convinced that the government is using vaccines to intentionally make people ill.
D) Walter is 300 pounds overweight and has trouble getting out of bed.

Question 35

Which of these is not a function of deviance described by contemporary functionalists?

A) Deviance clarifies rules.
B) Deviance prevents anomie.
C) Deviance promotes social change.
D) Deviance unites a group.

Question 36

Which function of deviance is illustrated by the recent Black Lives Matter protesters?

A) Deviance clarifies rules.
B) Deviance unites a group.
C) Deviance promotes social change.
D) Deviance prevents social chaos.

Question 37

Which of the following would be classified as a status offense?

A) Katrina is caught stealing a bracelet from a jewelry store.
B) Dean, a freshman in college, gets into a fistfight with his roommate.
C) Fifteen-year-old Ivy runs away from home.
D) Chester embezzles several thousand dollars from his company.

Question 38

The sociological term for a spoiled or devalued social identity is .

A) clique
B) deviance
C) crime
D) stigma

Question 39

refers to the use of negative sanctions that proscribe certain behaviors and set forth the punishments for rule breakers and nonconformists.

A) Socialization
B) External social control
C) Internal social control
D) Stigmatization

Question 40

A group of protestors appeals their arrest on the grounds that police officers overstepped their authority. The case goes to court. This scenario best illustrates which of these functions of deviance?

A) Deviance clarifies rules.
B) Deviance unites a group.
C) Deviance promotes social change.
D) Deviance prevents social chaos.

Question 41

Members of seek to acquire a "rep" (reputation) by fighting over "turf" (territory) and adopting a value system of toughness, courage, and similar qualities.

A) rebellist gangs
B) criminal gangs
C) conflict gangs
D) retreatist gangs

Question 42

According to Merton's strain theory, occurs when people abandon both the approved goals and the approved means of achieving them.

A) rebellion
B) retreatism
C) ritualism
D) conformity

Question 43

Sometimes people give up on societal goals but still adhere to the socially approved means for achieving them; Merton termed this .

A) innovation
B) retreatism
C) ritualism
D) conformity

Question 44

According to Merton's strain theory, occurs when people challenge both the approved goals and the approved means for achieving them yet advocate an alternative set of goals or means.

A) retreatism
B) ritualism
C) innovation
D) rebellion

Question 45

argue that the lifestyles considered deviant by political and economic elites are most likely to be defined as illegal.

A) Symbolic interactionists
B) Conflict theorists
C) Functionalists
D) Postmodern theorists

Question 46

Sociologists suggested that, for deviance to occur, people must have access to illegitimate opportunity structures-circumstances that provide an opportunity for people to acquire through illegitimate activities what they cannot achieve through legitimate channels.

A) Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales
B) Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin
C) Carl Taylor and Anne Campbell
D) Herbert Spencer and Auguste Comte

Question 47

A minister who is opposed to war conducts a nonviolent protest at a local military installation, thus committing a trespassing violation. Applying Merton's typology from strain theory, this behavior is an example of .

A) retreatism
B) ritualism
C) rebellion
D) innovation

Question 48

According to functionalists, acts of civil disobedience (including lunch counter sit-ins and bus boycotts) exemplify which function of deviance?

A) Deviance clarifies rules.
B) Deviance unites a group.
C) Deviance promotes social change.
D) Deviance prevents social chaos.

Question 49

Cloward and Ohlin identified three basic gang types based on the type of illegitimate opportunity structure available in a specific area. The is devoted to theft, extortion, and other illegal means of securing an income.

A) retreatist gang
B) criminal gang
C) conflict gang
D) rebellist gang

Question 50

According to Merton's theory, people feel tension when they are exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving those goals.

A) opportunity
B) conflict
C) developmental
D) strain

Question 51

Based on their research, sociologists Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin identified three basic gang types on the basis of the type of illegitimate opportunity structure available in a specific area. Which of these is not one of the types they identified?

A) criminal gang
B) retreatist gang
C) conflict gang
D) rebellist gang

Question 52

According to Merton's strain theory, occurs when people accept culturally approved goals and pursue them through approved means.

A) conformity
B) innovation
C) rejection
D) rebellion

Question 53

According to Merton's strain theory, occurs when people accept society's goals but adopt disapproved means for achieving them.

A) conformity
B) innovation
C) rebellion
D) ritualism

Question 54

A socioeconomically disadvantaged teenager decides that she must resort to crime in order to buy some clothes she wants. This teenager's behavior is an example of .

A) innovation
B) retreatism
C) rebellion
D) ritualism

Question 55

Applying Merton's strain theory, skid-row alcoholics and drug addicts illustrate the concept of .

A) rebellion
B) ritualism
C) retreatism
D) innovation

Question 56

Gangs provide members with a means of attaining higher status and material rewards that may otherwise seem unavailable to them. Cloward and Ohlin have coined the concept of to refer to this.

A) strain theory
B) criminal careers
C) illegitimate opportunity structures
D) differential opportunity theory

Question 57

Drug use and addiction is prevalent within gangs that are unable to gain success through legitimate means and are unwilling to do so through illegal ones.

A) retreatist
B) conflict
C) rebellist
D) criminal

Question 58

A young woman graduates from high school with honors and attends a prestigious university, where she completes her degree; she gets a good job; she marries and starts planning for the future. This woman's behavior is an example of _.

A) rebellion
B) innovation
C) conformity
D) rejection

Question 59

According to Cloward and Ohlin, gangs emerge in communities that do not provide either legitimate or illegitimate opportunities.

A) conflict
B) retreatist
C) criminal
D) rebellist

Question 60

Merton described how people adapt to cultural goals and the approved ways of achieving them through ___________.

A) innovation
B) resignation
C) competition
D) deviation

Question 61

The feminist approach is based on the assumption that women are exploited by both capitalism and patriarchy. From this approach, women's criminal behavior is linked to gender conflict created by the economic and social struggle that often takes place in postindustrial societies.

A) liberal
B) radical
C) Marxist (socialist)
D) conservative

Question 62

The feminist approach explains women's deviance and crime as a rational response to the gender discrimination that women experience in families and the workplace.

A) radical
B) liberal
C) Marxist (socialist)
D) conservative

Question 63

Research shows that are more likely to be perceived as members of the dangerous classes and receive stricter sentences in criminal courts.

A) young, single, rural males
B) young, married, urban males
C) young, married, rural males
D) young, single, urban males

Question 64

Hirschi's control theory is based on the importance of in determining the likelihood of deviant behavior.

A) formal containments
B) social bonding
C) fear of reprisal
D) social class

Question 65

The symbolic interactionist approach to deviance includes all of the following except the theory.

A) rational choice
B) illegitimate opportunity
C) control
D) labeling

Question 66

Criminologist Ronald Akers created the theory, which combines differential association theory with elements of psychological learning theory, suggesting that both deviant behavior and conventional behavior are learned through the same social processes.

A) strain
B) illegitimate opportunity
C) differential reinforcement
D) social bonding

Question 67

The theory of deviance states that deviant behavior occurs when a person weighs the costs and benefits of deviant behavior and concludes that the benefits outweigh the risks.

A) rational choice
B) differential association
C) labeling
D) control

Question 68

argues that deviant behavior is learned in personal interaction with friends and family.

A) Differential association
B) Strain theory
C) Control theory
D) Labeling theory

Question 69

Hirschi's social bonding theory emphasizes .

A) attachment to other people
B) a lack of commitment to conformity
C) involvement in unconventional activities
D) a willingness to rebel against authority

Question 70

Based on the symbolic interactionist theory of sociologists Charles H. Cooley and George H. Mead, the theory states that deviance is a socially constructed process in which social control agencies designate certain people as deviants, and they, in turn, come to accept the marker placed upon them and begin to act accordingly.

A) strain
B) labeling
C) differential association
D) social control

Question 71

In the early twentieth century, drug laws were actively enforced in an effort to control immigrant workers, especially the Chinese, who were being exploited by the railroads and other industries. This example supports the perspective of _.

A) differential association theory
B) illegitimate opportunity theory
C) Marxist/critical theory
D) Merton's strain theory

Question 72

The argues that women's crime originates in patriarchy (male domination over females). This approach focuses on social forces that shape women's lives and experiences and shows how exploitation may trigger deviant behavior and criminal activities.

A) radical feminist approach
B) conservative feminist approach
C) liberal feminist approach
D) Marxist (socialist) feminist approach

Question 73

Sutherland's theory states that people have a greater tendency to deviate from societal norms when they frequently interact with individuals who are more favorable toward deviance than conformity.

A) illegitimate opportunity
B) strain
C) status frustration
D) differential association

Question 74

Although there is no single feminist perspective on deviance and crime, three schools of thought have emerged, including the _.

A) liberal feminist approach
B) ultrafeminist approach
C) conservative feminist approach
D) Durkheimian feminist approach

Question 75

A branch of the conflict perspective, Marxist/critical theory views deviance and crime as a result of .

A) the capitalist economic system
B) the strain between the goals of society and the means of achieving those goals
C) labeling
D) socialization by people who have criminal backgrounds

Question 76

During the mid-1970s, advocates of theory predicted that women's crime rates would increase significantly as a result of the women's liberation movement.

A) emancipation
B) functionalist
C) critical
D) symbolic interaction

Question 77

The feminist approach examines how the intersecting systems of race, class, and gender act as structuring forces that affect how people act, what opportunities are available, and how their behavior is socially defined.

A) radical
B) multiracial
C) functionalist
D) postmodern

Question 78

Differential association explains .

A) how one may be socialized into deviance
B) why deviance is less likely to occur when one has long-term intense relationships with those who violate the law
C) the role of loosely connected groups in learning deviance
D) why some people who are heavily exposed to others who break the law still adhere to conventional behavior

Question 79

Becker coined the term to refer to those who use their own perspectives on "right" and "wrong" to create the rules about what constitutes deviant or conventional behavior.

A) significant others
B) moral entrepreneurs
C) reference groups
D) power elite

Question 80

Walter Reckless suggested that many people do not resort to deviance because of , which may include supportive family and friends, reasonable social expectations, and supervision by others.

A) formal containments
B) inner containments
C) informal containments
D) outer containments