Deck 7: Minerals and Water

Question 1

The greatest amount of calcium is used in:

A) bone formation.
B) blood clotting.
C) neuromuscular activity.
D) enzyme activation.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Low serum phosphorus levels may occur in individuals recovering from diabetic acidosis because:

A) phosphorus absorption is disrupted.
B) phosphorus is used in active carbohydrate absorption and metabolism.
C) excess phosphorus is produced by the metabolic imbalance.
D) phosphorus buffer systems are depleted during acidosis.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Physiologic functions of potassium include:

A) acid-base balance.
B) regulation of insulin production.
C) monitoring sodium excretion.
D) formation of hemoglobin.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Binding agents such as oxalic acid and phytic acid inhibit absorption of:

A) potassium.
B) sodium.
C) fluoride.
D) calcium.

Question 5

A health problem that can lead to hypokalemia is:

A) dependence on vitamin supplements.
B) dependence on caffeinated beverages.
C) myocardial infarction.
D) diabetic acidosis.

Question 6

Hypokalemia may occur as the result of:

A) excessive sodium intake.
B) prolonged diarrhea.
C) the use of multivitamins.
D) prolonged immobilization.

Question 7

Minerals in extracellular fluid that regulate water balance are:

A) calcium and potassium.
B) sodium and chloride.
C) phosphorus and magnesium.
D) iron and zinc.

Question 8

Important metabolic functions of sodium include fluid balance, acid-base balance, and:

A) muscular action.
B) release of glycogen.
C) regulation of enzyme production.
D) control of body temperature.

Question 9

Chlorine can be found in the body as chloride ions in:

A) hemoglobin.
B) bile.
C) gastric secretions.
D) skeletal tissue.

Question 10

Hormones that are involved in maintaining calcium balance in the body include calcitonin, calcitriol, and:

A) thyroxine.
B) parathyroid hormone.
C) insulin.
D) epinephrine.

Question 11

Studies suggest that an increase in potassium intake can:

A) lower blood triglycerides.
B) lower blood pressure.
C) raise high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels.
D) raise blood sugar levels.

Question 12

The greatest concentration of sodium is found in:

A) intestinal fluid.
B) extracellular fluid.
C) intracellular fluid.
D) metabolic fluid.

Question 13

A condition that is a serious complication of an elevated serum potassium level is:

A) sodium imbalance.
B) hypertension.
C) muscle irritability.
D) vomiting.

Question 14

A mineral that participates in transmission of nerve impulses and muscle contraction is:

A) calcium.
B) selenium.
C) chlorine.
D) phosphorus.

Question 15

Two important physiologic functions of phosphorus are:

A) general metabolism and bone formation.
B) heme formation and hormone synthesis.
C) acid-base balance and detoxification.
D) synthesis and absorption of fatty acids.

Question 16

The mineral that is present in the body in the greatest amount is:

A) sodium.
B) potassium.
C) calcium.
D) iron.

Question 17

The mineral that is found primarily in the intracellular fluid compartment is:

A) sodium.
B) chloride.
C) potassium.
D) magnesium.

Question 18

Variations in the body fluid concentration of sodium largely determine distribution of water by:

A) diffusion.
B) osmosis.
C) absorption.
D) excretion.

Question 19

Of the following foods, the type that provides the most calcium per serving is:

A) eggs.
B) whole grains.
C) dairy products.
D) leafy vegetables.

Question 20

A factor that serves as the mechanism for regulating excretion of sodium from the body is:

A) the amount of water consumed.
B) body pH.
C) the hormone aldosterone.
D) vitamin D activity.

Question 21

Symptoms of impaired sense of taste and smell are sometimes caused by a deficiency of:

A) zinc.
B) chromium.
C) chlorine.
D) magnesium.

Question 22

Iron has an important metabolic function in:

A) oxygen transport.
B) thyroxine synthesis.
C) calcium and phosphorus balance.
D) neutralizing gastric secretions.

Question 23

The mineral that enhances the ability of the tooth structure to withstand the erosive effect of bacterial acid is:

A) zinc.
B) calcium.
C) chromium.
D) fluoride.

Question 24

Chromium facilitates the action of:

A) thyroxine.
B) lipase.
C) testosterone.
D) insulin.

Question 25

A major function of selenium is:

A) as an antioxidant.
B) thyroxine production.
C) red blood cell formation.
D) glycogen production.

Question 26

The amino acids that contain sulfur are:

A) phenylalanine and lysine.
B) threonine and tyrosine.
C) methionine and cysteine.
D) leucine and tryptophan.

Question 27

The percentage of body water in the average person is:

A) 40% to 50%.
B) 50% to 60%.
C) 60% to 70%.
D) 70% to 80%.

Question 28

Zinc is important throughout the life cycle, but especially during:

A) pregnancy.
B) young adulthood.
C) middle adulthood.
D) older adulthood.

Question 29

A genetic disease that causes iron overload is:

A) goiter.
B) hypochromic anemia.
C) hyperchromic anemia.
D) hemochromatosis.

Question 30

The group of people most likely to exhibit signs of iron deficiency is:

A) breast-fed infants.
B) school-age children.
C) underweight men.
D) women of childbearing age.

Question 31

Sulfur is found in the body in:

A) proteins.
B) stored fat.
C) DNA.
D) glycogen.

Question 32

The second most common type of malnutrition worldwide is:

A) iron deficiency anemia.
B) protein-energy malnutrition.
C) osteoporosis.
D) vitamin A deficiency.

Question 33

The metabolic function of iodine is to:

A) produce energy.
B) maintain the nervous system.
C) maintain dental health.
D) help synthesize thyroxine.

Question 34

The most reliable dietary source of iodine is:

A) seafood.
B) legumes.
C) iodized table salt.
D) enriched cereals.

Question 35

The minerals involved in hemoglobin synthesis are:

A) molybdenum and cadmium.
B) magnesium and manganese.
C) iron and zinc.
D) iron and copper.

Question 36

A major benefit of fluoride is:

A) providing structural support to cells.
B) preventing anemia.
C) preventing dental caries.
D) slowing the aging process.

Question 37

The clinical problem associated with defective iodine uptake and use is:

A) hypertension.
B) excessive weight loss.
C) abnormal cardiac function.
D) abnormal thyroid function.

Question 38

When a person experiences impairment of taste, the condition is known as:

A) hypogeusia.
B) hyposomia.
C) hypostasis.
D) hypothermia.

Question 39

Trace minerals are called "trace" because they are:

A) less important than other minerals.
B) found in a limited number of food sources.
C) found in small quantities in the body.
D) difficult to analyze in the laboratory.

Question 40

For public health purposes, the level of fluoridation in public water supplies should be:

A) 0.5 ppm.
B) 1.0 ppm.
C) 2.0 ppm.
D) 3.5 ppm.

Question 41

The term metabolic water refers to water that is:

A) contained in foods.
B) consumed orally.
C) moving from compartment to compartment.
D) formed from oxidation of nutrients.

Question 42

The term used to denote concentration of electrolytes in a given volume of fluid is:

A) valence.
B) milliequivalent.
C) gram molecular weight.
D) pH.

Question 43

Older adults may be at risk for dehydration because:

A) fluid needs increase with age.
B) they absorb less fluid from their intestines.
C) they lose more water through their lungs and skin.
D) their thirst mechanism is diminished.

Question 44

Solutes found in body fluids that influence movement of water include plasma proteins, glucose, and:

A) electrolytes.
B) minerals.
C) vitamins.
D) calcium.

Question 45

The hormone that causes the kidneys to retain sodium is called:

A) vitamin
B) thyroxine.
C) adrenaline.
D) aldosterone.

Question 46

Distribution of water content in a person's body is related to the amount of:

A) body fat.
B) bone density.
C) muscle mass.
D) circulating blood.

Question 47

The organic molecules responsible for creating colloidal osmotic pressure are:

A) glucose molecules.
B) sodium ions.
C) plasma proteins.
D) amino acids.

Question 48

The name of an ion that possesses a positive charge is a(n):

A) anion.
B) cation.
C) acid.
D) base.

Question 49

The action of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on the kidney will result in:

A) sodium retention.
B) water excretion.
C) sodium excretion.
D) water retention.

Question 50

The extracellular fluid compartment contains blood plasma, dense tissue fluid, interstitial fluid, and:

A) metabolic water.
B) fluid within cells.
C) secretory fluid.
D) sweat.

Question 51

If a cell is surrounded by a hypertonic solution, it will:

A) lose water and shrink.
B) gain water and swell.
C) be broken down.
D) eventually burst.

Question 52

The plasma protein that exerts the greatest colloidal osmotic pressure is:

A) fibrinogen.
B) prothrombin.
C) albumin.
D) hemoglobin.