Deck 3: Understanding People at Work: Individual Differences and Perception

Question 1

According to conventional organizational behaviour,which of the following is true of abilities and personality traits?

A)They are poor indicators of individual job productivity.
B)They are less likely to predict an individual's behaviour.
C)They can be useful only in addressing larger and broader organizational needs rather than individual goals.
D)They can be helpful in explaining performance in individual jobs.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following is identified as the most critical factor in helping a team bond and reducing conflict?

A)Agreeableness
B)Hedonism
C)Conscientiousness
D)Extraversion

Answer 2

A

Question 3

_____ refers to the unique and relatively stable pattern of behaviours,thoughts,and emotions shown by individuals.

A)Personality
B)Attribution
C)Behaviourism
D)Ability

Answer 3

A

Question 4

In the context of diversity,which of the following is a difference between conventional and sustainable organizational behaviour?

A)Conventional organizational behaviour balances uniqueness with honouring community,while sustainable organizational behaviour focuses on de-emphasizing differences.
B)Conventional organizational behaviour typically looks beyond individuals' surface characteristics to discover internal attributes,while sustainable organizational behaviour is less likely to treat diversity as an inherent characteristic of true community.
C)Conventional organizational behaviour believes in embracing differences as part of a group,while sustainable organizational behaviour focuses on members as individuals apart from a group.
D)Conventional organizational behaviour recognizes the value of diversity in contributing to organizational goals,while sustainable organizational behaviour is more likely to celebrate diversity and emphasize uniqueness.

Question 5

Identify the correct statement about higher cognitive abilities.

A)They are more visible than physical abilities.
B)They are linked to lower counterproductive behaviours.
C)They are weak predictors of job performance.
D)They are generally less important than physical abilities in organizations.

Question 6

Rex is an achievement-oriented individual.His firm always uses him during time crunches,as he is one of the most dependable members of his team.He sets goals that lead him to demonstrate high levels of performance.In this scenario,which of the following Big Five personality traits does Rex exhibit?

A)Extraversion
B)Neuroticism
C)Hedonism
D)Conscientiousness

Question 7

Which of the following is true of individuals with a positive affect?

A)They are characterized by a neurotic personality.
B)They generally tend to be enthused.
C)They are characterized by features that are related to introversion.
D)They are characterized with a state of being anxious.

Question 8

Which of the following is true of the personality trait of openness to experience?

A)It generally cannot contribute by itself to high performance in most jobs.
B)It is primarily responsible for creating a negative attitude toward diversity.
C)It is undervalued because it creates divisive subgroups.
D)It always leads to stereotyping.

Question 9

_____ groups are encouraged by organizations so that minorities can draw support from them.

A)Diversity
B)Affinity
C)Glass ceiling
D)Focus

Question 10

Which of the following corresponds to a sustainable application of the Big Five personality trait of emotional stability?

A)engaging customers and initiating actions to exert status
B)contributing to productivity exclusively across individual tasks
C)adapting to change and seeking innovation for self-enhancement
D)being calm and considerate in working with a diversity of people

Question 11

Which of the following is true of valuing diversity?

A)It maximizes the negative effects of our natural tendency to categorize people based on their characteristics.
B)It typically occurs naturally in most work environments.
C)It is more likely to lead to stereotyping of people in order to see them as one whole similar unit.
D)It minimizes the possibility of forming biased judgments.

Question 12

Which of the following is true of abilities?

A)They tend to be similar to skills and can be learned.
B)They are usually acquired and are less inherent in nature.
C)They are usually unstable traits that become evident later in life.
D)They tend to be significant predictors of important life outcomes.

Question 13

According to conventional organizational behaviour,which of the following is true of diversity and surface characteristics?

A)They can provide the basis for connections and synergies.
B)They offer potential benefits for organizations that should be maximized.
C)They focus on affirming the uniqueness of individuals by emphasizing differences.
D)They tend to offer a perfect balance between honouring community and valuing uniqueness.

Question 14

Which of the following is a characteristic trait of sustainable organizational behaviour?

A)practicing inclusiveness
B)defending one's neighborhood
C)valuing community over uniqueness
D)reinforcing categories instead of breaking them down

Question 15

Which of the following corresponds to a conventional application of the Big Five personality trait of extraversion?

A)agreeing with top-down rules of management
B)distancing oneself from group work
C)being assertive and initiating action
D)being inconsiderate in working with a diversity of people

Question 16

The positive potential of diversity is typically reflected in theories about _____.

A)social categorization
B)social identity
C)information processing
D)cognitive dissonance

Question 17

Which of the following is a sustainable application of the Big Five personality trait of conscientiousness?

A)agreeing with the management on all terms
B)helping others beyond what is required
C)manipulating others to seek individual accomplishments
D)adapting to change and profitable innovation

Question 18

Among the Big Five personality traits,which of the following is typically associated with an individual being good-natured and trustful?

A)Conscientiousness
B)Emotional stability
C)Agreeableness
D)Extraversion

Question 19

Which of the following best defines organizational citizenship behaviour?

A)It refers to exhibiting behaviours of nationalism in the workplace that result in the formation of affinity groups.
B)It refers to work behaviour that goes beyond job expectations to help others or aid the organization.
C)It refers to the modifying organizational rules and norms to fit one's beliefs and expectations.
D)It refers to a form of workplace deviance that seeks to correct perceived injustices.

Question 20

Which of the following is true of people with a Machiavellian personality type?

A)They typically perform poorly on the job.
B)They believe in co-existence with co-workers.
C)They avoid manipulating others to seek accomplishments.
D)They have potentially harmful unrealistic expectations about others.

Question 21

In terms of values and beliefs,which of the following is true of sustainable organizational behaviour?

A)It suggests that members of an organization are motivated only to contribute to the material output of the organization rather than its spiritual nature.
B)It is less likely to favour positive beliefs about human nature in the future.
C)It is likely to embrace the potential for change in other members of an organization.
D)It supports McGregor's Theory X of human nature of workers.

Question 22

The relationship between strong core self-evaluations and positive work behaviour is stronger when individuals:

A)are sensitive to the concerns of others
B)are entirely focused on themselves
C)focus on evaluations of self as apart from a group
D)prefer to be directed by others rather than assuming individual responsibility

Question 23

Vivian undertakes a core self-evaluation that assesses her personality traits effectively.Her results indicate high levels of generalized self-efficacy.This indicates that Vivian is more likely to:

A)exert less effort in completing a task
B)persist in the face of difficulties
C)set unrealistic goals
D)manipulate others' behaviours instead of adapting to circumstances

Question 24

Which of the following Myers-Briggs dimensions corresponds to the Big Five trait of agreeableness?

A)Extraversion-Introversion
B)Judging-Perceiving
C)Feeling-Thinking
D)Intuiting-Sensing

Question 25

_____ is a broad trait that integrates an individual's sense of self-esteem,generalized self-efficacy,emotional stability,and locus of control.

A)Five-Factor assessment
B)Positive/Negative affectivity
C)Core self-evaluation
D)Peripheral self-introspection

Question 26

With regard to beliefs about the human nature of workers,which of the following is true of Theory X managers?

A)They are inherently lazy.
B)They avoid working hard unless forced to do so.
C)They design structures and systems that will ensure people work hard.
D)They adopt a relatively humanistic approach to management practice.

Question 27

From a sustainable perspective,which of the following is true of core self-evaluations and evaluations of a group?

A)They indicate that people with low core self-evaluations seldom prosper in specific contexts.
B)They are more likely to effectively influence individual behaviour.
C)They indicate that individuals with a less-than-ideal childhood begin to see themselves more negatively over time.
D)They emphasize the need to focus on evaluations of self as distinct from that of a group.

Question 28

Which of the following best defines locus of control?

A)It refers to an individual's consistent belief about the sources of success and failure.
B)It refers to an individual's self-introspection of his abilities.
C)It refers to an individual's inherent bias toward people with specific personality traits.
D)It refers to an individual's motivational levels irrespective of the existing circumstances.

Question 29

Which of the following is true of a high level of self-efficacy?

A)It negatively relates to an individual's performance at work.
B)It is more important than general mental ability.
C)It cannot be further increased by coaching and training.
D)It is less important than conscientiousness and work experience.

Question 30

Which of the following is true of the McGregor's Theory Y of the human nature of workers?

A)It reflects the "classical" approach to management.
B)Under this theory,workers are seen as sets of hired "hands."
C)Under this theory,managers are not merely seen as "brains" of an organization.
D)It is based on the assumption that workers prefer to be directed rather than shouldering responsibility.

Question 31

Which of the following is true of individuals with an external locus of control?

A)They are more likely to be self-starters.
B)They exhibit a personal responsibility to improve.
C)They are more likely to demonstrate determination.
D)They attribute life outcomes to forces beyond their command.

Question 32

Which of the following Myers-Briggs dimensions corresponds to the Big Five trait of openness to experience?

A)Extraversion-Introversion
B)Judging-Perceiving
C)Feeling-Thinking
D)Intuiting-Sensing

Question 33

Which of the following is a personality inventory based on Carl Jung's work on psychological types?

A)Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
B)David W.Keirsey Temperament Sorter
C)Riso-Hudson Enneagram Type Indicator
D)Macdonald Triad

Question 34

Which of the following is true of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator?

A)It is more evaluative in terms of 'good' and 'bad' in comparison to the Big Five personality traits.
B)It is more focused on description and understanding.
C)It is devised to make insights of type theory less accessible.
D)It is obsolete and less user-friendly as it does not provide a personality inventory.

Question 35

Which of the following best defines generalized self-efficacy?

A)It refers to an individual's overestimation of positive traits and an underestimation of his or her inabilities,relative to other individuals.
B)It refers to a person's inability to complete a task or perform a job successfully.
C)It refers to a person's belief in his or her ability to cope with and perform in a variety of situations.
D)It refers to an individual's belief that he or she is way superior to other individuals owing to his or her perceived social and cultural differences.

Question 36

Tina is a broad-minded project manager who is always open to fresh perspectives.She believes in incorporating sustainable workplace practices.Being a firm believer in being open to new experiences and in sustainable organizational behaviour,Tina should typically _____.

A)manipulate her individual ideas to suit her team's needs
B)learn from diverse stakeholders and promote creativity
C)develop mutual trust with co-workers through hedonistic principles
D)be extremely assertive and initiate autonomy

Question 37

_____ are a set of personal tenets that guide a person's actions in evaluating and adapting to his or her world.

A)Abilities
B)Skills
C)Assets
D)Values

Question 38

Which of the following is true of William Ouchi's Theory Z of human nature of workers?

A)It states that people tend to dislike being members of a group and would much rather prefer individual tasks.
B)It emphasizes the belief that people work most productively in stable groups.
C)It is associated with management practices for short-term employment rather than long-term employment.
D)It discourages the idea of investing on training of workers.

Question 39

Which of the following components of a core self-evaluation is relatively stable after an individual's childhood?

A)generalized self-efficacy
B)self-esteem
C)emotional stability
D)locus of control

Question 40

Which of the following Myers-Briggs dimensions corresponds to the Big Five trait of conscientiousness?

A)Extraversion-Introversion
B)Judging-Perceiving
C)Feeling-Thinking
D)Intuiting-Sensing

Question 41

_____ refers to the value of choosing autonomy in order to ensure personal independence.

A)Benevolence
B)Universalism
C)Self-direction
D)Self-transcendence

Question 42

Based on research on values and the value continuum,which of the following is true of the ten values placed along two dimensions?

A)Conformity and tradition are values that are close together and situated on the opposite side of stimulation.
B)Universalism is a value that works toward establishing self-interest and therefore on the opposite side of benevolence.
C)Hedonism and achievement are conflicting values placed along opposite dimensions along the value continuum.
D)Self-direction and security co-exist as similar values that fall along the same dimension of the value continuum.

Question 43

Which of the following values refers to seeking new and challenging experiences?

A)Conformity
B)Tradition
C)Stimulation
D)Benevolence

Question 44

Which of the following values works toward maintaining a status quo?

A)Self-direction
B)Security
C)Hedonism
D)Achievement

Question 45

From a sustainable organizational behaviour perspective,which of the following is more likely to be true of beliefs and values?

A)They can help promote mutual benefits and trust.
B)They can help in directly explaining performance in individual jobs.
C)They can provide the foundation for establishing synergies.
D)They can help explain productive behaviour.

Question 46

Wiley is an ambitious individual who believes in demonstrating competence in his workplace to achieve personal success.He constantly works toward self-gratification and seeks to pursue a value that will help him do so.Which of the following values is Wiley most likely to have?

A)Tradition
B)Hedonism
C)Universalism
D)Benevolence

Question 47

Which of the following best defines the value hedonism?

A)It refers to the practice of living in accordance with established norms.
B)It refers to the act of pursuing self-gratification and pleasure.
C)It pertains to the value of choosing autonomy over dependence.
D)It pertains to the act of preserving the welfare of others.

Question 48

Which of the following is true of instrumental values?

A)They relate to desirable ends.
B)They correspond to what a person values achieving in life.
C)They are undesirable means to achieve end states.
D)They correspond to the way a person goes about living.

Question 49

Which of the following is an example of an instrumental value emphasized in sustainable organizational behaviour?

A)Individual well-being
B)Individual status
C)Experimentation
D)Power

Question 50

From a conventional organizational behaviour perspective,which of the following is more likely to be true of beliefs and values?

A)They can help promote mutual benefits and trust.
B)They can directly help explain productivity.
C)They can help influence individual behaviour.
D)They can explain individual behaviours.

Question 51

Which of the following two values are similar to each other and hence along the same value continuum?

A)Conformity and Hedonism
B)Achievement and Benevolence
C)Stimulation and Tradition
D)Conformity and Benevolence

Question 52

According to Milton Rokeach's classification of values,which of the following values relates to desirable ends?

A)Rhetoric values
B)Instrumental values
C)Aesthetic values
D)Terminal values

Question 53

Which of the following is an example of an instrumental value?

A)Health
B)Peace
C)Charity
D)Wealth

Question 54

An unseen barrier that blocks the advancement of a minority in organizations that are run by a visible majority is typically known as a(n)_____.

Question 55

Which of the following is more likely to be pursued by an individual who values openness to change?

A)Conformity
B)Stimulation
C)Security
D)Tradition

Question 56

Which of the following is a difference between terminal values and instrumental values?
B)Terminal values are related to desirable ends,while instrumental values are desirable means to achieve the ends.
B)Terminal values are specific to how a person goes about living,while instrumental values particularly refer to what a person values achieving in life.
C)Terminal values include outcomes related to love and charity,while instrumental values include individual status and power.
D)Terminal values are preferred modes of behaviour,while instrumental values are preferred ways of existence.

Question 57

Which of the following is more likely to be pursued by an individual who values conserving the status quo in an organization?

A)Conformity
B)Stimulation
C)Self-direction
D)Self-enhancement

Question 58

Based on the relative emphasis on self-interest,which of the following seeks self-interest rather than others' interest?

A)Power
B)Universalism
C)Benevolence
D)Tradition

Question 59

Fred is a manager who believes in living in accordance with established norms and expectations set by his organization.He is a motivated individual who does not believe in pursuing self-gratification or exerting control for the sake of status.Based on these characteristics,which of the following values does Fred have?

A)Power
B)Self-direction
C)Hedonism
D)Conformity

Question 60

Which of the following is more likely to be pursued by an individual who seeks self-transcendence?

A)Power
B)Hedonism
C)Achievement
D)Universalism

Question 61

_____ refers to an assessment of a group's abilities and likelihood of succeeding.

Question 62

_____ states that managers assume people are inherently lazy,dislike work,and will avoid working hard unless forced to do so.

Question 63

_____ refers to a person's belief that he or she will be able to complete a task successfully.

Question 64

Explain the outcomes of an individual's self-esteem in relation to his organization.

Question 65

_____ abilities refer to the characteristics of an individual's intellect and its functioning.

Question 66

_____ personalities strive for achievement but can burn out themselves and others in the process.

Question 67

_____ refers to an individual's self-evaluation of worth.

Question 68

Describe the importance of Douglas McGregor's theories of human nature in the work of evolutionary psychology and other research fields.

Question 69

Based on Milton Rokeach's classification,participation and sustainability are _____ values.

Question 70

In the context of diversity,explain how visible surface characteristics can play a role in shaping an individual's perceptions.

Question 71

Explain the importance of values in the context of organizational behaviour.

Question 72

_____ typically looks beyond individuals' surface characteristics to discover what internal attributes might connect to needs within an organization.

Question 73

Describe the significance of the Big Five personality trait of emotional stability in an organization.

Question 74

_____ is an example of cognitive ability.