Deck 10: The Conceptions of Race and Ethnicity

Question 1

What is the term for defining a minority group as a race and then attributing negative characteristics to it?

A)ethnocentric
B)racialism
C)racism
D)racial profiling

Answer 1

C

Question 2

During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries,folk ideas about race were supplemented with ______ justifications for treating people of other races differently.

A)realistic
B)irrational
C)legal
D)scientific

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Anthony is very proud of his Italian and French background.Therefore,it can be said that Anthony is very proud of which of these?

A)racial background
B)interpersonal background
C)ethnicity
D)social heritage

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of these refers to the belief that racial differences were the result of evolutionary differences among the races?

A)cultural heritage
B)ethnocentrism
C)racial hypothesis
D)Social Darwinism

Question 5

Which of these is a socially constructed definition based on some real or presumed physical or biological characteristic?

A)ethnicity
B)kinship
C)nationality
D)race

Question 6

Which of TRUE of the line between racial and ethnic groups?

A)Race is related to nature and ethnicity is related to nurture.
B)Racial and ethnic groups are obviously very different.
C)Racial and ethnic groups are vague and unclear.
D)Racial and ethnic groups are historically defined.

Question 7

It wasn't until the ______ census that people could officially identify with 2 or more races.

A)1900
B)1970
C)2000
D)2015

Question 8

While historical explanations of race favored ______ explanations,contemporary explanations of race tend to be based on ______.

A)pseudoscientific; cultural factors
B)geographic; genetic factors
C)legal; social and cultural factors
D)scientific; genetic

Question 9

The "separate but equal" doctrine of segregation started with an 1896 Supreme Court decision.The case was brought by a man who was one-eighth black,after being asked to leave a "whites only" train car when it was discovered that he was legally considered "colored." What is the name of this famous case?

A)Brown v.Board of Education
B)Jim Crow v.the United States
C)Plessy v.Ferguson
D)Love v.Virginia

Question 10

What is the name of the movement that notoriously argued for genetic improvements to the human population through scientific manipulation?

A)eugenics
B)Social Darwinism
C)phrenology
D)the Human Genome Project

Question 11

How old is the concept of race?

A)It goes back to ancient history.
B)It began around the Renaissance.
C)It began during the Civil War in the U.S.
D)It is a twentieth-century phenomenon.

Question 12

According to the hypodescent rule,which of these is TRUE?

A)Anyone with one black ancestor is considered black.
B)Anyone with at least two white grandparents is considered white.
C)Anyone who married a black person would be considered black in the eyes of the law.
D)Anyone whose skin tone was "hypodescent" or darker than a shade specified in the law was considered black regardless of parentage.

Question 13

According to the science of race,how many races are there?

A)four major races
B)30 races
C)1,740 specific races
D)Since race is a socially constructed category,there is not a scientifically specific answer that is correct.

Question 14

Gregor Mendel's work on genetics and heredity during the nineteenth century led to which of these ideas?

A)Races could not be distinguished from one another based on genetic makeup.
B)Race was related to the melanin levels in skin based on sun exposure.
C)Races could be distinguished from one another based on genetic makeup.
D)Aside from skin tone,people were the same physiologically,with the same number of genes.

Question 15

The U.S.Census Bureau has estimated that in 2044,the non-Hispanic White population will be in the minority when compared to the combined nonwhite population groups.Non-Hispanic Whites will still be the largest single category in the U.S.,however.What is this is called?

A)a demographic flip
B)an unmarked minority category
C)a majority-minority population
D)a minority-majority population

Question 16

To show genetically based racial differences in intelligence in the early 1900s,what test was used?

A)blood type tests
B)skull measurements
C)IQ tests
D)taxonomic testing

Question 17

A classic argument in sociology is "If men define situations as real,they are real in their consequences." The chapter text uses this to demonstrate which of these?

A)Majority groups cannot think of themselves as minority groups.
B)Minority groups often suffer from stereotype threats.
C)Even though majority and minority statuses are socially constructed,they are treated as "objective."
D)People rarely change their attitudes about race.

Question 18

The "separate but equal" doctrine of segregation was overturned in the famous ______ ruling of 1954.

A)Brown v.Board of Education of Topeka
B)Jim Crow v.the United States
C)Plessy v.Ferguson
D)Love v.Virginia

Question 19

Who defined minority and majority groups in terms of wealth,power,and prestige?

A)Karl Marx
B)Max Weber
C)Émile Durkheim
D)Herbert Spencer

Question 20

Which of these is defined based on some real or presumed cultural characteristic,such as language or religion?

A)ethnicity
B)culture
C)race
D)biological heritage

Question 21

Juan and Jessica are emergency room nurses.Within 5 years,Juan has been promoted twice and has doubled his salary.His boss,when interviewed,believes that Juan is more capable at the job than Jessica because he is male.This is an example of which concept?

A)the glass room
B)the invisible ceiling
C)prejudicial bias
D)the glass escalator

Question 22

According to the chapter text,who is most likely to rely on Social Security benefits?

A)White men over the age of 65
B)Black women over the age of 65
C)Asian men over the age of 65
D)Hispanic women over the age of 75

Question 23

Recently,members of a gang decided to write negative racial slurs all over a rival gang's territory just for the fun of it.This is an example of which racial motive?

A)emotional motive
B)bigotry motive
C)ideological motive
D)political-territorial motive

Question 24

Recent Hispanic immigrants often perform better in school than those who have been here longer.What does this exemplify?

A)the immigrant advantage
B)immigrant motivation
C)immigrant paradox
D)first-generation pressure

Question 25

A recent study on Black and White consumption found which of the following?

A)Blacks consume more than Whites regardless of income.
B)Whites consume more than Blacks regardless of income.
C)White and Blacks consume the same regardless of income.
D)Poor Whites consume more than poor Blacks.

Question 26

Prejudice is a(n)______,whereas discrimination is a(n)______.

A)action; attitude
B)process; belief
C)activity; action
D)attitude; action

Question 27

What percentage of Whites in the U.S.are characterized as "poor?"

A)9%
B)20%
C)30%
D)40%

Question 28

During the 1950s,blacks and whites had separate bathroom facilities,attended separate schools,and used different water fountains.What does this exemplify?

A)genocide
B)assimilation
C)segregation
D)pluralism

Question 29

Recently,a black family moved into an all-white neighborhood.The whites who lived in the neighborhood wanted the black family to leave so they began to harass them daily.This is an example of ______ motive.

A)ideological
B)bigotry
C)political-territorial
D)emotional

Question 30

When immigrants come to the U.S.,many of them feel compelled to give up their native language to learn English.This is an example of which of these?

A)segregation
B)genocide
C)assimilation
D)pluralism

Question 31

Adam,a white male office worker,is upset because he got passed over for a promotion by Joe,a Latino co-worker.Adam now writes hateful emails about Joe to his fellow coworkers.Adam's actions can be categorized as being driven by a which of these motives?

A)political-territorial
B)bigotry
C)ideological
D)criminal-materialist

Question 32

Kimberly is a 22-year-old African American female who has been passed over for a promotion for 5 years at her company.She feels as if her age,race,and sex have prevented her from climbing the executive ladder.This is an example of which concept?

A)hyposectionality
B)hypersectionality
C)horizontal mobility
D)intersectionality

Question 33

When Irish immigrants came to the U.S.in the early 1900s,many whites called them names and treated them in a very negative manner.This exemplifies which of these?

A)homophobia
B)ethnocentrism
C)xenophobia
D)structural racism

Question 34

White consumption of black culture in the U.S.has historically been which of these?

A)broad and general
B)highly selective
C)punishable by law
D)seen as something to be avoided

Question 35

Mary is a waitress who refuses to wait on black customers.This exemplifies which of these?

A)prejudice
B)discrimination
C)intersectionality
D)stereotyping

Question 36

According to the chapter text,an example of racialized marketing is which of these?

A)alcohol
B)automobiles
C)menthol cigarettes
D)ethnic foods

Question 37

Which of these is the idea that members of a minority group are affected by the nature of their position in other systems or forms of social inequality?

A)multiracialism
B)pluralism
C)intersectionality
D)hegemony

Question 38

When a set of ideas that reflects the point of view of a white person is accepted as the taken-for-granted understanding of how to interpret culture,it is referred to as which of these?

A)White privilege
B)White racial frame
C)xenophobia
D)institutional racism

Question 39

What percentage of Hispanics in the U.S.are characterized as "poor?"

A)9%
B)20%
C)30%
D)40%

Question 40

Many tourists are attracted to attend a luau when they visit Hawaii.This is an example of which of these?

A)intersectionality
B)xenophobia
C)commercialization of ethnicity
D)assimilation

Question 41

When hospitals give preferential treatment to whites as opposed to members of minority groups,this is referred to as which of these?

A)prejudicial bias
B)individual bias
C)institutional discrimination
D)individual discrimination

Question 42

Enlightenment thinkers believed in the unity of humankind,but they also believed in classifying people along a continuum from primitive to modern.

Question 43

After the successes of the civil rights movement,several social movements arose in the late 1960s and early 1970s that promoted pride in one's racial identity.These movements were called which of these?

A)diaspora movements
B)ghetto movements
C)power movements
D)indigenous movements

Question 44

What is the name for a set of ideas and texts produced by the Global North to control and exploit groups from the East?

A)xenophobia
B)orientalism
C)genocide
D)diaspora

Question 45

Which of these refers to the dispersal,typically involuntary,of a racial or ethnic population from its traditional homeland and over a wide geographic area?

A)assimilation
B)genocide
C)segregation
D)diaspora

Question 46

The civil rights movement,which took place in the 1950s and 1960s,ended the ______ laws.

A)Jim Crow
B)August Comte
C)Stanley Milgram
D)Franklin Mills

Question 47

That Barack Obama could be seen as black even though he had a white mother is a legacy of the hypodescent rule.

Question 48

During World War II,between 200,000 and 600,000 Gypsies died in Nazi concentration camps.

Question 49

Which statement regarding individual and institutional discrimination is TRUE?

A)Individual discrimination is always linked to prejudicial attitudes.
B)Individual discrimination is more difficult to detect then institutional discrimination.
C)Institutional discrimination occurs between two individuals.
D)Institutional discrimination is harder to detect compared to individual discrimination.

Question 50

Many schools and employers have instituted a policy of ______,which attempts to offset institutional racism by taking race and other minority group factors into consideration when making decisions.

A)intersectionality
B)hypodescent rule
C)hegemony
D)affirmative action

Question 51

A racial group is defined primarily by cultural characteristics.

Question 52

Unlike the U.S.,globally speaking race categories are uniform and solid.

Question 53

The Holocaust is an example of which of these?

A)assimilation
B)genocide
C)amalgamation
D)segregation

Question 54

People who are French would be considered an ethnic group.

Question 55

When majority group members who occupy lower levels in the hierarchy sense that their superiors expect them to behave in a racist manner,they are operating from which of these?

A)group norm motive
B)structural motive
C)bigotry motive
D)ideological motive

Question 56

Unlike past scientific explanations of race,cultural explanations of racial inequality tend to be more bias-free.

Question 57

Which of these refers to the establishment by the dominant group of policies that allow or require the forcible removal of people of another ethnic group?

A)assimilation
B)genocide
C)ethnic cleansing
D)pluralism

Question 58

Neo-Nazis and the Ku Klux Klan are examples of which of these?

A)xenophobic groups
B)hate groups
C)racial groups
D)hegemonic groups

Question 59

While races and ethnic groups have been defined separately,the lines between them are NOT always clear.

Question 60

When the state of California's Constitution said that all cities and towns of the state would be granted State power to remove Chinese outside of their city limits they were engaging in which of these?

A)direct expulsion
B)voluntary expulsion
C)deportation
D)genocide

Question 61

Asians and Blacks are the two groups least likely to complete a bachelor's degree.

Question 62

Historically,segregation was mandated by law in the U.S.

Question 63

New Mexico and Texas are two states that have a majority-minority population.

Question 64

The murder of large numbers of American Indians by the white settlers in the period of westward expansion is an example of genocide.

Question 65

Institutional racism can be found within the educational and health care systems.

Question 66

Justen has been learning about Día de los Muertos and decides to travel to Mexico to experience it and buy souvenirs of his experience.This is an example of the commercialization of race.

Question 67

Because women constitute 51% of the population they are categorized as a majority group.

Question 68

Menthol cigarettes were deliberately marketed to African Americans and,as a result,about 90% of Black smokers smoke menthol over unflavored cigarettes.

Question 69

The stereotype of Black men as dangerous criminals has persisted since slavery.

Question 70

Hitler was an example of someone who used ideological motives to sway the German people that the Jewish population was inferior to the Aryan race.

Question 71

Historically,imperialism,colonialism,economic development,westernization,and Americanization have worked to Northerners' advantage and to Southerners' disadvantage.

Question 72

When Lanetta,who migrated from Burma,began speaking English exclusively and socializing only with U.S.students she was exhibiting assimilation.

Question 73

Joseph believes that people who have a Latino background are lazy.This would be referred to as discrimination.

Question 74

Racism involves defining a majority group as a race and attributing negative characteristics to that group.

Question 75

Prejudice is an attitude and discrimination is an action.

Question 76

Discriminatory policies may be carried out by persons who do NOT actually believe in them.

Question 77

Whites,especially men who work for an employer without interruption for childbearing,are more likely than Blacks and Hispanics to receive pensions from employers.

Question 78

Raina decides to spray-paint racial slurs on her neighbor's car because she believes it is fun and enjoyable to do so.This is an example of a criminal-materialist motive.

Question 79

Racism today is more of a matter of physical domination of minorities than it is hegemony.

Question 80

One factor that puts Black students at a higher likelihood of having unequal educational outcomes is that they are disproportionately likely to attend segregated schools with larger classrooms and less access to resources.