Deck 3: Research Ethics and Research Proposals

Question 1

In the process of debriefing,the researcher ______.

A)explains to the subject what happened in the study and why
B)tries to make sure the participants are competent to give consent
C)discloses her/his identity partially
D)oublishes the results of the study

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a current ethical standard concerning the treatment of human subjects?

A)Research should cause no harm to subjects.
B)Anonymity or confidentiality must be maintained.
C)Researchers should fully disclose their identity.
D)Subjects should be compensated for their time and effort.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The researcher's commitment to maintaining privacy and confidentiality ______.

A)should be included in the informed consent agreement
B)is a key ethical standard for protecting participants
C)does not apply to observations in public places or information available in public records
D)all of these

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which researcher was criticized by some for failing to reveal his or her identity and the purpose of his study to the participants in a study on men who engage in homosexual behavior in public places?

A)Stanley Milgram
B)Philip Zimbardo
C)Laud Humphreys
D)Diana Baumrind

Question 5

There are special protections in place regarding research involving ______.

A)vulnerable populations
B)indecent populations
C)egregious populations
D)fearful populations

Question 6

Which of the following is the name for the study that explored the effects of becoming a prisoner and prison guard by creating a mock prison using students from Stanford University?

A)Zimbardo's prison simulation study
B)Milgram's Obedience Studies
C)Bandura's Bobo Doll experiment
D)Smith's mock prison study

Question 7

The simple answer to the question "What is ethical research practice" is ______.

A)never using deception
B)only using children in an obviously ethical manner
C)making sure no harm is caused to subjects
D)there is no simple answer

Question 8

Which Act was passed in 1996 by Congress to create stricter regulations for the protection of health care data?

A)IRB
B)IMF
C)HIPPO
D)HIPAA

Question 9

Consent may only be given by people who ______.

A)are competent to give consent
B)have consented voluntarily
C)are fully informed about the research
D)all of these

Question 10

What event exposed the horrific medical experiments that were conducted by Nazi doctors along with others in the name of "science" during World War II?

A)The Nazi Trials
B)The Nuremburg War Crime Trials
C)The Hindenburg Trials
D)The Holocaust

Question 11

What was created in order to ensure much more stringent regulations for the protection of health care data?

A)The Health Care Data Protection Policy
B)The Health Regulations Act
C)The Public Health Act
D)The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

Question 12

Stanley Milgram's famous "obedience" studies began at Yale University in ______.

A)1945
B)1960
C)1975
D)1990

Question 13

______ must occur if deception is used in an experiment.

A)Debriefing
B)Informed consent
C)Reimbursement
D)Confidentiality

Question 14

Which of the following are some of the ethical principles emphasized by the ASA's Code of Ethics?

A)Do no harm to subjects.
B)Benefits should outweigh possible risks.
C)Researchers should disclose their identity.
D)All of these

Question 15

Children are only allowed to give ______ to participate in research; their legal guardian must then provide written ______ for them to participate.

A)consent; assent
B)assent; consent
C)consent; permission
D)either A or B

Question 16

______ refers to the act of subjects being misled about research procedures to determine how they would react to the treatment if they were not research subjects.

A)The element of surprise
B)Deception
C)Misrepresentation
D)Exaggeration

Question 17

Which of the following serious human rights abuse cases led to the creation of ethical guidelines for research involving human subjects?

A)The Nuremberg War Crime Trials
B)The Stanford Prison Simulation Experiment
C)The Tuskegee Syphilis Study
D)Both A and C

Question 18

Which of the following types of research methods generally creates few ethical problems?

A)survey
B)experiment
C)participant observation
D)explanatory research

Question 19

The "Belmont Report" of 1979 established basic principles for the protection of human subjects.Which of the following is NOT one of these principles?

A)respect for persons
B)beneficence
C)sympathy
D)justice

Question 20

Regarding the ability to give consent to participate in research,adolescents (ages 13-17)______.

A)can give consent if they sign a consent form
B)are never allowed to be used in research
C)may give assent to participate but must have a legal guardian give written permission for them to participate
D)may only participate if the researcher can prove there are no possible risks to them.

Question 21

Milgram's "obedience" studies began at Yale University in 1946.

Question 22

The researcher who conducted famous studies on obedience was Stanley Milgram.

Question 23

______ is a term used to refer to minimizing possible harms and maximizing benefits.

A)Beneficence
B)Justice
C)Respectability
D)Maximization

Question 24

The institutional body that reviews proposed research involving human subjects is called the Belmont Reporting Commission.

Question 25

Institutions seeking federal funds for research involving human subjects must have a group that reviews research proposals.

Question 26

The American Sociological Association has adopted ethical guidelines that are more lenient than federal standards.

Question 27

The Nuremberg War Crimes Trials were one case that led to the development of formal procedures for the protection of participants in research.

Question 28

IRBs are primarily used for the following EXCEPT ______.

A)reviewing articles for publication
B)promoting adequate review of ethical standards
C)reviewing research instruments and consent forms
D)reviewing research proposals

Question 29

Research ethics encourages us to think about research from a moral standpoint.

Question 30

Milgram used both undergraduates and nonstudent populations in his studies on obedience.

Question 31

In the prison simulation study,the researchers did not foresee which of the following?

A)That study participants would experience stress so quickly.
B)Some "prisoners" were released with negative reactions within the first few days.
C)Those who were not severely stressed begged to get out of the mock prison.
D)All of these

Question 32

Which of the following organizations monitors IRBs,with the exception of research involving drugs?

A)The Federal Food and Drug Administration
B)The Office for Protection from Research Risks in the National Institutes of Health
C)United States Health Resources and Services Administration
D)National Archives and Records Administration

Question 33

Regulations require that IRBs be made up of ______.

A)At least five members,at least one statistician and one ethnographer
B)At least three members,all from within the institution
C)At least five members,at least one nonscientist and one from outside the institution
D)At least three members,at least one nonscientist and one from outside the institution

Question 34

Every social scientist needs to consider how to practice their discipline ethically.

Question 35

It is only important to maintain participants' confidentiality in rare cases.

Question 36

As for uses of research,social scientists must ______.

A)consider their work as a subject for scientific investigation
B)not judge their work from a moral standpoint
C)consider difficulties they may face in terms of organizational control
D)all of these

Question 37

Statements of confidentiality should be realistic since ______.

A)laws allow research records to be subpoenaed
B)laws may require reporting child abuse
C)a researcher may feel compelled to release information due to a health or life-threatening situation
D)all of these

Question 38

The Belmont Report established three basic ethical principles for the protection of human subjects.

Question 39

Respect for persons refers to ______.

A)not reporting on observed behavior in a public area without consent
B)allowing participants to leave the study at any time without consequence
C)not interrupting participants during an in-depth interview while they are talking
D)treating persons as autonomous agents and protecting those with diminished autonomy

Question 40

What should be included in an IRB proposal?

A)research instruments
B)consent forms
C)potential benefits that outweigh risks involved
D)all of these

Question 41

One famous study that raised questions about the ethical treatment of subjects was the Harvard University Jail Study.

Question 42

Deception is when subjects are misled about research procedures because the researcher does not think they would understand it.

Question 43

Children can give consent to participate in research if they are mature for their age and are rewarded for participating.

Question 44

Anonymity and confidentiality must be maintained under the ASA's Code of Ethics.

Question 45

It is hard to justify any risk to human subjects or any expenditure of time and money if our findings tell us nothing about human behavior.

Question 46

Researchers are not required to reveal their identity to participants under the ASA's Code of Ethics.

Question 47

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA),which was passed by Congress in 1996,created stricter regulations for the protection of health-care data.

Question 48

Deception in research is unethical and is never approved by IRBs.

Question 49

Commitment to achieving valid results is not an important consideration in ethical research.

Question 50

If deception is used in an experiment,the researcher must always debrief the participants afterward in order to conduct ethical research.

Question 51

Pregnant women,prisoners,and mentally disabled persons are given special protections because of their vulnerability to coercion.

Question 52

Subjects must give their consent to participate voluntarily and without coercion according to the ASA's Code of Conduct.

Question 53

There were no concerns about the ethical treatment of participants in Stanley Milgram's obedience studies.

Question 54

It is very important for scientists to be open and honest about their research methods and their findings.

Question 55

Maintaining confidentiality is not important and should be left out of informed consent statements.

Question 56

The act of publication is not a necessary element in maintaining openness and honesty in ethical research.

Question 57

According to the ASA's Code of Ethics,research should cause no harm to subjects.

Question 58

Survey research creates few ethical problems.

Question 59

Consent can only be given by people who are competent to consent and have done so voluntarily.

Question 60

The goal of validity is the pursuit of objective knowledge about human behavior.

Question 61

Describe the process of gaining assent/consent to conduct research involving children as participants.

Question 62

List at least two populations that are protected in research guidelines due to their vulnerability to coercion.Explain what special considerations must be given to the two populations you selected if they are to participate in a research study.

Question 63

Identify and discuss the three basic ethical principles for the protection of human subjects established by the "Belmont Report" in 1979.

Question 64

All IRBs have the same guidelines for acceptable research,so it is not necessary to check with your specific institution before planning research projects.

Question 65

In at least three paragraphs,discuss why there is no simple answer to the question "What is,or is not,ethical research practice?"

Question 66

Give an example of when deception may be necessary in a research study.Why would participants need to be deceived? How would you justify to an IRB that the benefits of deception outweigh the possible risks? How would you debrief participants after the study?

Question 67

In which circumstances may it be defensible for a researcher to deceive his or her subjects? If deception is defensible,what must a researcher do over the course of research to maintain ethical standards? Discuss in some detail the issues of deception during the Stanford Prison Experiment.

Question 68

Explain the processes of deception and debriefing.When should these two processes be used?

Question 69

Researchers are not expected to foresee any possible risks and benefits to their human subjects.