Deck 4: Consumption and Exchange

Question 1

The concept of potlatching demonstrates

A)generalized reciprocity.
B)market trade.
C)the interrelationship between production ,consumption,and exchange.
D)pooled budgeting.
E)guanxixue (gift-giving and favors).

Answer 1

the interrelationship between production ,consumption,and exchange.

Question 2

The kula ring is an example of

A)market exchange.
B)the "pure" gift.
C)hidden unbalanced exchange.
D)balanced exchange.
E)an elementary form of trade union.

Answer 2

balanced exchange.

Question 3

Potlatches figure prominently in ethnographic descriptions of the North west Coast.According to one explanation,

A)food is best viewed as an adaptation to the local ecology.
B)existence of potlatch provide a source of conflict for the people
C)grand display of surplus food is wasteful
D)potlatch networks provided a food safety net for the people in the region
E)potlatch was only restricted to entertainment and did not serve a function.

Answer 3

potlatch networks provided a food safety net for the people in the region

Question 4

In 1884,the Canadian government banned ________ and ________,but they continued to be held furtively and openly among some groups,and are being revived by others.

A)exchange of goods;services
B)gambling;alcohol parties
C)potlatches;Winter Ceremonials
D)game hunting;fishing
E)totem poles;wood carvings

Question 5

Marvin Harris and other cultural materialists explain the existence of Jewish and Muslim taboos on eating pork by explaining that

A)a pig is classified as an impure animal in a system of meaning whereby only cloven-hooved animals that chew their cud are classified as pure and sacred
B)pigs are too well adapted to life in hot climates and would quickly reproduce and destroy the natural habitat of the region
C)the taboo is a relic of a more distant past when the ancestral Semites were Babylonian slaves and the consumption of pork was associated with their captors
D)this taboo can be explained ecologically,but does have a social function in promoting social identity
E)this taboo can be explained materially as pigs were abandoned when the the ancient people of Israel fled Egypt and the difficulty of herding this animal back to the land of Israel led to a taboo on pork which was later adopted by the Muslim faith

Question 6

Which of the following is an example of direct entitlement

A)a paycheque
B)money earned selling food at a farmer's market
C)social assistance received from the state
D)land owned by a small farmer producing potatoes for the winter months
E)meals received at a "soup kitchen" in downtown Vancouver

Question 7

A recurrent cost fund is

A)resources (time,money,labour)that supports repair and maintenance of tools,equipment,etc.
B)resources (time,money,labour)that supports social events such as rituals
C)resources (time,money,labour)that are paid to landowners and government officials for use of land and housing or to pay for civic responsibilities
D)resources (time,money,labour)that funds regular leisure events
E)resources (time,money,labour)that supports basic needs such as food and shelter

Question 8

Pierre Bourdieu's research into "tastes" demonstrated that

A)preferences were based on individual,innate preferences
B)the people in the upper classes preferred realist art as their tastes were shaped by a pattern of 'distance from necessity"
C)lower class tastes were unchanging,with a distinct preference for realism
D)preferences corresponded to a mother's educational level
E)members of the lower class adopt aspects of upper class preferences to gain status

Question 9

The best example of personalized consumption in an urban,industrial city is

A)a cooperative selling sporting equipment
B)a small family-owned grocery store
C)a farmers' market
D)a small 'ethnic" restaurant
E)a coffee shop featuring fair-trade coffee

Question 10

The incest taboo is the foundation for human social organization according to Claude Lévi-Strauss because

A)the incest taboo forces men to develop exchange networks with other men
B)the incest taboo forces men to leave their mothers and seek sexual partners outside the nuclear family
C)the incest taboo forces men and women to develop language to facilitate communication
D)the incest taboo forces women to develop complex social networks to protect themselves from their brothers and sons
E)the incest taboo forces men to develop ever more complex martial skills and warfare to ensure that they will have wives

Question 11

The best example of a system of expected reciprocity is

A)kula
B)moka
C)theft
D)gift-giving
E)Potlatch

Question 12

Among the First Nations Peoples,potlatching and the winter ceremonials

A)are now completely unrecognizable from its pre-contact,traditional form.
B)are completely extinct at present.
C)continued to be held furtively and are now held openly among some groups,while being revived by others.
D)have come to resemble an American-style Christmas.
E)no longer have any of the same functions,though people still exchange the same items.

Question 13

Personalized consumption is characterized in anthropology by

A)knowing where products came from and who produced them
B)not knowing where products came from and who produced them
C)the trend in consumer societies for products to be shipped directly to consumers
D)the act of feasting to distribute goods in a society
E)knowing where products came from,but not who produced them

Question 14

The concept of entitlement failure has been used to explain

A)the unequal distribution of deaths during famine.
B)minimalist consumption among foragers.
C)the high rate of income tax in industrial countries.
D)the collapse of socialism in the former Soviet Union.
E)the continued importance of guanxixue (favors and gift-giving)in China.

Question 15

During the late 1700s,Nova Scotia's early settlers formed Canada's largest segregated ________ settlement,called ________.

A)Black;Africville.
B)First Nation;Reserve
C)Indo-Canadian;Little India
D)Loyalist;New Scotland
E)Euro-American;New England

Question 16

Balanced exchange is

A)an exchange of approximately equally valued goods or services,usually between people roughly equal in social status
B)something given with no expectation or thought of a return
C)a system of transfers in which the goal is either immediate or eventual equality in value
D)a system of transfers in which one party seeks to make a profit
E)the buying and selling of commodities under competitive conditions in which the forces of supply and demand determine value

Question 17

Richard Lee found that among the ________ food,land,water and shelter materials are communally shared.

A)First Nations
B)Amazonian tribes
C)Andaman tribal populations
D)Ju/'hoansi
E)Trobrianders

Question 18

The conditions at Africville in Nova Scotia during the early years is an example of

A)increased balanced reciprocity.
B)increased housing opportunities.
C)marginalization and deprivation among the elderly population.
D)increased social equality.
E)racial differences in consumption and welfare.

Question 19

Among First Nations people,potlatch refers to

A)a gift that is given only once.
B)the predominant form of exchange among foragers.
C)something for which a "return" is not expected or calculated.
D)the most common form of exchange in all modes of production.
E)a grand feast in which guests are invited to eat and receive gifts from the host.

Question 20

Which of the following characterizes the changing patters of consumption in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe after the fall of Communism?

A)nutrition improved with the fall of Communism as consumers had greater access to more and better quality food
B)consumption of cholesterol-heavy products was virtually inexistent prior to the fall of Communism
C)incomes grew and consumption quality increased all but eliminating the ultra-poor that characterized much of the Eastern European and Soviet populace
D)rates of low-birth-weight babies and anemia have risen in many regions of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union indicating a deterioration in diet
E)Overall calorie and protein intake increased across all social classes

Question 21

In Canada,the ________ can be viewed as an exchange network with an economic security function.

A)kula ceremony
B)ordination ritual
C)limited purpose money
D)pure gift
E)potlatch system

Question 22

Malinowski study on gifts and other forms of exchange among the Trobrianders and Boas's research on the potlatch of the Pacific Northwest,show that

A)market exchange is not necessary in traditional cultures.
B)there is balanced exchange present in all cultures.
C)in all economic systems,individuals and groups exchange goods and services with others,so exchange is a cultural universal.
D)redistribution of wealth is an important factor in every economic system.
E)forms of exchange have existed through centuries.

Question 23

Consumption only refers to "intake" or the use of raw and processed materials to meed physical and social needs.

Question 24

Cree health and strength is intimately connected with eating Cree bush food.

Question 25

Nova Scotia's Black population arrived in the late 1700s and following war of 1812.

Question 26

Most famines are caused by overpopulation or natural disasters such as droughts and floods.

Question 27

Women were at greater risk of contracting kuru than men among the Fore of Papua New Guinea as women were more likely to eat the flesh of deceased people in times of increased scarcity of pigs as men were given privileged access to the best food,notably pig meat.

Question 28

Among all northwest coastal groups,the ________ resisted the prohibition on potlatching more strongly than others.

A)Haida
B)Tlingit
C)Kwakwaka'wakw
D)Tiv
E)Ju/wasi

Question 29

Foragins is best characterized by minimalism or a mode of consumption characterized by few and finite needs and an adequate and sustainable means to achieve them.

Question 30

Feminist anthropologists have criticized Claude Lévi-Strauss's explanation of the universality of the incest taboo in that it overlooks the evidence that women in foraging make their own choices about partners and men do not have rights over women.

Question 31

The introduction of cash cropping invariably leads to improved nutrition.

Question 32

Although the Canadian government banned potlatching in 1884,the ________ retained their ceremonial and feasting tradition.

A)Haida
B)Tlingit
C)Kwakwaka' wakw
D)Tiv
E)Bella Coola Indians

Question 33

Indirect entitlements are the most secure form of entitlement,guaranteeing a minimum income at all times and sufficient resources to meet basic needs.

Question 34

Nonmonetary exchange does not exist in contemporary industrial society.

Question 35

Gambling is a form of unbalanced exchange.

Question 36

An example of entitlement failure is

A)the transition from horticulture to agriculture.
B)famine.
C)the current practice of the potlatch.
D)the allowance system of household budgeting.
E)None of the above: everyone has entitlements in every society the concept of "entitlement failure" is meaningless.

Question 37

The transition to capitalism and market economies in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union resulted in growing economic inequalities and the appearance of new categories of poverty such as the ultra-poor.

Question 38

Mary Douglas argued that the food a people eats is determined as much by symbolic meaning as it does with material conditions of life,including hunger.

Question 39

Exchanged goods must be material and tangible.

Question 40

In contrast to an entitlement bundle based on owning your own land and producing your own food,entitlements that involve exchange are referred to as

A)indirect entitlements.
B)exploitation.
C)negative reciprocity.
D)redistribution.
E)the welfare state.

Question 41

________ reciprocity is a transaction that involves the least conscious sense of interest in material gain.A ________ gift is something given with no expectation or though of a return.________ reciprocity is the exchange of approximately equally valued goods or services.________ is the collection of goods or money from many members of the group that provides a social return at a later time.

Question 42

In the United States and Canada,racial differences in consumption and welfare do not exist.

Question 43

What are five categories of consumption funds that appear to be relevant universally?

Question 44

________ is a system of transfers in which the goal is either immediate or eventual balance in value while ________ is a system of transfers in which one party attempts to make a profit.

Question 45

The descendants of ________ in Nova Scotia view the destruction of their community as racially motivated and seek redress for the injustices of community destruction and relocation.

Question 46

What are the contemporary reasons for holding a potlatch?

Question 47

Potlatching is currently illegal in Canada and the United States.

Question 48

An item that is exchanged at a contemporary potlatch is ________.

Question 49

The theoretical perspective that views the Muslim taboo against eating meat from pigs by in terms of the ecology and economy of the Middle East is called ________.

Question 50

List three forms of unbalanced exchange.

Question 51

What are some of the major costs of the growth of consumerism worldwide?

Question 52

What are three categories of items of exchange?

Question 53

________ Black population arrived in the late 1700s and following the war of 1812.

Question 54

On July 5,2002,Africville was designated a national heritage site as a reminder of the need for racial support.

Question 55

A ________ is a plant grown primarily for sale rather than own-use.

Question 56

Native American gambling establishments in the United States and Canada have decreased in recent years.

Question 57

List three examples of entitlements in a monetized economy.

Question 58

An ________ is a culturally defined right to life-sustaining resources.

Question 59

In the United States,as in Canada,________ in consumption and welfare exist.

Question 60

________ exchange is the buying and selling of commodities under competitive conditions.Value is determined by ________ and ________.

Question 61

Is credit a modern form of indenture? Discuss both positive and negative consequences of the growth of credit in recent decades.

Question 62

Define the pure gift and give an example of what a pure gift might be.

Question 63

On July 5,2002,________ was designated a national heritage site as a reminder of the need for ________.

Question 64

Anthropologists have generated a number of theories to explain why food taboos exist and why there are prohibited foods in many if not most societies.Discuss at least two of these theories and provide examples of food taboos that exist in your society or the ways in which culture shapes food consumption.

Question 65

Describe balanced exchange and its two major patterns.Then discuss two forms of unbalanced exchange.How are these four categories of exchange distributed in terms of various modes of production? What are some examples of each type of exchange?

Question 66

In Oman there are rules of hospitality.Discuss how these rules of hospitality resemble or differ from the rules of hospitality that you know in your own society and culture.

Question 67

Why are the categories of exchange that you yourself have participated in your daily life? Define these categories of exchange and provide examples.

Question 68

What is redistribution as a form of exchange?

Question 69

Provide the key difference between a periodic market and a permanent market and give an example of each.

Question 70

________ gambling establishments in the United States and Canada have mushroomed in recent years.

Question 71

What were the challenges faced by the early Black settlers in Africville,Nova Scotia in the late 1700s?

Question 72

How did the introduction of a capitalism market economy affect social inequality and health in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union?

Question 73

________ health and strength is intimately connected to eating ________ bush food.

Question 74

Feminist anthropologists have criticized Claude Lévi-Strauss's explanation of the universality of the incest taboo and its role in providing a foundation for human social organization.Discuss Lévi-Strauss's theory and the critique of this theory.

Question 75

Discuss the five categories of the household budget and what they are used for.Assess your own weekly or monthly expenditures,roughly,in terms of these categories.Are the categories adequate to capture your expenditure patterns? Do the five categories need to be redefined or do other categories need to be added? If yes,what and why? If no,comment as to why not.